E

p-Block
(Group 13 & 14)
Introduction to p-Block Elements

In p-block elements the last electron enters the outermost p orbitals, a

set of these orbitals can have a maximum of six electrons, thus there
are six groups of p—block elements.
fl,
N2, c, Lu
p block contains:
Metals (Al, Ga, In, Tl, Bi, Pb, sn)
I
also
Ts.

Metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po ) also At.

Non metals (B, C, N, O, F etc.)
Noble gases (Ne, Kr, Ar, xe, Rn)also
Og.
 ~Seeft
He(ish)
General configuration: ns np 2 1-6

The maximum oxidation state shown by a p-block element is equal

to the total number of valence electrons (sum Of e in s and p orbitals)

The non-metals and metalloids exist only in the p-block of the periodic

table.

The first member of a group of p-block differs from the remaining

members of their corresponding group in two major respects - Size and

availability of d-orbitals.
 9 -
+7 3523p4
Cl S-
-OH. #
*I
↳
↑

35235
6-

ACIO
4
 He -> 152
Nh 7527p
0y
-

6
=

1
252ap
-

B -Ne
-

Al-Ar-- 3543p1-6
Ga-kr
-

4544p
Im -Xe -

552sp/- 6

6
Tl -

Rn -
0 652jp!-
=1, -12.
First Member difference:

(B =x] CALS]-
↳

↳
P= pThonds
can be
formed by Carbin
Leavier elements
dit-dA Or dT-PI
by
Carbon can form hands with
↳

elements
Unlike other i n gh(14).
itself
0 0
=
fi.
 =
1-
e Cas 22522p2
It 1x
-P -P
is
i
giff,
-
ne
3- sp

SPI,
 0
sph
-
503 ol =O

⑰-
5 3523p4
-

-
pi
.

-
I N1

2 / ->
 sp2
+f 1,952ap
>

13

! Ogg,
It
P ↓ 1 Al
3 ->
-
ne

sp B
F4 3-5p2

-, s
 ·-
gife-x
Alfa

1522529p63523
fines -
- 3ch
All
- Y
Introduction to Group-13 Elements

Element Abundance Minerals Occurance in india

Orthoboric acid-
Boron (two (H3BO3), Borax occurs in Puga
Fairly rare element (in
isotopic forms Borax - Valley (Ladakh) and
earth crust - less than
B 10B
10
E (19%) Na2B4⑧07•10H2O, Sambhar Lake
0.0001% by mass)
and -11B (81%)) Kernite - (Rajasthan)
Na2B407•4H20.
&

11
13

The most abundant

Bauxite, ' Found as mica in
metal and the third most
Aluminium Al203.2H20 and Madhya Pradesh,
abundant element in the
cryolite, Na3AlF6 Karnataka, Orissa
earth's crust (8.3% by
and Jammu.
mass) after O and
Si
↳ less abundant
Ga, Im DTI are

elements
Group 13 Elements - Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration

General electronic configuration for group 13 elements = ns np 2 1

5
B = [He] 2s 2p 2 1

This difference in electronic structures of

A1 [Nel 3s 3p
2 1
-

inner core affects the properties and

-

13

31
Ga = [Ar]3d10
4s2
4p1 consequently the chemistry of all the
elements of this group.
49
In = [Kr] 4d 5s 5p 10 2 1

81
Tl - [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
14
6p 10 2 1

113
Nh [Rn] 5f 6d 7s 7p (Radioactive )
14 10 2 1
Atomic Radii
expected
Atomic radius increases down the group
Exception - At. radius of Ga is less than that of Al

Atomic Radius (pm)

167 170
As the d-orbitals are larger in size as 143 135
88
compared to s-and p-orbitals, their electrons
do not shield the nucleus effectively.
5 13 31 49 81

Hence in gallium, the force of attraction Atomic Number

between the valence shell electrons and the

more than spected)
nucleus is larger.
)Zeff
is

<GaAlSEn <Tl.
 B-0Ishasa
Ga - 1522522p63523p64523d4p

-> Zeff4 sized

Shielding
--

Sdf
For the same shell.
88 screening effect
5-p > d>f.

⑧
⑧8 353p3d
000
9
 expected
->B> Al> Ga)In>Tl
Ionisation enthalpy
Ionisation Energy Order: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In

Ionisation Enthalpy (kj/mol)

Decrease from B to Al and Ga to In is due to
increase in size.
801

589
577 579 558

The increase from Al to Ga is due to low

screening of inner d - electrons.
5 13 31 49 81

The increase from In to Tl is due to low Atomic Number

screening of inner f- electrons.

 -
/O
I
 N
M-
Electronegativity

Electronegativity first decreases from B to AI

and then increases marginally.

Electronegativity
2

1.8
1.5 1.6 1.7

This is because of the discrepancies in atomic

elections
size of the elements. a presence
of def
5 13 31 49 81

Atomic Number
B> Tl> In >GaAl.
Metallic and Non-metallic character

5 Non-metal
B Non-metallic character decreases
down the group.
13
Al
Metallic character increases down
31 the group.
Ga
Metals
49
In

81
Tl

Nh-
Group 13 Elements - Physical Properties

B Ail Ga In Tl

M.P.(K) 2453 933 303 430 576

Decreases up to Ga and then increases up to T bl:
Due to very strong crystalline lattice, boron has unusually high M.P.
Gallium could exist in liquid state during summer

B.P.(K) 3923 2740 2676 2353 1730

Decreases down the group is
Due to large difTerence between M.P. and B.P. of Ga, it a useful material for
1

measuring high temperatures

Density/g
2.35 2.7 5.9 7.31 11.85
cm -3

Density of the elements increases down the group from boron to tlullium.
 B > Al>
Tl> In > Ga.
M.P --

BP -> B> Al> Ga>In>Tl-

Density->B>Al<Ga<In<Tl.
 Memory
-
Boron shows non-metallic characteristic. It is extremely hard and
black coloured solid. It exists in many allotropic forms. Boron has
unusually high melting point.

Rest of the members are soft metals with low melting point and
high electrical conductivity.
Oxidation State and Inert Pair Effect

Observed
Element oxidation
Inert pair effect: Down the group, due to poor
state shielding effect of intervening d and f orbitals, the
B +3 increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons
tightly and thereby, restricting their participation in
Al +1 (rare), +3
bonding. As a result of this, only p-orbital electron
Ga, In, Tl +1, +3 may be involved in bonding.

-
o
Ground State +1
I
~

Excited State +3
↳
 Al - >

3543p/
Ga -> 4523d04p1.

Endoss" in
Oxidation State and Inert Pair Effect

The relative stability of +1 oxidation state progressively increases for heavier

elements: Al < Ga < In < Tl.

In thallium +1 oxidation state is predominant whereas the +3 oxidation state

is highly oxidising in character.

The compounds in +1 oxidation state, are more ionic than those in +3

oxidation state.

Due to small size of boron, the sum of its first three ionization enthalpies is
very high. This prevents it to form +3 ions and forces it to form only covalent
compounds.
Al-Alt
cons possible
is

1st is not possible.

B--cons
0 0
TlI. TlT--> Better O.A.
3
-

Tl Tht-
↳ Marionic