Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Controller for a Boost

Converter
Muhammad Waqas Qaisar∗ Hassan Mujtaba Muhammad Tanveer Riaz
Department of Mechatronics Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic,
Engineering, UET Lahore, Faisalabad UET Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, and Information Engineering - DEI
Campus, Pakistan Faisalabad, Pakistan Università di Bologna Bologna, Italy
m.waqasqaisar777@gmail.com hassan.muj@uet.edu.pk tanveer.riaz@ieee.org

Muhammad Shahid Ahmad Abdul Ghani Muhammad Abbas Khan

Department of Mechatronics Department of Mechatronics Department of Electrical Engineering,
Engineering, UET Lahore, Faisalabad Engineering, UET Lahore, Faisalabad Baluchistan university of information
Campus, Pakistan Campus, Pakistan technology engineering and
muhammadshahid19621999@gmail.com ahmad.4506raza@gmail.com management sciences Quetta 87300
Pakistan
Muhammad.Abbas@buitms.edu.pk

Kashif Hussain
Computer Science, National College
of Commerce and Education, Hasilpur
Pakistan
National.hic@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
DC-DC converters are often used in electrical systems to keep the
output voltage constant. Boost converters are utilized for a variety
of purposes, including regenerative braking of direct current motors,
portable device applications, and regulated power supplies. Buck
converters, on the other hand, are used in sophisticated communi-
cations, data communication, and self-regulating power supplies.
One of the most crucial elements in the power conversion process
is managing the DC-DC converters. This study aims to find out
which nonlinear controller, fuzzy or neural network, works best
when the output load or boost converter characteristics change. So,
in this, we create a boost converter controller using a fuzzy and
neural network. The fuzzy controller for this study’s converter em-
ploys a standard set of rules, whereas the neural network controller
employs two hidden layer networks. MATLAB software is then
used to reconstruct both controllers. The simulation results show
that the fuzzy logic controller has a very long transient and settling
period with no steady-state error in both transient and steady-state
situations. On the other hand, the neural network controller has a
short transient and settling period with a steady-state error.
∗ Muhammad Waqas Qaisar, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, UET Lahore,
Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan, m.waqasqaisar777@gmail.com
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or
classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed
for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation
on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the
author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission
and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland
© 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM ISBN 979-8-4007-0044-6/23/06. . . $15.00
https://doi.org/10.1145/3593434.3594238
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy logic Controller, Neural Network, Rule base, Boost Converter,
MATLAB, Simulink, ANN, Control of Power Converters, Compara-
tive analysis
ACM Reference Format:
Muhammad Waqas Qaisar, Hassan Mujtaba, Muhammad Tanveer Riaz,
Muhammad Shahid, Ahmad Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Abbas Khan,
and Kashif Hussain. 2023. Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Con-
troller for a Boost Converter. In Proceedings of the International Confer-
ence on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE ’23),
June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3593434.3594238
1 INTRODUCTION
DC-DC converters keep the output voltage the same even if the
load changes and the input voltage is not regulated. The outputs of
a Buck converter have been regulated direct current, but the input
is unregulated direct current. This converter outputs an AC voltage
that is either lower or equal to the input AC voltage [1]. One of the
best-known non-isolated step-up converters is the boost converter.
A power converter is known as a "boost converter" if the dc voltage
output is greater than the dc voltage input [2]. Every control method
has advantages and disadvantages, and the technology that works
best in all situations is the one that requires the most effort [3].
A fuzzy controller can control a DC-DC converter across a broad
range of input voltage and load conditions. The fuzzy controller
is superior to the linear P.I.D. and P.I. controllers in terms of per-
formance [4], [5]. In [6,] a PIC18F4550 microcontroller is used to
design and implement a fuzzy logic controller for a DC-DC buck
converter. This article [7] demonstrates, develops, and verifies one
of the most significant applications of fuzzy control in electrical
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland Muhammad Waqas Qaisar et al.

Figure 2: Switch in Position 1

Figure 1: Boost Converter Circuit

engineering: the voltage control of a DC/DC buck converter. The

buck converter may be managed with the same parameter settings
as in Simulink [8], [9] thanks to the P.I. and fuzzy control [10], [11],
[12].
Because there are no formal methods for analyzing and assem-
bling fuzzy logic controllers [13], the scientific community has not
acknowledged this subfield of computer science as a legitimate dis-
cipline. As a direct result of this realization, a substantial amount of
research went into creating adaptive fuzzy logic controllers. Several Figure 3: The 2nd position of the switch
studies on hybrid neuro-fuzzy controls based on adaptive fuzzy
logic have centered on DC-DC converters. Two of these investiga-
tions are located at [14]. Intelligent controls, also known as neural
network controls (NNC), can modify their controller parameters
[15], [16], [17].
They are hence appropriate for application in nonlinear systems.
The DC-DC converter’s non-negativity constraint (NNC) has been
presented [18] and put to the test in a simulated environment. Based
on the findings of the studies, the NNC of the DC-DC converter
appears to be accurate. In addition, NNCs are utilized in various
applications involving drives and power electronics [19], [20], [21].
The NNC’s online learning program has been modified to reflect Figure 4: Inductor Voltage Waveform
these findings because of research into how students can improve
their academic performance. −𝑉
𝑖𝑐 = (4)
𝑅
2 DC-DC CONVERTERS Position 2 displays inductor voltage and capacitor current. Cur-
2.1 Boost Converter rent of capacitor and voltage of the inductor
A boost converter, also known as a step-up converter, is a device 𝑣 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑣 (5)
that boosts the DC-Voltage input, as the names suggest. A transistor,
a diode that acts as a switch, and some forms of battery are the 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖 𝐿 − 𝑣/𝑅 (6)
main components of this system [22], [23], [24]. Capacitors with Small ripple approximation
the appropriate voltage and capacitance values help reduce output
voltage ripple. More current goes into the inductor when the switch 𝑣 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑣 (7)
is turned off. When the switch is not engaged, current can only exit 𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼 − 𝑉/𝑅 (8)
the inductor via the free-wheeling diode linked to the anti-parallel
output. When triggered, the capacitor can function as an energy Waveforms of the inductor voltage and the capacitor are shown
transmitter. A boost converter is depicted in figure 1. The switch in in figure 4 and figure 5 respectively.
Inductor Volt-Second Balance calculates L. The inductor receives
and 2nd position of switch are shown in figure 2 and figure 3.
net volt-seconds during a switching cycle.
Inductor voltage and capacitor current with the switch in posi-
tion 1 𝑇𝛿
∫ 𝑣 𝐿 (𝑡) d𝑡 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐷𝑇𝑠 + (𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 )𝐷 ′𝑇𝑠


(9)
𝑣 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑔 (1) 0
−𝑣 So, to equating this equation equal to zero:
𝑖𝑐 = (2)
𝑅
𝑉𝑔 𝐷𝑇𝑠 + (𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 )𝐷 ′𝑇𝑠 = 0


Small Ripple approximation (10)
𝑉𝑔 𝐷𝑇𝑠 + (𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 )𝐷 ′𝑇𝑠 = 0


𝑣 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑔 (3) (11)
Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Controller for a Boost Converter EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland

Table 1: Boost Converter Parameters.

Parameters Boost Converter

Inductance L 10mH
Capacitance C 200uF
Load R.L. 10 ohms
Vg 20
V 30
Frequency 5000 Hz
Figure 5: Inductor Current Waveform

Change in Capacitor Voltage as a Function of Time, Interval 1:

d𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) (−𝑉 )
= = (17)
d𝑡 𝑐 𝑅𝐶
Change in Capacitor Voltage as a Function of Time, Interval 2:
d𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝐼 𝑉
= = − (18)
d𝑡 𝑐 𝐶 𝑅𝐶
Change in capacitor voltage during subinterval 1:
2∆v = (Slope) (Length of subinterval)
Figure 6: Ripple in the inductor’s current
−𝑉
2Δ𝑣 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (19)
𝑅𝐶
Solving it:
𝑉
Δ𝑣 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (20)
2𝑅𝐶
To achieve the desired magnitude of the voltage ripple, select
option C. A higher capacitor equivalent series resistance causes a
more significant voltage ripple [25], [26]. The following formula
can be used to calculate the inductor value:
𝑉𝑔
Δ𝐼𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (21)
2𝐿
Figure 7: Voltage Ripple in Capacitors

𝑉𝑔 × 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑔
𝐿= (22)
Δ𝐼𝐿 × 𝑓𝑠 × 𝑉
Solve for V: The parameters of boost converter are shown in table 1. The
𝑉𝑔
𝑉 = (12) following formula can determine capacitor value:
𝐷
Inductor current determination Ripple is shown in figure 6. 𝐼 ×𝐷
𝐶= (23)
Subinterval 1 current slope in an inductor 𝑓𝑠 × 𝑉
d𝑖 𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑉𝑔
= = (13)
d𝑡 𝐿 𝐿 2.2 Neural Network Controller
During interval 2, the slope of the current through the inductor The basic function of ANNs is to simulate brain functions. It is
d𝑖 𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑣 𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉 a well-known technology that can solve complex problems and
= = (14)
d𝑡 𝐿 𝐿 generate more superficial and more accurate models from complex
Subinterval 1 inductor current variation is: natural systems [17]. Numerous artificial neurons are also known
2∆iL = (Slope) (Length of subinterval) as processing elements (PE). Each PE possesses a transfer func-
𝑉𝑔 tion, distinct input weights, and a single output. ANNs are trained
2Δ𝑖 𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (15) by identifying patterns and relationships in data instead of being
𝐿
programmed. Most researchers discovered that artificial neural net-
Solve for peak ripple:
works that use feedforward and feedback propagation are more
𝑉𝑔 effective at solving human problems [18]. We use feedforward and
Δ𝑖 𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 (16)
2𝐿 feedback propagation ANN models because we get different perfor-
Choose L to get the desired size of ripple. Determining the Volt- mance parameters like precision, processing speed, fault tolerance,
age Ripple in Capacitors is available in figure 7. validation, and convergence [27], [28].
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland Muhammad Waqas Qaisar et al.

Figure 8: Neural Network structure

2.3 Neural Network Controller

Fuzzy logic control is a set of rules that considers human intu-
ition about how a system should work. In the figure 8, it depicts
the basic components of a fuzzy controller in block diagram form.
The dynamic behavior of a DC-DC converter is investigated using
MATLAB and Simulink. In contrast to linear control, fuzzy logic
controllers can be programmed to handle both insignificant and
significant signals at the same time. It is extremely beneficial in
numerous ways. As a result, the fuzzy logic controller could im-
prove the reliability of the DC-DC converter. The buck converter’s
fuzzy controller can accept input from two independent inputs. The
voltage difference between the targeted output voltage reference Figure 9: Membership functions of errors
value and the input voltage is the second input, and the sum of
multiple errors is the first. The distinction between the two deter-
mines the final voltage output. The fuzzy controller takes input
into account. The duty cycle is altered when an FLC is used [16].
A fuzzy knowledge-based block, a fuzzy inference engine, and a
defuzzification block comprise the fuzzification block [10]. Fuzzy
sets, membership functions, linguistic variables, and fuzzy rules are
the main components of fuzzy logic [29].
A rule base is a collection of rules that are organized into cate-
gories. A fuzzy logic algorithm’s rules frequently include if/then
constructs. If a specific condition is met, as the words "if" and "then"
suggest, an action will be taken. Following receipt of the error (e)
and the change in error, the controller follows the rules outlined
Figure 10: Membership functions of Change in Error
below to send the correct signal to the plant. When the converter’s
load voltage is too high, the duty cycle should be reduced. When
the converter’s load voltage is less than the reference voltage, the output to the reference, each input variable, such as the various
duty cycle should be increased. The following is a list of the seven values of error (e) and the change in error (e), is transformed into
variables utilized in this operation to determine error (e) and change a membership value between 0 and 1. In the section of the pro-
in error (e). gram dealing with the inference mechanism, decisions are made
• N.B. (Negatively Big) regarding the potential outcomes. The plant is then sent a control
• N.M. (Negatively Medium) signal.
• N.S. (Negatively Small)
• ZE(Zero) 3 SIMULATION RESULTS
• P.B. (Positively Big) In MATLAB R2021b, a boost converter controller based on fuzzy
• PM (Positively Medium) logic and a neural network is simulated. In figure 9, figure 10, and fig-
• P.S. (Positively Small) ure 11, we see examples of the membership functions Error, Change
When data passes through the fuzzification interface block, lin- in Error, and Output using trapezoidal and triangular functions with
guistic values and sets are converted. By comparing the plant’s a gap of 0.5 and a range of [-1, 1].
Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Controller for a Boost Converter EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland

Figure 11: Membership functions of Output

Figure 12: Rule Editor

Table 2 shows the designed rule base after defining input and
output membership functions. is entered in the Mamdani inference
engine shown in Figure 13.
The fuzzy controller created in the boost converter’s Simulink
model regulates the duty cycle of the MOSFET, which is designed
according to the converter’s parameters listed in Table 2.
To simulate the boost converter Simulink model, enter the de-
sired table 1 parameters into the fuzzy controller depicted in figure
14. The figure 15 depicts, via the output of the boost converter, how
the fuzzy logic controller maintains a constant output level for the
system. At 0.12 seconds into the measurement, this occurs. The
Simulink model of ANN base boost converter is shown in figure
16. The figure 17 demonstrates the use of the Neural Network Con-
troller in Simulink to simulate the boost converter model. Figure
17, which depicts how to change the classifier’s settings, such as
the number of hidden units in a neural network. The ANN’s linear
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland Muhammad Waqas Qaisar et al.

Figure 13: Simulink model of F.L base boost converter

Table 2: Fuzzy Rule Base

Change in Error NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
Error
NB PB PB PB PS ZE NS NS
NM PM PM PM PS NS NS NM
NS PB PS PS PS NS NS NB
ZE PB PM PS ZE NS NS NB
PS PS PS PS NS NS NS NB
PM PS PS PS NS NS NS NB
PB PS PS ZE NS NB NM NB

Figure 14: Output of F.L base boost converter

Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Controller for a Boost Converter EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland

Figure 15: Delta IL of F.L base boost converter

Figure 16: Simulink model of ANN base boost converter

Table 3: Final results

Controllers Load (Resistor) Value in Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V) Settling Time (seconds)
Ohms
Fuzzy Controller 10 20 30 0.12
Neural Controller 10 20 30 0.023

regression model, which determines the relationship between the
response and predictors are shown in figure 18 and figure 19, as
opposed to figure 17, which depicts how to change the classifier’s
settings, such as the number of hidden units in a neural network.
The figure 20 depicts the output of the boost converter after the
0.023-second settling time required by the neural network controller
to maintain the desired output level.
The fuzzy controller converges on the target value more slowly
than the neural network controller, which has a steady-state error.
A neural network controller performs less effectively than a fuzzy
controller. The output is shown in figure 19 and the final results
are available in table 3.
4 CONCLUSION
The suggested system uses a Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network
controller to manage the boost converters. They are easier to under-
stand and install than the more common P, PI, and PID Controllers
since no mathematical model of the converter is necessary. Re-
sults led us to the conclusion that a shared set of rules can help
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland Muhammad Waqas Qaisar et al.

Figure 17: Validation Performance of ANN

Figure 18: Linear Regression Model of ANN

a Fuzzy logic controller provide the required output value. By ad-
hering to these guidelines, the controller may precisely control
the converter’s input. The converter has a long settling time but
no steady-state error. Conversely, while the Neural Network Con-
troller has a steady-state inaccuracy as compared to the fuzzy logic
controller.
5 FUTURE WORK
We intend to enhance the performance of the fuzzy controller in the
future by increasing its rule base, thereby reducing its settlement
time, and eliminating steady-state error. In addition, we will im-
prove the accuracy of the neural network by increasing its internal
layers and refining the training data set to reduce steady-state error.
Both controllers will be implemented on a hardware level to obtain
a stable output in a shorter amount of time, thereby advancing their
practical application.
Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy and Neural Controller for a Boost Converter
Figure 19: Output of ANN base boost converter
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank everyone who assisted with this study. We
are grateful to our supervisor for the assistance and guidance he
provided throughout the study. We would also like to thank the staff
and specialists who assisted us in conducting experiments and gath-
ering data. We also appreciate the reviewers’ insightful comments
and suggestions, which contributed to the overall improvement of
our study.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Bendaoud et al., "Implementation of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for DC-DC
boost converter using Matlab/Simulink," Int. J. Sensors Sens. Networks, Spec.
Issue Smart Cities Using a Wirel. Sens. Networks, vol. 5, no. 5-1, pp. 1-5, 2017.
[2] N. N. Ismail, I. Musirin, R. Baharom, and D. Johari, "Fuzzy logic controller on
DC/DC boost converter," in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Power and
Energy, 2010: IEEE, pp. 661-666.
[3] P. R. Saritha Sathyan, ”Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Step-Up
Converter Combining KY and Buck-Boost Converter with Soft-Switching Tech-
nic,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 4, no. 9. Ess & Ess Research Publications, pp.
7509–7518, Sep. 20, 2015.
[4] Prasad, K.H., C.U.M. Rao, and A.S. Hari, ”Design and simulation of a fuzzy
logic controller for buck & boost converters,” International Journal of Advanced
Technology & Engineering Research (IJATER), vol. 2, pp. 218-224, 2012.
[5] B. Dhivya, V. Krishnan, and R. Ramaprabha, "Neural network controller for boost
converter," in 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing
Technologies (ICCPCT), 2013: IEEE, pp. 246-251.
[6] Martínez-Teran, G., et al. ”Design and implementation of a FLC for CD-CD
converters using a microcontroller for .V.P.V. systems,” in CONIELECOMP 2013,
23rd International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computing.
2013. IEEE.
[7] Martinez, J.S., ”Type-2 fuzzy logic control of a DC/DC buck converter.” IFAC
Proceedings Volumes, 2012. 45(21): p. 103-108.
[8] Bhat, N.D., et al. ”DC/DC Buck Converter Using Fuzzy Logic Controller.” in
2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland
(ICCES). 2020. IEEE.
[9] Patil, B.U. and S.R. Jagtap. ”Adaptive fuzzy logic controller for buck converter.”
in 2015 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information
and Communication (ICCPEIC). 2015. IEEE.
[10] A. Rubaai, A.R. Ofoli, l. Burge, and m. Garuba," Hardware implementation of an
adaptive network-based fuzzy controller for DC-DC converters" IEEE Transaction
on Industrial Applications, vol. 41, No.6, pp. 1557 – 1565, November/December
2005.
[11] Kuo-Hsiang Cheng, C.-F. Hsu, Chih-Min Lin, Tsu-Tian Lee, and C.Li," Fuzzy–
Neural Sliding-Mode Control for DC–DC Converters Using Asymmetric Gaussian
Membership Functions" IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, No.3,
pp.1528 - 1536, 2007
[12] Leyva R., Martinez-Salamero L., Jammes B., Marpinard J.C., and Guinjoan, F.,"
Identification and control of power converters by means of neural networks"
IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications, vol. 44, No.8, pp.735-742, August
1997.
[13] Mahdavi J., Nasiri M.R, Agah A., and Emadi A," Application of neural networks
and State-space averaging to DC/DC PWM converters in sliding-mode operation"
IEEE Transaction on Mechatronics, vol. 10, No.1, pp. 60 – 67, February 2005.
[14] M.E. Elbuluk, H.W. Chan, and I. Husain, "Neural network controllers for power
factor correction of AC/DC switching converters," Industry Applications Confer-
ence, 1617 – 1624, 1998.
[15] A.H.M. Yatim, and W.M. Utomo, "Efficiency Optimization of Variable Speed Induc-
tion Motor Drive Using Online Backpropagation," Power and Energy Conference,
441 – 446, 2006.
[16] Riaz, M. T., Hashmi, W. S., Ahmad, S., Husnain, S., Mujtaba, H., Ali, H., ... &
Qureshi, M. M. (2022, March). Design of Optimization Methodology for Economic
Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units. In 2022 5th International Conference on
Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[17] M. Jahnavi, "Introduction to Neural Networks, Advantages and Applications,
towards Data Science, Jul 9, 2017," ed.
[18] O. I. Abiodun, A. Jantan, A. E. Omolara, K. V. Dada, N. A. Mohamed, and H.
Arshad, “State-of-the-art in artificial neural network applications: A survey”,
Heliyon, vol. 4, no. 11, p. e00938, 2018.
[19] Riaz, M. T. et al., (2022). A wireless controlled intelligent healthcare system for
diplegia patients. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 19(1), 456-472.doi:
10.3934/mbe.2022022
[20] Riaz, M. T., Ahmed, E. M., Durrani, F., & Mond, M. A. (2017). Wireless android
based home automation system. Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J, 2(1), 234-239.
EASE ’23, June 14–16, 2023, Oulu, Finland
[21] Riaz, M. T., Fan, Y., Ahmad, J., Khan, M. A., & Ahmed, E. M. (2018, Septem-
ber). Research on the Protection of Hybrid HVDC System. In 2018 International
Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies
(PGSRET) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[22] Buttar, A. M., Khalid, A., Alenezi, M., Akbar, M. A., Rafi, S., Gumaei, A. H., &
Riaz, M. T. (2023). Optimization of DevOps Transformation for Cloud-Based
Applications. Electronics, 12(2), 357.
[23] Rahman, M. Z. U., Raza, U., Akbar, M. A., Riaz, M. T., Gumaei, A. H., & Ahmad,
N. (2023). Radio-Controlled Intelligent UGV as a Spy Robot with Laser Targeting
for Military Purposes. Axioms, 12(2), 176.
[24] Riaz, M. T., Aaqib, S. M., Ahmad, S., Amin, S., Ali, H., Husnain, S., & Riaz, S. (2021,
October). The intelligent transportation systems with advanced technology of
sensor and network. In 2021 International Conference on Computing, Electronic
and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[25] Riaz, M. T., Rehman, W. U., Ali, H., Husnain, S., Jiang, G., Lodhi, E., ... & Qureshi,
M. M. (2021, October). Design and Experimental Validation of a Small-Scale
Muhammad Waqas Qaisar et al.
Prototype Active Aerostatic Thrust Bearing. In 2021 International Conference
on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[26] Ur Rahman, M. Z., Riaz, M. T., Al Mahmud, M. M., Rizwan, M., & Choudhry,
M. A. (2022). The prescribed fixed structure intelligent robust control of an
electrohydraulic servo system. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022.
[27] Javaid, H. A., Tiwana, M. I., Alsanad, A., Iqbal, J., Riaz, M. T., Ahmad, S., &
Almisned, F. A. (2021). Classification of hand movements using MYO armband
on an embedded platform. Electronics, 10(11), 1322.
[28] Hassan, S. Z., Kamal, T., Riaz, M. H., Shah, S. A. H., Ali, H. G., Riaz, M. T., ... &
Miqueleiz, J. P. (2019). Intelligent control of wind-assisted phevs smart charging
station. Energies, 12(5), 909.
[29] Kamal, T., Karabacak, M., Hassan, S. Z., Fernández-Ramírez, L. M., Riaz, M. H.,
Riaz, M. T., ... & Khan, L. (2018). Energy management and switching control of
PHEV charging stations in a hybrid smart micro-grid system. Electronics, 7(9),
156.