Cement Alternatives

Use of Glass as Additive to Cement

Glass will be used as an additive to the cement mixture to increase the volume of the mix and
provide a means to recycle glass wastes. Glass is transparent material manufactured by melting a mixture
of (silica sand, CaCO3, and other materials) at high temperatures followed by cooling. Glass is used
extensively in our lives through the use of glass sheets for windows and glass bottles industry.
The following are some of the properties of glass:
Transparency: Glass is characterized by a bright transparent homogeneous, moving through it all
the light rays from ultraviolet to X-Infrared. Glass has the ability to reverse and break the light, where
refractive index of glass is ranging between 1.467 - 2.179 and the refraction rate in lead glass is biggest
what can be.
Hardness: Glass is a body brittle, crash fast, and doesn’t change its shape by pressure or trauma.
Glass hardness defines on its ability to resist scratching or friction. Glass hardness varies depending on
the glass composition where increase the rate of lime and silica lead to increase cruelty.
Chemicals resistance: Generally, Glass is resistant to chemical solvents, except folic acid and
alkali fuses which analyze the glass easily. Also, glass affected by water after its contact for too long.
Glass coloration: The reason for glass coloration by a certain color to the presence of colored
metal group on the ions form. For example, glass is colored by yellow color or brown due to the presence
of trio iron ion. It can convert the green color in the glass to yellow by add dual-manganese dioxide.
In this alternative, glass will be preprocessed before being added to the cement. First, glass will
be grinded manually, either by using a hammer or some other tool, to particle sizes ranging between 0.5 –
1.5 mm. Second the glass shards will be processed in a disk mill. And the lastly it will be processed using
a Jar Mill. The grinding time is dependent on the particle size you want to obtain, generally this would be
either 8 hours or 16 hours.

The following are examples of diagrams

of a disk mill and a jar mill, respectively.
 After processing the glass, it can now be used as
an additive to sand in cement mixing. A study conducted in
the University of Al-karawi in Iran, 2015 should that glass
grinded for 16 hours in jar mill and mixed in a 1:4 ratio
(glass :sand) showed the best results as a n additive to sand
in a mix of 1:1.5:1.8 (Cement: Sand/Glass: Aggregate).
Though further grinding will theoretically produce better
results. The cement mix was able to produce a product
with a composite strength of around 52 MPa which is
above that of a mix without glass additives.

REFERENCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328887736_USE_ALTERNATIVE_RAW_MATERIALS_FO
R_CONCRETE_PRODUCTION

Use of Rubber Scraps as an additive to Cement

 Rubber scraps can be obtained from
used tires which are generally considered as
waste. Utilizing them in a center process to
produce Rubcrete or Rubber Concrete will
help with the waste management of the used
tires. Although using rubber as an alternative
will decrease the physical properties of the
concrete, such as composite strength.
Rubcrete can still be utilized in construction
because even though it did not exceed the
properties of normal concrete, it was able to
reach the minimum required properties.
This process requires rubber scraps to be cut into
small pieces ranging from 10 – 20 mm. This rubber scrap
will be used to replace the aggregate of a cement mix. A
study conducted in the University of Malaysia Perlis in
2014, should that an aggregate with 2.5% rubber scraps
showed increased workability of the cement mix
although further increasing the amount of rubber led to a
decrease in workability. Cement mixtures with 1%, 3%
and 5% rubber in the aggregate still exceeded the
composite strength of 30MPa which means rubcrete can
still be viable.

REFERENCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278784611_The_Use_of_Rubber_Manufacturing_Waste_as_C
oncrete_Additive