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BUSINESS LAW IN PRACTICE
Table of Cases
A Ascot Four Pty Ltd v Australian Competition
A Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd
v Macaulay [1974] 1 WLR 1308.................... 8.470
ALH Group Property Holdings Pty Ltd v
Chief Commissioner of State Revenue
(2012) 245 CLR 338.................................... 10.140
ANZ Banking Group v Frost [1989] VR 695 ........ 3.740
ATCO Controls Pty Ltd (In liq) v Newtronics
Pty Ltd (In liq) (2009) 25 VR 411 .................. 4.220
Abdurahman v Field (1987) 8 NSWLR 158 .......... 8.580
Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250.................... 3.540
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Mourabak (2009)
239 CLR 420 .................................. 14.102, 14.255
Adelaide Petroleum NL v Poseidon Ltd
(1990) 98 ALR 431 ......................................... 13.670
Akron Securities v Iliffe (1997) 41
NSWLR 353 ................................................ 13.920
Alameddine v Glenworth Valley Horse Riding
Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCA 219 .............. 9.280, 9.390,
13.1145
Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216............. 7.630, 7.640
Alexander v Rayson [1936] 1 KB 169 ................... 8.320
Aliotta v Broadmeadows Bus Service Pty Ltd
[1988] ATPR 40-873.................................... 15.590
Allegretta v Prime Holdings Pty Ltd
[1991] EOC 92-364 ..................................... 19.290
Alzawy v Coptic Orthodox Church Diocese
of Sydney, St Mary and St Merkorious
Church (No. 2) [2016] NSWSC 1123 .......... 14.310
Amber Size Chemical Co v Menzel
[1913] 2 Ch 239 ............................................ 8.400
Anderson v Glass (1868) 5 WW & AB (L) 152 ....... 5.70
Anderson v Thompson
[2001] NSWADT 11 ....................... 19.460, 19.470
Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking
Group Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 205 .................. 12.331
Andrews v Parker [1973] Qd R 93 ........................ 8.200
Andrews Bros (Bournemouth) Ltd v
Singer & Co Ltd [1934] 1 KB 17 ................... 9.360
Ankar Pty Ltd v National Westminster Finance
(Australia) Ltd (1987) 162 CLR 549............ 11.300
Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002)
211 CLR 317; [2002] HCA 35 ...............................
Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty
Ltd v Australian Federation of Airline Pilots
[1991] 1 VR 637 ............................. 18.440, 18.460
Apand Pty Ltd v The Kettle Chip Co Pty Ltd
(1994) 52 FCR 474 ...................................... 13.120
Applicant v Respondent [PR548852] .................. 18.110
Ardeshirian v Robe River Iron Associates
[1990] EOC 92-299 ..................................... 19.450
Armagas Ltd v Mundogas SA [1986] 1 AC 717 ........ 15.640
and Consumer Commission (2009)
176 FCR 106 ............................................... 13.370
Ashmore, Benson, Pease & Co Ltd v AV Dawson Ltd
[1973] 1 WLR 828 ......................................... 8.140
Ashrafi Persian Trading Co Pty Ltd v Ashrafinia
[2001] NSWCA 243 .................................... 14.102
Ashton v Pratt [2015] NSWCA 12 ................. 4.80, 9.20
Associated Newspapers Ltd v Bancks (1951)
83 CLR 322 ................................................... 9.130
Astley v Austrust Ltd (1999)
197 CLR 1 ...................................... 12.250, 14.305
Attorney-General (Cth) v The Queen;
Ex parte Boilermakers Society of Australia
(1957) 95 CLR 529........................................ 1.150
Attorney-General (SA) v Corporation of the
City of Adelaide (2013) 249 CLR 1 ............... 3.630
Attwood v Lamont [1920] 3 KB 571..................... 8.400
Aurel Forras Pty Ltd v Graham Karp
Developments Pty Ltd [1975] VR 202.......... 11.480
Austotel Pty Ltd v Franklins Selfserve Pty Ltd
(1989) 16 NSWLR 582 .................................. 5.285
Australasian Meat Industry Employees
Union v Mudginberri Station Pty Ltd
(1985) 61 ALR 417 ...................................... 18.490
Australian and International Pilots Association v
Fair Work Australia (2012) 202 FCR 200 .... 18.470
Australian Capital Territory v Munday
(2000) 99 FCR 72 .......................................... 8.510
Australian Communications and Media
Authority v Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd
(2009) 178 FCR 199 .................................... 17.120
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Apple Pty Ltd [2012] ATPR
42–404; [2012] FCA 646 ............................. 13.713
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd
(2003) 214 CLR 51......................... 13.210, 13.220
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Channel Seven Brisbane
Pty Ltd (2009) 239 CLR 305 ....................... 13.190
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Chrisco Hampers Australia
Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1204 ............................ 13.315
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia
Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 .............................. 7.796
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia
Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 634 ................................ 13.66
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia
Pty Ltd (No 2) [2014] FCA 1022 ................... 13.66
 Business Law in Practice
x
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Dell Computer Pty Ltd
(2002) 126 FCR 170 .................................... 13.350
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
v Excite Mobile Pty Ltd (No 2) [2013]
ATPR 42-454; [2013] FCA 1267 ................. 13.990
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Gordon Superstore Pty Ltd
[2014] FCA 452 ........................................... 13.375
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Halkalia [2012] FCA 534 ..... 13.995
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Harvey Norman Holdings
Ltd [2011] FCA 1407 .................................. 13.711
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Jetstar Airways Pty Ltd
[2015] FCA 1263 ......................................... 13.372
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Jutsen (No 3) (2011) 206
FCR 264; 285 ALR 110 ............................... 13.610
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd
[2013] FCAFC 90 ........................................ 13.255
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
v Lux Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 926 .................... 13.250
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Marksun Australia Pty Ltd
[2011] FCA 695 ........................................... 13.395
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v McCaskey
(2000) 104 FCR 8 ........................................ 13.640
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Metricon Qld Pty Ltd
[2012] FCA 797 ........................................... 13.145
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Radio Rentals Ltd
(2005) 146 FCR 292 .................................... 13.230
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Reckitt Benckiser
[2016] FCA 424 ............................................. 13.67
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Reckitt Benckiser (Australia)
Pty Ltd (No 4) [2015] FCA 1408 ................. 13.495
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Samton Holdings
(2002)117 FCR 301 ..................................... 13.225
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Stott [2013] ATPR
43–439; [2013] FCA 88 ............................... 13.990
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd
(2013) 250 CLR 640......................... 13.61, 13.940
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Taxsmart Group Pty Ltd
[2014] FCA 487 ........................................... 13.452
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Turi Foods Pty Ltd
[2012] FCA 19 ............................................. 13.980
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Turi Foods Pty Ltd
[2013] FCA 665 ............................................. 13.65
Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission v Visy Industries Holdings
Pty Ltd (No 3) (2007) 244 ALR 673 .............. 17.20
Australian Development Corporation Pty
Ltd v White (2001) 189 ALR 266 .................. 10.80
Australian European Finance Corp
Ltd v Sheahan (1993) 60 SASR 187 ............... 4.220
Australian Financial Services and Leasing
Pty Ltd v Hills Industries Ltd (2014)
307 ALR 512 ............................................... 12.440
Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd v Banovic
(1989) 168 CLR 165.................................... 19.160
Australian Mutual Provident Society v Gregory
(1908) 5 CLR 615........................................ 10.190
Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna
(1987) 162 CLR 479.................................... 14.101
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Adler [2002] NSWSC
171; (2002) 168 FLR 253 ............... 16.950, 16.975
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Carey (No 3) (2006)
232 ALR 577 ................................................. 17.20
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd
(2011) 190 FCR 364 ...................................... 3.720
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Healey [2011] FCA 717;
(2011) 196 FCR 291 .................................... 16.900
Australian Securities and Investments Commission
v Hellicar [2012] HCA 17; (2012)
247 CLR 345 ..................... 16.905, 16.910, 16.920
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Macdonald (No 11)
(2009) 256 ALR 199 ...................................... 17.20
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Plymin, Elliott and
Harrison [2003] VSC 123 .......................... 16.1035
Australian Securities and Investments
Commission v Vizard [2005] FCA 1037;
(2005) FCR 57 ............................................. 16.990
Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v Commonwealth
of Australia (1954) 92 CLR 424 .................... 4.227
Avery v Bowden (1855) 5 E & B 714 .................. 11.200
B
BB Australia Pty Ltd v Karioi Pty Ltd
(2010) 278 ALR 105 ........................... 8.490, 8.492
BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire
Council (1978) 180 CLR 266 ............. 9.550, 9.560
Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 ......................... 4.40
Balog v Independent Commission Against
Corruption (1990) 169 CLR 625 ................... 1.420
Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (1993) 176
CLR 344 ......................................... 12.210, 12.240
Bank of America Australia Ltd v Ceda Jon
International Pty Ltd (1988)
17 NSWLR 290 ............................................. 8.100
Banque Brussels Lambert SA v Australian
National Industries Ltd (1989)
21 NSWLR 502 .................................. 4.140, 4.222

Barac (t/as Exotic Studios) v Farnell
(1994) 53 FCR 193 ........................................ 8.200
Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104 ...................... 7.750
Bauen Constructions Pty Ltd v Sky General
Services Pty Ltd [2012] NSWSC 1123............ 3.670
Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and
Further Education, Board of v Barclay
(2012) 248 CLR 500.......... 18.110, 18.330, 18.340
Bennett v Everitt [1988] EOC 92-244 ................. 19.368
Bermingham v Corrective Services
Commission of New South Wales
(1988) 15 NSWLR 292 .................................. 1.360
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 ............... 10.25, 10.30
Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183 ................ 9.120, 9.150
Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse (1985)
7 FCR 325 ................................................... 13.150
Bibby Financial Services Australia Pty Ltd
v Sharma [2014] NSWCA 37 .......... 18.290, 18.295
Birdanco Nominees Pty Ltd v Money
(2012) 36 VR 341 .......................................... 8.426
Blair v Goldpath & Callinan
[2010] QCAT 483 ........................................ 18.240
Body Bronze International Pty Ltd v Fehcorp
Pty Ltd (2011) 34 VR 536; 282 ALR 571 .... 13.270
Bojczuk v Gregorcewicz [1961] SASR 128 .............. 6.40
Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 2 All ER 1322 ..........11.24B
Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 ............................ 14.190
Boncristiano v Lohmann [1998] 4 VR 82 ............ 12.245
Booker Industries Pty Ltd v Wilson Parking
(Qld) Pty Ltd [1982] HCA 53 ........................ 3.750
Boyd v Ryan (1947) 48 SR (NSW) 163 ............... 12.390
Brakoulias v Karunaharan (Ruling)
[2012] VSC 272 ........................................... 14.205
Brick & Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life
Nominees Pty Ltd [1992] 2 VR 279 ............. 16.333
Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und
Stahlwarenhandels-gesellschaft mbH
[1983] 2 AC 34 .............................................. 3.590
Brosnan v Katke [2016] FCAFC 1 ....................... 13.160
Buckland v Massey [1985] 1 Qd R 502................... 8.80
Buckley v Tutty (1971) 125 CLR 353.................... 8.450
Burmic Pty Ltd v Goldview Pty Ltd
[2003] 2 Qd R 477 .......................................... 8.20
Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd
(1994) 179 CLR 520.................................... 14.200
Burns v MAN Automotive (Aust) Pty Ltd
(1986) 161 CLR 653.................................... 12.170
Buseska v Sergio (1990) 102 FLR 157................. 15.264
Butcher v Lachlan Elder Realty Pty Ltd
(2004) 218 CLR 592.................................... 13.177
Butler v Craine [1986] VR 274 ............................. 5.370
Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715....... 13.155
Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven & Co
(1880) 5 CPD 344.......................................... 3.240
C Commissioner of Taxation (1981)
CAJ Investments Pty Ltd v Lourandos
(1998) 83 FCR 189 ...................................... 13.820
CAL No 14 Pty Ltd v Motor Accidents Board
(2009) 239 CLR 390.................................... 14.150
CDPP v Hill and Kamay [2015] VSC 86 ........... 16.1046
Table of Cases
xi
Caltex Oil (Aust) Pty Ltd v The Dredge
“Willemstad” (1976) 136 CLR 529 ............. 14.330
Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman
[1990] 2 AC 605 .......................................... 14.390
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893]
1 QB 256 .......................... 3.40, 3.50, 3.400, 3.480
Carney v Herbert [1985] 1 AC 301 ....................... 8.620
Carter v Hyde (1923) 33 CLR 115........................ 3.320
Castle Constructions Pty Ltd v Fekala Pty Ltd
(2006) 65 NSWLR 648 ................................ 12.180
Causer v Browne [1952] VLR 1 ............................ 9.230
Cedar Hill Flowers & Foliage Pty Ltd v
Spierenburg [2003] 1 Qd R 482 ..................... 8.480
Central London Property Trust Ltd v High
Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130..................... 5.243
Century Insurance Co Ltd v Northern Ireland
Road Transport Board [1942] AC 509 ......... 14.415
Chappel v Hart (1998) 185 CLR 232.................. 14.255
Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd
[1960] AC 87 ................................................... 5.60
Chiarabaglio v Westpac Banking Corp
[1989] ATPR 40-971; [1991] ATPR
(Digest) 46-067 ............................................ 14.380
Chief Executive Officer of Customs v Biocontrol Ltd
(2006) 150 FCR 64 ........................................ 1.420
Chin Keow v Government of Malaysia
[1967] 1 WLR 813 ....................................... 14.170
Chitts v Allaine [1982] Qd R 319............................ 8.40
Clark v Macourt (2013) 304 ALR 220 ................ 12.115
Claude Neon Ltd v Hardie [1970] Qd R 93 ........ 11.477
Cocks v Queensland [1994] EOC 92-612 ........... 19.260
Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail
Authority of New South Wales
(1982) 149 CLR 337......................... 9.570, 11.430
Cody v JH Nelson Pty Ltd (1947) 74 CLR 629 ..... 1.420
Collins v Godefroy (1831) 1 B & Ad 950;
109 ER 1040.................................................. 5.100
Comcare v PVYW (2013) 250 CLR 246 ............. 18.410
Comcare v Thompson (2000) 100 FCR 375.......... 1.360
Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio
(1983) 151 CLR 447.............. 7.880, 7.890, 13.200
Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker
(2014) 253 CLR 169.................................... 18.250
Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker
[2014] HCA 32 ............................................ 18.255
Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd
(1991) 174 CLR 64.............. 12.90, 12.100, 12.190
Commonwealth Disposals Commission
v McRae (1951) 84 CLR 377....................... 11.310
Con-Stan Industries of Australia Pty Ltd v
Norwich Winterthur Insurance (Australia) Ltd
(1986) 160 CLR 226........................... 9.570, 9.590
Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v
Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594.......................... 13.50
Cooper Brookes (Wollongong) Pty Ltd v
147 CLR 297 ...................................... 1.390, 1.400
Cork v Kirby McLean [1952] 2 All ER 402......... 14.255
Costa Vraca Pty Ltd v Berrigan Weed & Pest
Control Pty Ltd (1998) 155 ALR 714 ....... 13.170A
Coulls v Bagot’s Executor & Trustee Co Ltd
(1967) 119 CLR 460...................................... 10.20
 Business Law in Practice
xii
Council of the City of Sydney v West
(1965) 114 CLR 481................ 9.400, 9.410, 9.440
Council of the Upper Hunter County District v
Australian Chilling & Freezing Co Ltd
[1968] HCA 8; (1968) 118 CLR 429 ............. 3.730
Cowern v Nield [1912] 2 KB 419............................ 6.90
Cox v Mosman [1909] QSR 45........................... 15.140
Cox v Public Transport Corporation
[1992] EOC 92-401 ..................................... 19.100
Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct
Mail Advertising & Addressing Co
Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 72 ............ 15.130, 15.264
Crawford Fitting Co v Sydney Valve & Fittings
Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 438 ..................... 11.40
Crown Melbourne Ltd v Cosmopolitan Hotel
(Vic) Pty Ltd [2016] HCA 26 ... 3.760, 5.287, 9.110
Cummings v Sir William Arrol & Co Ltd
[1962] 1 WLR 295 ....................................... 14.255
Cummings and anor v Claremont Petroleum NL
[1992] FCA 674 ........................................... 16.980
Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3
App Cas 459 ............................ 7.210, 7.290, 7.360
Cutter v Powell (1795) 101 ER 573 ...................... 11.21
D Partners Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 523........ 3.350
D v Berkeley Challenge Pty Ltd [2001]
EOC 93-150 ................................................ 19.410
Daly v Thiering (2013) 249 CLR 381.................... 1.420
Daniels v Anderson (1995) 37
NSWLR 438 ................................... 16.930, 16.940
Dargusch v Sherley Investments Pty Ltd
[1970] Qd R 338 ......................................... 15.330
Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia
Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 500 .............. 9.440, 9.450
David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank
of Australia (1990) 23 FCR 1....................... 14.380
David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank
of Australia (1992) 175 CLR 353 .................. 7.400
Davis v Pearce Parking Station Pty Ltd
(1954) 91 CLR 642........................................ 9.390
Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban
District Council [1956] AC 696 ................... 11.313
Day v O’Leary (1992) 57 SASR 206 ................... 12.140
Day Ford Pty Ltd v Sciacca [1990] 2 Qd R 209 .... 8.620
De Francesco v Barnum (1890) 45 Ch D 430 .......... 6.80
Dearle v Hall (1828) 3 Russ 1; 38 ER 475 .......... 10.190
Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79
CLR 370 ......................................... 14.420, 15.650
Debenham v Mellon (1880) 5 QBD 394 ............. 15.190
Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992)
39 FCR 31 ........................................ 7.500, 13.172
Derbyshire Building Co Pty Ltd v Becker
(1962) 107 CLR 633...................................... 9.580
Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 .................... 7.490
Dick Bentley Productions Limited v Harold
Smith (Motors) Ltd [1965] 1 WLR 623 ........... 9.50
Director of Public Prosecutions v Walters
[2015] VSCA 303........................................... 1.360
Dobbs v National Bank of Australasia Ltd
(1935) 53 CLR 643........................................ 8.340
Dobler v Halverson [2007] NSWCA 335 ............ 14.400
Dollar Sweets Pty Ltd v Federated
Confectioners Association of Australia
[1986] VR 383 ................................ 18.440, 18.450
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932]
AC 562 .................................. 14.40, 14.60, 14.100
Duff v Blinco (No 2) [2007] 1 Qd R 407 .............. 5.330
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v
Selfridge & Co Ltd [1915] AC 847 .................. 5.30
Dunning v BHP Billiton Ltd
[2014] NSWDDT 3 ...................................... 18.417
E
E v Australian Red Cross Society (1992)
31 FCR 299 ............................................... 13.1060
EBay International AG v Creative Festival
Entertainment Pty Ltd (2006) 170
FCR 450 ........................................................ 9.500
Elder Smith Goldsbrough Mort Ltd v McBride
[1976] 2 NSWLR 631 .................................... 9.380
Elizabeth City Centre Pty Ltd v Corralyn
Pty Ltd (1995) 63 SASR 235 .......................... 3.560
Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull
Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community
of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 ................. 4.10, 4.15
Ertel Bieber & Co v Rio Tinto Co Ltd
[1918] AC 260 ............................................. 11.330
Esanda Finance Corp Ltd v Peat Marwick
Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 241 ............... 14.395
Escobar v Rainbow Printing Pty Ltd (No 2)
[2002] EOC 93-229 ..................................... 19.170
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper’s Garage
(Stourport) Ltd [1968] 2 AC 269 ................... 8.510
EzyDVD Pty Ltd v Lahrs Investments Qld
Pty Ltd [2010] 2 Qd R 517 ................. 8.400, 8.494
F
Falko v James McEwan & Co Ltd
[1977] VR 447 ............................................. 12.220
Famestock Pty Ltd v Body Corporate for No 9
Port Douglas Road Community Title
Scheme 24368 [2013] QCA 354 .................... 9.530
Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd
(2007) 230 CLR 89........................................ 1.550
Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CB (NS) 869;
142 ER 1037.................................................. 3.370
Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn,
Lawson, Combe, Barbour, Ltd
[1943] AC 32 .................................. 11.482, 11.485
Fiorelli Properties Pty Ltd v Professional
Fencemakers Pty Ltd (2011) 34 VR 257....... 12.333
First National Securities Ltd v Jones
[1978] 1 Ch 109 ............................................ 5.180
Fitzgerald v FJ Leonhardt Pty Ltd
(1997) 189 CLR 215...................................... 8.150
Fitzgerald v Penn (1945) 71 CLR 637 ................. 12.120
Flannery v O’Sullivan (No 2) [1993]
EOC 92-501 ................................................ 19.280

Fleming Bros (Monaro Agencies) Pty Ltd v Smith
[1983] ATPR 40-389...................................... 8.610
Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605..................... 5.120
Font v Paspaley Pearls [2002]
EOC 93-232 ................................................ 19.430
Foti v Banque Nationale de Paris
[1990] Aust Torts Reports 81-025................ 14.380
Franklins Pty Ltd v Metcash Trading Ltd
(2009) 76 NSWLR 603 .................................. 7.410
Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park
Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2
QB 480 ................. 15.130, 15.210, 15.240, 15.250
Frost v Warner (2002) 209 CLR 509................... 14.415
Fulcher & Ors v Knott Investments Pty
Ltd & Ors [2012] QSC 232 ....................... 13.1305
FWO v Bound for Glory Enterprises Pty Ltd
[2014] FCCA 432 ........................................ 18.105
G Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 ............ 14.335, 14.340
Gaffney v Ryan [1995] 1 Qd R 19 .......................... 8.90
Gardiner v New South Wales WorkCover
Authority [2003] EOC 93-291 ..................... 19.310
Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd
(1986) 160 CLR 1........................................ 13.790
Geraghty v Minter (1979) 142 CLR 177 ............... 8.400
Gibbons v Wright (1954) 91 CLR 423 .................. 6.180
Gibson v Manchester City Council
[1979] 1 All ER 972 ......................................... 3.80
Giles v Thompson [1994] 1 AC 142 ...................... 8.270
Gipps v Gipps [1978] 1 NSWLR 454 .................... 7.535
Gippsreal Ltd v Registrar of Titles
(2007) 20 VR 127 ............................................ 2.90
Given v Pryor (1979) 24 ALR 442 ...................... 13.410
Glasbrook v Glamorgan County Council
[1925] AC 270 ............................................... 5.115
Gnych v Polish Club Ltd (2015) 255
CLR 414 ........................................................ 8.105
Godecke v Kirwan (1973) 129
CLR 629 ............................................. 3.440, 9.330
Goldsbrough, Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910)
10 CLR 674 ................................................... 3.220
Goodridge v Macquarie Bank Ltd (2010)
265 ALR 170 .................................. 10.140, 10.160
Google Inc v Australian Competition
and Consumer Commission (2013) 249
CLR 435 ........................................................ 13.52
Gould v Vaggelas (1984) 157 CLR 215 ................. 7.560
Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan
(2002) 211 CLR 540.................................... 14.215
Great Northern Railway Co v Swaffield
(1874) LR 9 Exch 132 ................................. 15.170
Griffiths v Northern Territory of Australia
(No 3) [2016] FCA 900 ................................... 1.95
Grocon Constructors Pty Ltd v Construction
Forestry, Mining and Energy Union
(CFMEU) (2013) 234 IR 59; [2014]
VSC 134 ......................................... 18.440, 18.455
Grocon Constructors Pty Ltd v Construction
Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (No 2)
(2014) 241 IR 288 ....................................... 18.455
Table of Cases
xiii
H
H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley
Ingham & Co Ltd [1978] 1 QB 791............. 12.130
HTW Valuers (Central Qld) Pty Ltd v Astonland
Pty Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 640 ....................... 13.810
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9
Exch 341......................................... 12.120, 12.123
Hall & Barker, Re [1878] 9 Ch D 538................... 11.22
Hamilton v Lethbridge (1912) 14 CLR 236 ............ 6.60
Harris v Nickerson (1872–73) LR 8 QB 286......... 3.140
Hart v O’Connor [1985] AC 1000 ........................ 6.180
Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 E & B 872............... 5.133
Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co
of Canada Ltd [1986] AC 207 ....................... 3.170
Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552 ............................... 3.90
Hatt v Magro (2007) 34 WAR 256 ..................... 13.850
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller &
Helicopter Sales (Aust) Pty Ltd v Rotor-Work
Pty Ltd (1974) 132 CLR 1 ............................. 9.580
Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd
[1968] 1 QB 549 ............................. 15.230, 15.263
Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins
Marrickville (1988) 79 ALR 83.................... 13.171
Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27 ........................ 3.530
Herbert Morris Ltd v Saxelby [1916]
1 AC 688 ............................................ 8.400, 8.410
Hermann v Charlesworth [1905] 2 KB 123 8.350, 8.640
Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton [1903]
2 KB 683...................................................... 11.390
Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments
Ltd [1946] Ch 169 ......................................... 8.400
Hoenig v Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176.................. 11.24A
Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001)
207 CLR 21 .......... 14.410, 18.200, 18.210, 18.220
Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes
[1974] 1 All ER 161 ....................................... 3.550
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen
Kaisha Ltd [1952] 2 QB 26 ............... 9.170, 11.300
Hopcroft v Edmunds (2013) 116 SASR 191 ........ 15.231
Howard v Geradin Pty Ltd t/as
Harvard Securities [2004]
EOC 93-358 ...................... 19.368, 19.370, 19.390
Howard Smith & Co Ltd v Varawa
(1907) 5 CLR 68.......................................... 15.140
Howe v Teefy (1927) 27 SR (NSW) 301.............. 12.200
Hoyt’s Pty Ltd v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133 ......... 9.90
Humberstone v Northern Timber Mills
(1949) 79 CLR 389......................... 14.410, 18.160
Humphries v Proprietors “Surfers Palms
North” Group Titles Plan 1955 (1994)
179 CLR 597 ................................................. 8.620
Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 ........................ 3.280
I
IRAF Pty Ltd v Graham [1982]
1 NSWLR 419 ............................................... 8.610
Imbree v McNeilly (2008)
236 CLR 510 .................................. 14.170, 14.175
 Business Law in Practice
xiv
Insight SRC IP Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian
Council for Educational Research Ltd
(2013) 101 IPR 484 ..................................... 10.150
Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young
[2011] HCA CLR 149 ......... 1.760, 9.370, 13.1145
J (2012) 199 FCR 204 ...................................... 10.80
J Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller BV [1990]
1 Lloyds Rep 1 ............................................. 11.479
JC Williamson Ltd v Lukey and Mulholland
(1931) 45 CLR 282...................................... 12.370
Jaensch v Coffey [1984] HCA 52 ........................ 14.106
Janssen-Cilag Pty Ltd v Pfizer Pty Ltd (1992)
37 FCR 526 ................................................. 13.820
Jardin v Metcash Ltd (2011) 285 ALR 677 ........... 8.422
Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd [1973] 1 QB 233 ......... 12.235
Je Maintiendrai Pty Ltd v Quaglia (1980)
26 SASR 101 .................................................. 5.250
Johnson v Buttress (1936) 56 CLR 113 ................. 7.810
Johnson Tiles Ltd v Esso Australia Pty Ltd
[2004] VSC 466 ........................................... 14.320
Jones v Dumbrell [1981] VR 199 .......................... 7.510
Jones v Vernon’s Pools Ltd [1938]
2 All ER 626 .................................................. 4.210
Joseph Constantine Steamship Line
Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corp Ltd
[1942] AC 154 ............................................. 11.480
K Lightning Bolt Pty Ltd v Skinner & Smith
Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd (2013)
250 CLR 392 ................................................. 7.925
Karatjas v Deakin University (2012)
35 VR 355 ................................................... 14.102
Karedis Enterprises Pty Ltd v Antoniou (1995)
59 FCR 35 ................................................... 13.860
Keen Mar Corp Pty Ltd v Labrador Shopping
Centre (1989) ATPR 46-048 ........................ 13.176
Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durant [1901]
AC 240 ........................................... 15.266, 15.550
Kelly v Solari (1841) 9 M & W 54;
152 ER 24...................................................... 7.370
Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174................... 15.510
Khoury v Khouri (2006)
66 NSWLR 241 ............................................. 5.330
King v Philcox (2015) 255 CLR 304 ................... 14.105
Kiriri Cotton Co Ltd v Dewani [1960]
AC 192 .......................................................... 8.560
Koompahtoo Local Aboriginal Land
Council v Sanpine Pty Ltd (2007)
233 CLR 115 ............ 9.160, 11.300, 11.305, 12.30
Kooragang Investments Pty Ltd v Richardson &
Wrench Ltd [1982] AC 462.......................... 15.660
Koufos v Czarnikow Ltd [1969] 1 AC 350.......... 12.127
Krakowski v Eurolynx Properties Ltd (1995)
183 CLR 563 ................................................. 7.520
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 ........................... 11.370
Ku-ring-gai Co-operative Building Society, Re
(No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134 .................... 13.50
L
L J Hooker Ltd v W J Adams Estate Pty Ltd
(1977) 138 CLR 52...................................... 15.410
L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool
Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235 .............................. 11.275
LED Technologies Pty Ltd v Roadvision Pty Ltd
L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd
[1934] 2 KB 394 ...................... 9.200, 9.210, 9.460
Lancashire Loans Ltd v Black
[1934] 1 KB 380 ............................................ 7.800
Laurinda Pty Ltd Capalaba Park Shopping
Centre Pty Ltd (1989) 166 CLR 623 ............ 11.193
Lawrence v Coal & Allied Mining Services
(2012) 202 IR 388 .......................... 18.310, 18.320
Laws v GWS Machinery Pty Ltd
(2007) 209 FLR 53 .................................... 13.1020
Le Mans Grand Prix Circuits Pty Ltd v Illiadis
[1998] VSC 331 ............................................. 9.240
Leaf v International Galleries
[1950] 2 KB 86 ..................................... 7.90, 7.100
Lee v Smith [2007]
EOC 93-456 ...................... 19.363, 19.365, 19.367
Leonard v PepsiCo 88 F Supp 2d 116 (1999) .......... 3.60
Leslie v Sheill [1914] 3 KB 607 ............................. 6.140
Lewis v Averay [1972] 1 QB 198..... 7.260, 7.270, 7.630
Lift Capital Partners Pty Ltd v Merrill Lynch
International (2009) 73 NSWLR 482............. 5.180
Liftronic Pty Ltd v Unver (2001) 179 ALR 321 ... 14.305
[2002] QCA 518 .......................................... 19.130
Lindner v Murdock’s Garage (1950)
83 CLR 628 ................................................... 8.400
Lintrose Nominees Pty Ltd v King
[1995] 1 VR 574 .......................................... 15.310
Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage
Co Ltd [1957] QB 180 .................... 19.270, 19.280
Littlewoods Organisation Ltd v Harris
[1977] 1 WLR 1472 ....................................... 8.420
Lloyd v Citicorp Australia Ltd (1986)
11 NSWLR 286 ........................................... 14.380
Lloyd’s Bank Ltd v Bundy [1975] QB 326............. 7.840
Lloyd’s Ships Holdings Pty Ltd v Davros
Pty Ltd (1987) 17 FCR 505 ........................... 8.380
Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621 .................. 7.910
Luna Park (NSW) Ltd v Tramways Advertising
Pty Ltd (1938) 61 CLR 286 ......................... 12.270
Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd v Cooper
[1941] AC 108 ............................................. 15.400
M
MWH Australia Pty Ltd v Wynton Stone Australia
Pty Ltd (in liq) (2010) 31 VR 575 .................. 9.390
Mabo v State of Queensland (No 2)
(1992) 175 CLR 1................................... 1.80, 1.90
MacKinlay v Derry Dew Pty Ltd
[2014] WASCA 24 ......................................... 8.610
Mahmoud & Ispahani, Re
[1921] 2 KB 716 ................................... 8.40, 8.120

Malago Pty Ltd v AW Ellis Engineering
Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 227 .......................... 4.150
Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce
International SA [1998] AC 20..................... 18.250
March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd
(1991) 171 CLR 506.................................... 14.260
Marsh v Baxter (2015) 49 WAR 1....................... 14.320
Marsh v Joseph [1897] 1 Ch 213 ........................ 15.140
Marsh & McLennan Pty Ltd v Stanyers
Transport Pty Ltd [1994] 2 VR 232 ............. 15.540
Martin v Gale (1876) 4 Ch D 428 ......................... 6.130
Master Education Services Pty Ltd v Ketchell
(2008) 236 CLR 101........................................ 8.70
Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353 ............... 3.420
Maynegrain Pty Ltd v Compafina Bank
[1982] 2 NSWLR 141 .................................. 15.550
McEvoy v ANZ Banking Group Ltd
[1988] Aust Torts Reports 80-151................ 14.380
McFarlane v Daniell (1938) 38 SR
(NSW) 337..................................................... 8.610
McHale v Watson (1964) 111 CLR 384 .............. 14.170
McLaughlin v City Bank of Sydney
(1912) 14 CLR 684........................................ 6.180
McRae v Commonwealth Disposals
Commission (1951) 84 CLR 377 ........ 7.110, 7.120
McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald’s System
of Australia Pty Ltd (1980) 33 ALR 394 ........ 13.95
Mercantile Union Guarantee Corp Ltd v Ball
[1937] 2 KB 498 .............................................. 6.90
Mercer v Commissioner for Road Transport and
Tramways (NSW) (1936) 56 CLR 580......... 14.215
Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty
Ltd v Peterson (2011) 196 FCR 145
284 ALR 1 ................... 13.1075, 13.1190, 13.1220
Meridien AB Pty Ltd v Jackson
[2014] 1 Qd R 142 ........................................ 1.360
Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd v McLaurin &
Tait (Developments) Pty Ltd (1976)
133 CLR 671 ............................................... 11.445
Merritt v Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1211 .................... 4.60
Metropolitan Water Board v Dick,
Kerr & Co Ltd [1918] AC 119..................... 11.410
Meyer v Kalanick No 15 Civ. 9796 ....................... 9.480
Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
(1971) 17 FLR 141 .......................................... 1.30
Miller Associates (Australia) Pty Ltd v Bennington
Pty Ltd [1975] 2 NSWLR 506 ..................... 15.500
Mitor Investments Pty Ltd v General Accident
Fire & Life Assurance Corp [1984]
WAR 365 ........................................ 15.360, 15.480
Mobil Oil Australia Ltd v Wellcome International
Pty Ltd (1998) 81 FCR 475 ........................... 3.270
Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty
Ltd v Anzil (2000) 205 CLR 254 .... 14.102, 14.255
Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD 64 ............... 9.530, 9.540
Motorcycling Events Group Australia v
Kelly [2013] NSWCA 361 ......................... 13.1145
Mules v Ferguson [2015] QCA 5 ........... 14.405, 14.250
Munro v Willmott [1949] 1 KB 295 .................... 15.180
Murphy v Overton Investments Pty Ltd
(2004) 216 CLR 388.................................... 13.790
Table of Cases
xv
Murrihy v Betezy.com.au Pty Ltd (2013)
238 IR 307................................................... 18.345
Murrihy v Betezy.com.au Pty Ltd (No 2)
[2013] FCA 1146 ......................................... 18.345
Musca v Astle Corp Pty Ltd (1988)
80 ALR 251 ................................................. 13.820
Musumeci v Winadell Pty Ltd (1994) 34
NSWLR 723 .................................................. 5.140
Mutual Life and Citizens’ Assurance Co
Ltd v Evatt (1968) 122 CLR 556 ................. 14.345
N
NE Perry Pty Ltd v Judge (2002)
84 SASR 86 ......................................... 8.430, 8.480
NRM Corporation Pty Ltd v Australian
Competition and Consumer Commission
[2016] FCAFC 98 ........................... 13.260, 13.317
NSW Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages
v Norrie [2014] HCA 11 ................................ 19.90
Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority (1993)
177 CLR 423 ............................................... 14.160
National Employers Mutual General Insurance
Association Ltd v Manufacturers Mutual
Insurance Ltd (1989) 17 NSWLR 223 ........... 1.360
Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Australian
Competition and Consumer Commission
(1996) 71 FCR 215 ...................................... 13.360
Nelson v Dahl (1879) 12 Ch D 568 ...................... 9.590
New South Wales v Commonwealth
(Work Choices Case) (2006)
229 CLR 1 ............................... 18.20, 18.40, 18.50
New South Wales v Fahy (2007)
232 CLR 486 ............................................... 14.180
New South Wales v Lepore (2003)
212 CLR 511 ............................................... 14.415
Noonan v Martin (1987) 10
NSWLR 402 ................................................ 15.740
Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and
Ammunition Co Ltd [1894] AC 535 .............. 8.370
Norris v Sibberas [1990] VR 161 ........................ 15.590
North East Solutions Pty Ltd v Masters
Home Improvement Australia Pty Ltd
[2016] VSC 1 ................................................. 9.310
North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai
Construction Co Ltd [1979] 1 QB 705 .......... 7.780
Nunin Holdings Pty Ltd v Tullamarine Estates
Pty Ltd [1994] 1 VR 74 ................................. 3.530
O
O’Brien v Smolonogov (1983)
53 ALR 107 ................................................... 13.50
OOh! Media Roadside Pty Ltd v Diamond
Wheels Pty Ltd (2011) 32 VR 255 ............... 11.472
O’Toole v Charles David Pty Ltd (1991)
171 CLR 232 ................................................. 1.550
Office of Fair Trading v Ashbourne Management
Services Ltd [2011] EWHC 1237 ................. 13.316
Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd
[1949] 1 KB 532 ................................. 9.270, 9.460
 Business Law in Practice
xvi
On Call Interpreters and Translators Agency
Pty Ltd v the Commissioner of Taxation
(No 3) [2011] FCA 366 ............................... 14.410
Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957]
1 WLR 370 ........................................... 7.580, 9.40
Ottoman Bank Ltd v Chakarian
[1930] AC 277 ................................ 18.270, 18.290
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship
Co Pty Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 2)
[1967] AC 617 ............................................. 14.290
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock &
Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon
Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388 ......... 14.280, 14.285
P Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284 ............................. 3.520
Pacific Carriers Ltd v BNP Paribas (2004)
218 CLR 451 ............................................ 15.263A
Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking
Group Ltd [2016] HCA 28 ....................... 12.331A
Page One Records Ltd v Britton [1968]
1 WLR 157 .................................................. 12.400
Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis
Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971]
2 QB 711 .............. 15.262, 16.325, 16.335, 16.860
Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 .................. 5.75
Papas v Bianca Investments Pty Ltd (2002)
82 SASR 581 .................................................. 7.280
Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951]
AC 367 ........................................... 14.200, 14.210
Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu
Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 191 ....................... 13.100
Parker v McKenna (1874) 10 Ch App 96 ............ 15.340
Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v
Maritime Union of Australia (1998)
195 CLR 1 ......................... 18.420, 18.430, 18.440
Parkinson v College of Ambulance Ltd
[1925] 2 KB 1 ..................................... 8.290, 8.550
Paul v Cooke (2013) 85 NSWLR 167 ................. 14.275
Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v Paul (1987)
162 CLR 221 .................................. 12.440, 12.445
Payzu Ltd v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 ............... 12.160
Pearce v Brain [1929] 2 KB 310 ............................ 6.110
Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd (2012)
205 FCR 187 ................................................. 8.425
Peek v Gurney (1873) LR 6 HL 377...................... 7.490
Pennington v Norris (1956) 96 CLR 10 .............. 14.305
Pepper v Attorney-General [2008] 2 Qd R 353 ..... 1.420
Perisher Blue Pty Ltd v Nair Smith (2015)
295 FLR 153.................................................. 14.50
Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999)
198 CLR 180 .................................. 14.325, 14.280
Perri v Coolangatta Investments Pty Ltd
(1982) 149 CLR 537.................................... 11.140
Petelin v Cullen (1975) 132 CLR 355 ........ 7.320, 7.330
Peters (WA) Ltd v Petersville Ltd (2001)
205 CLR 126 ................................................. 8.510
Petrofina (Great Britain) Ltd v Martin
[1966] 1 Ch 146 ............................................ 8.360
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash
Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1952] 2 QB 795 ..... 3.110
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v
Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd
[1953] 1 QB 401 ............................................ 3.110
Phillips v Brooks Ltd [1919] 2 KB 243 .................. 7.250
Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport
Pty Ltd [1980] AC 827............. 9.350, 9.420, 9.430
Placer (Granny Smith) Pty Ltd v Thiess Contractors
Pty Ltd (2003) 196 ALR 257 ....................... 12.190
Port Jackson Stevedoring Pty Ltd v
Salmond & Spraggon (Aust) Pty Ltd
(1980) 144 CLR 300...................................... 10.40
Positive Endeavour Pty Ltd v Madigan
(2009) 105 SASR 109 ......................... 8.390, 8.600
Potter v Minahan (1908) 7 CLR 277 .................... 1.340
Press v Mathers [1927] VLR 326 ........................ 15.200
Price v Southern Cross Television (TNT9) Pty Ltd
[2015] Aust Torts Reports 82-208;
[2014] TASSC 70 ........................................... 4.145
Printing and Numerical Registering
Co v Sampson (1875) LR 19 Eq 462................ 2.15
Progressive Mailing House Pty Ltd v Tabali
Pty Ltd (1985) 157 CLR 17 ......................... 11.195
Public Service Employees Credit Union
Co-operative Ltd v Campion (1984)
56 ACTR 39 .................................................. 8.240
Pukallus v Cameron (1982) 180 CLR 447 ............ 7.440
Q
Qantas Airways Ltd v Christie (1998)
193 CLR 280 .................................. 19.220, 19.240
Quinlivan v Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission (2004) 160 FCR 1 ................... 13.850
R
R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227 ............................. 3.390
R v Equal Opportunity Board; Ex parte Burns
[1984] EOC 92-112 ....................................... 19.20
R v Hannes (2002) 173 FLR 1 .......................... 16.1045
R v Regos (1947) 74 CLR 613 .............................. 1.420
Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co v Montefiore
(1866) LR 1 Ex 109 ....................................... 3.500
Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 ........... 7.535, 7.600
Reed Constructions Pty Ltd v Eire Contractors
Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 678 ........................... 3.680
Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver
[1942] UKHL 1............................................ 15.345
Regazzoni v KC Sethia (1944) Ltd
[1958] AC 301 ............................................... 8.310
Regent v Millett (1976) 133 CLR 679................... 5.390
Renard Constructions (ME) Pty Ltd v Minister
for Public Works (1992) 26 NSWLR 234....... 9.620
Renehan v Leeuwin Ocean Adventure Foundation
Ltd (No 3) (2006) 17 NTLR 83 ................... 11.480
Richardson v Oracle Corporation Australia
Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 82 ............................ 19.360
Riley v Osborne [1986] VR 193 ............................ 5.370
Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia (2005)
224 CLR 656 .............................................12.331B

Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v
Dederer (2007) 238 ALR 761 ...................... 14.195
Robb v Green [1895] 2 QB 315 ............... 8.400, 15.330
Robinson v Davison (1871) LR 6 Ex 269............ 11.340
Robinson v Harman (1848) 154 ER 363............... 12.90
Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175
CLR 479 ......................................... 14.120, 14.205
Roots v Oentory Pty Ltd [1983] 2 Qd
R 745 ........................................................... 15.590
Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd
[1925] AC 445 ............................................... 4.190
Ross v Allis-Chalmers Australia Pty Ltd (1980)
32 ALR 561 ..................................................... 9.60
Royal Globe Life Assurance Co Ltd v Kovacevic
(1979) 22 SASR 78 ...................................... 15.610
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster
Chambers Assoc [1893] 1 Ch 116 ................ 12.380
S South Australian Railways Commissioner v
SST Consulting Services Pty Ltd v Rieson
(2006) 225 CLR 516...................................... 8.610
Sachs v Miklos [1948] 2 KB 23 ........................... 15.160
Saeed v Minister for Immigration and
Citizenship [2010] HCA 23 ........................... 1.375
St John Shipping Corp v Joseph Rank Ltd
[1957] 1 QB 267 ................................... 8.20, 8.150
Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd
[1897] AC 22 ........................... 16.50, 16.55, 16.57
San Sebastian Pty Ltd v Minister Administering
Environmental Planning and Assessment
Act 1979 (1986) 162 CLR 340 .................... 14.365
Sanders v Snell (1998) 196 CLR 329..................... 10.80
Sandra Investments Pty Ltd v Booth (1983)
153 CLR 153 ............................................... 11.120
Scanlon’s New Neon Ltd v Tooheys Ltd (1943)
67 CLR 169 ................................................. 11.450
Scarborough v Sturzaker (1905) 1 Tas
LR 117............................................................. 6.40
Scolio Pty Ltd v Cote (1992)
6 WAR 475 ......................................... 8.250, 8.260
Scott v Coulson [1903] 2 Ch 249 ............................ 7.80
Scott v Littledale (1858) 8 El & Bl 815;
120 ER 304.................................................... 7.140
Scott v Scott (1904) 25 ALT 174 ........................... 8.350
Seidler v Schallhofer [1982] 2 NSWLR 80 ............ 8.210
Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL (1994)
179 CLR 332 ............................................... 13.820
Seven Network (Operations) Ltd v Warburton
[2011] NSWSC 386 ....................................... 8.424
Shaddock & Associates Pty Ltd v Parramatta
City Council (1981) 150
CLR 225 ............................ 14.350, 14.355, 14.360
Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments
Commission [2012] HCA 18; (2012) 247
CLR 465 ......................................... 16.905, 16.920
Shelley v Paddock [1980] QB 348 ......................... 8.570
Shevill v Builders Licensing Board (1982) 149
CLR 620 ...................................................... 11.190
Shields v Deliopoulos [2016] VSC 500 .................. 1.555
Sidhu v Van Dyke (2014) 88 ALJR 640 ................. 5.282
Table of Cases
xvii
Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition
and Consumer Commission (2012)
287 ALR 249 ............................................... 13.712
Siu Yin Kwan (Administratrix of the Estate
of Chan Ying Lung, Decd) v Eastern
Insurance Co Ltd [1994] 2 AC 199 .............. 15.550
Slee v Warke (1949) 86 CLR 271 .......................... 7.410
Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597.................... 7.160
Smith v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 338 .............. 1.420
Smythe v Thomas [2007] NSWSC 844 ....... 3.155, 9.460
Solahart Industries Pty Ltd v Solar Shop
Pty Ltd (2011) 281 ALR 544 ....................... 13.120
Soltykoff, Re; Ex parte Margrett
[1891] 1 QB 413 ............................................ 6.130
Solution 1 Pty Limited v Optus Networks
Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 1060 ......................... 9.640
Souter v Shyamba Pty Ltd (2002)
11 BPR 20,369............................................... 3.460
Egan (1973) 130 CLR 506 ............................. 7.870
Specht v Netscape Communications Corp
306 F 3d 17 (2d Cir 2002) ............................. 9.470
Spector v Ageda [1973] Ch 30............................... 8.590
Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561 ................ 3.160
Speno Rail Maintenance Australia Pty Ltd v
Metals & Minerals Insurance Pte Ltd
(2009) 253 ALR 364 ...................................... 8.600
Spira v Commonwealth Bank of Australia
(2003) 57 NSWLR 544 ................................ 13.230
Spong v Spong (1914) 18 CLR 544 ....................... 7.830
Steele v Tardiani (1946) 72 CLR 386 .................. 12.446
Stellard Pty Ltd v North Queensland
Fuel Pty Ltd [2015] QSC 119......................... 3.430
Stevens v Bodribb Sawmilling Co Ltd (1986)
160 CLR 16 ....................... 14.410, 18.180, 18.190
Stevenson Jaques & Co v McLean
[1880] 5 QBD 346 ......................................... 3.300
Stilk v Myrick (1809)
2 Camp 317 ...........................5.132, 5.132A, 5.135
Strong v Woolworths Ltd (2012)
246 CLR 182 .................................. 14.240, 14.245
Sumpter v Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673 ................... 11.26A
Sweeney v Boylan Nominees (2006)
226 CLR 161 .................................. 14.410, 18.220
Swinton v China Mercantile Navigation Co Ltd
(1951) 83 CLR 553...................................... 14.200
T
Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments
Pty Ltd (2009) 236 CLR 272 ............ 12.90, 12.110
Tabet v Gett (2010) 240 CLR 537 ...................... 14.265
Talmax Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation Ltd
[1997] 2 Qd R 444 ...................................... 13.820
Tame v New South Wales (2002)
211 CLR 317 ................................................. 14.80
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826;
122 ER 309........................ 11.310, 11.350, 11.355
Taylor v Johnson (1983) 151
CLR 422 .......... 7.170, 7.180, 7.190, 7.360, 13.200
Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 ....................... 5.45
 Business Law in Practice
xviii
Thompson v Henderson & Partners Pty Ltd
(1990) 58 SASR 548 .................................... 15.590
Thomson v Orica Australia Pty Ltd [2002]
EOC 93-227 ................................................ 19.200
Thornley v Tilley (1925) 36 CLR 1 ....................... 9.590
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971]
2 QB 163 ....................................................... 9.290
Tipperary Developments Pty Ltd v Western
Australia (2009) 38 WAR 488 ....................... 5.340
Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72 ................................. 4.75
Todrell Pty Ltd v Finch (No 1) [2008]
1 Qd R 540 .................................................... 5.330
Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm
Pty Ltd [2004] HCA 52 ......... 9.210, 9.460, 15.200
Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten
Electric Co Ltd [1955] 1 WLR 761 ................ 5.245
Transport Workers’ Union of Australia v
Qantas Airways Limited (2012)
225 IR 13........................................ 18.440, 18.470
Trevey v Grubb (1982) 44 ALR 20........................ 4.100
Trident General Insurance Co
Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd (1988)
165 CLR 107 ................ 1.540, 10.50, 10.60, 10.70
Trollope (George) & Sons v Martyn Bros
[1934] 2 KB 436 .......................................... 15.730
Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie
Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd
(2000) 200 CLR 591.................................... 13.730
Tsakiroglou & Co Ltd v Noblee Thorl GmbH
[1962] AC 93 ............................................... 11.470
Turner v Bladin (1951) 82 CLR 463 ................... 12.390
Turner v Morlend Finance Corp (Vic) Pty Ltd
[1990] ASC 56-006 ........................................ 1.360
Tutt v Doyle (1997) 42 NSWLR 10 ...................... 7.460
Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B & S 393 ............... 10.22
U Whittle v Parnell Mogas Pty Ltd (2006)
Ultramares v Touche (1931)
255 NY 170 .................................... 14.320, 14.280
Upfill v Wright [1911] 1 KB 506 ........................... 8.200
V 187 CLR 1 ....................................................... 1.90
Vabu Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner
of Taxation (1996) 81 IR 150 ...................... 18.210
Van Den Esschert v Chappell [1960]
WAR 114 ......................................................... 9.80
Vandepitte v Preferred Accident Insurance Corp
of New York [1933] AC 70 ............................ 10.40
Vantage Systems Pty Ltd v Priolo Corporation
Pty Ltd (2015) 47 WAR 547 ............... 3.450, 7.450
Vergara v Ewin [2014] FCAFC 100........ 19.363, 19.367
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman
Industries Ltd [1949] 2 KB 528.................... 12.125
Videon v Barry Burroughs Pty Ltd
(1981) 37 ALR 365 ...................................... 13.420
Vita Pacific Ltd v Heather (2001)
10 Tas R 334.................................................. 9.570
Vodafone Pacific Ltd v Mobile Innovations Ltd
[2004] NSWCA 15 ........................................ 9.630
W
Wakefield Trucks Pty Ltd v Lach Transport
Pty Ltd (2001) 79 SASR 517 ........................ 13.800
Walden Properties Ltd v Beaver Properties
Pty Ltd [1973] 2 NSWLR 815 ..................... 15.330
Wardley v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations)
Pty Ltd [1984] EOC 92-002......................... 19.190
Wallis v Downard-Pickford (North Queensland)
Pty Ltd (1994) 179 CLR 388 ..................... 13.1140
Wallis, Son & Wells v Pratt & Haynes
[1911] AC 394 ............................................... 9.360
Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher
(1988) 164 CLR 387................ 5.270, 5.280, 5.285
Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia
(1992) 175 CLR 514.................................... 13.860
Warner Bros Pictures Inc v Ingolia
[1965] NSWR 988 ....................................... 12.400
Warner Bros Pictures Inc v Nelson
[1937] 1 KB 209 .......................................... 12.400
Watson v Delaney (1991) 22 NSWLR 358 ............ 5.380
Watt v Hertfordshire CC [1954]
1 WLR 835 ..................................... 14.215, 14.230
Waugh v HB Clifford & Sons Ltd
[1982] 1 Ch 374 .......................................... 15.264
Weigall & Co v Runciman & Co (1916)
85 LJKB 1187 .............................................. 15.580
Weld-Blundell v Stephens [1920] AC 956 ............ 15.380
Westfield Management Ltd v AMP Capital Property
Nominees Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 129............... 8.160
Westpac Banking Corp v Spice [1990]
ATPR 41-024 ............................................... 14.380
White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 .......................... 5.55
94 SASR 421 ................................................ 11.130
Wicks v State Rail Authority of New South Wales
(2010) 241 CLR 60...................................... 14.105
Wigan v Edwards (1973) 47 ALJR 586 ................... 5.90
Wik Peoples v State of Queensland (1996)
Wilkinson v Osborne (1915) 21 CLR 89............... 8.300
Williams v Pisano (2015) 90 NSWLR 342 ............ 13.50
Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors)
Ltd [1990] 1 All ER 512 ................................ 5.135
Williams Group Australia Pty Ltd v Crocker
(2016) NSWCA 265 ....................... 15.255, 15.267
Wilsons & Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English
[1937] 3 All ER 628 ..................................... 18.380
With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575 ........................ 7.500
Woods v Multi-Sport Holding Pty Ltd
(2002) 208 CLR 460.................................... 14.220
Woolley v Dunford (1972) 3 SASR 43................... 10.80
Wynbergen v Hoyts Corporation Pty Ltd
(1997) 149 ALR 25 ...................................... 14.305
Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980)
146 CLR 40 .................................... 14.165, 14.185
 Table of Cases
xix
X Yorke v Ross Lucas Pty Ltd (1985)
158 CLR 661 ..................... 13.174, 13.830, 13.840
X v Commonwealth (1999)
200 CLR 177 .................................. 19.230, 19.240
Z
Y
Zhang v VP302 SPV (2009) 223 FLR 213 .......... 15.264
Yango Pastoral Co Pty Ltd v First Zhu v Treasurer of the State of New South
Chicago Australia Ltd (1978) 139 Wales (2004) 218 CLR 530 ................ 10.80, 10.90
CLR 410 ........................................ 8.20, 8.50, 8.60 Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955)
Yonge v Toynbee [1910] 1 KB 215 ......... 15.580, 15.750 93 CLR 561 ....................... 18.160, 18.170, 18.180
Table of Statutes
COMMONWEALTH 13.176, 13.177, 13.190, s 29(1)(k): 13.390, 13.395
13.372, 13.390, 13.395, s 29(1)(m): 13.145, 13.315,
Acts Interpretation Act 1901: 1.350, 13.495, 13.660, 13.710, 13.360, 13.375
1.360 13.711, 13.820, 13.840, s 30: 13.420
s 3A(2): 1.220 13.850, 13.980, 13.990, s 30(1): 7.680, 13.400
s 15AA: 1.410 13.995, 14.380, 15.590 s 30(1)(f): 13.410
s 15AB: 1.370 s 18(1): 7.680, 13.50, 13.51, s 31: 13.470
s 15AB(1): 1.370 13.60, 13.66, 13.95, s 32: 13.670
s 15AB(2): 1.370 13.100, 13.120, 13.910, s 32(1): 13.480
Age Discrimination Act 2004: 19.60 ss 18 to 37: 13.1002 s 33: 13.66, 13.67, 13.490,
Atomic Energy Act 1953 s 19: 13.190 13.495, 13.713
s 65: 1.430 s 19(2): 13.190 s 34: 13.500
s 19(3): 13.190 s 35: 13.540
Australian Consumer Bill: 13.10 s 20: 13.200, 13.210, 13.220, s 36: 13.560, 13.670
Australian Consumer Law: , 7.680, 13.225, 13.230, 13.240 s 37: 13.440, 13.995
7.960, 9.30, 9.580, 9.600, 13.10, ss 20-22: 13.200 s 37(1): 13.430
13.20, 13.30, 13.35, 13.40, s 20(1): 13.210 s 37(2): 13.430
13.190, 13.210, 13.330, 13.375, ss 20 to 22: 7.960, 13.660, 13.710 s 39(1): 13.570
13.400, 13.430, 13.460, 13.600, s 21: 7.795, 13.200, 13.230, ss 40(1) to (2): 13.580
13.650, 13.660, 13.670, 13.730, 13.240, 13.250, 13.265 s 40(4): 13.580
13.780, 13.830, 13.870, 13.880, s 21(1): 13.240 s 41(1): 13.590
13.900, 13.930, 13.940, 13.980, s 21(3)(a): 13.240 s 41(2): 13.590
13.1000, 13.1020, 13.1140, s 21(3)(b): 13.240 s 41(3): 13.590
13.1150, 13.1170, 13.1180, s 21(4)(a): 13.240 s 41(4): 13.590
13.1200, 13.1280, 13.1290, s 21(4)(b): 13.240 s 42: 13.590
13.1310, 14.380, 18.30 s 21(4)(c): 13.240, 13.265 s 43(1): 13.600
s 2(1): 13.340, 13.830, 13.840, s 22: 13.200, 13.240, 13.265 s 43(4): 13.600
13.850, 13.1010, 13.1020, s 22(1): 13.240, 13.265 ss 44 to 46: 13.610
13.1200, 13.1280 s 22(2): 13.240 s 47(1): 13.620, 13.710
s 2(2)(a): 13.170, 13.170A s 23: 13.296 s 48: 13.61, 13.625
s 2(2)(c): 13.170A s 23(1): 13.290 s 48(1): 13.620
s 3: 13.1150 s 23(1)(b): 13.320 s 48(4A): 13.620
s 3(1): 13.1020 s 23(3): 13.295 s 50: 7.795
s 3(2): 13.1020 s 23(4): 13.295 s 50(1): 13.640
s 3(3): 13.1020 ss 23 to 27: 13.660 s 51: 13.1002, 13.1150
s 4(1): 13.450 s 24(1): 13.300 s 51(1): 13.1030
s 5-4: 13.1160 s 24(2): 13.300 s 52: 13.40, 13.1002, 13.1030,
s 7: 13.1002 s 24(3): 13.300 13.1150
s 7(1): 13.1210 s 24(4): 13.300 s 53: 13.1002, 13.1150
s 9(1): 13.1190 s 25(1): 13.310 s 53(1): 13.1030
s 9(2): 13.1190 s 26(1): 13.320 s 53(2): 13.1030
s 9(3): 13.1190 s 27(2): 13.320 s 53(3): 13.1030
s 9(4): 13.1190 s 29: 13.140, s 54: 13.1002, 13.1050,
s 10(1): 13.580 s 29(1): 7.680, 13.340, 13.711 13.1060, 13.1280,
s 18: 8.100, 9.60, 13.40, 13.61, s 29(1)(a): 13.65, 13.66, 13.390 13.1290, 13.1305
13.65, 13.66, 13.110, 13.140, s 29(1)(a)(i): 13.145 s 54(1): 13.375, 13.1040
13.145, 13.150, 13.155, s 29(1)(i): 13.350, s 54(2): 13.1050
13.170A, 13.173, 13.174, 13.370, 13.372 s 54(3): 13.1050
 Business Law in Practice
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Australian Consumer Law — cont s 139A: 13.1150 s 233: 13.720
s 54(4): 13.1050 s 140: 13.1180 s 236: , 13.650, 13.780,
s 54(5): 13.1050 s 141: 13.1180 13.790, 13.800, 13.810,
s 54(6): 13.1050 s 142: 13.1220, 13.820, 13.910
s 55: 13.1002, 13.1290, 13.1305 s 143: 13.1240 s 236(1): 13.780,
s 55(1): 13.1070 s 146: 13.1260 13.820, 13.830
s 55(2): 13.1080 s 148: 13.1220 s 236(2): 13.860
s 55(3): 13.1080 s 149: 13.1270 ss 236 to 238: 13.790
s 56: 13.1002, 13.1280, 13.1290 s 150(1): 13.1250 s 237: 13.650, 13.880,
s 56(1): 13.1090 s 151(1): 13.380 13.900, 13.910
s 56(2): 13.1090 s 151(1)(a): 13.390 s 237(3): 13.880, 13.900
s 56(3): 13.1090 s 151(1)(k): 13.390 ss 237 to 238: 13.35
s 57: 13.1002, 13.1090 ss 151 to 168: 13.650, 13.660 s 239: 13.900
s 57(1): 13.1100 s 152(1): 13.420 s 239(1): 13.890
s 58: 13.1002, 13.1280 s 153(1): 13.470 s 239(3): 13.890
s 58(1): 13.1110 s 154(1): 13.480 s 239(4): 13.890
s 58(2): 13.1110 s 155(1): 13.490 s 243: 8.100, 13.650,
s 59: 13.1280, 13.1305 s 156(1): 13.520 13.900, 13.920
s 59(1): 13.1002, 13.1120 ss 157(1) to (2): 13.550 s 246(2): 13.970
s 59(2): 13.995, 13.1002 s 158(1): 13.560 s 247: 13.980
s 60: 13.1004, 13.1140, s 159(1): 13.455 s 248(1): 13.990
13.1145, 14.50 s 161(1): 13.570 s 250(3): 13.320
ss 60 to 64: 13.1004 s 162(1): 13.580 s 251: 13.700
s 61: 13.1004 s 162(2): 13.590 s 252: 13.1310
s 61(1): 13.1140 ss 163(1) to (2): 13.600 s 255: 13.390
s 61(2): 13.1140 ss 164(1) to (2): 13.610 s 258: 13.390
s 61(3): 13.1140 s 165(1): 13.627 s 259(1) to (2): 13.1160
s 62: 13.1004, 13.1140 s 166(1): 13.627 s 259(3): 13.1160
s 63: 13.1140 s 167(1): 13.630 s 259(4): 13.1160
s 64: 13.1000, 13.1004, 13.1145 s 168(1): 13.640 s 259(5): 13.1160
s 64(1): 9.360, 13.1150 s 194(1): 13.1310 s 260: 13.1160
s 64A: 13.1000 s 197(1): 13.1310 s 260(a): 13.1160
ss 64A(1) to (2): 13.1150 s 199(1): 13.1310 s 260(c): 13.1160
s 64A(1) to 64A(2): 13.1150 s 202(1): 13.1310 s 260(d): 13.1160
s 64A(3): 13.1150 s 203(1): 13.1310 s 260(e): 13.1160
s 64A(4): 13.1150 s 204(1): 13.1310 s 262(1): 13.1160
s 68: 13.1000 s 205(1): 13.950 s 262(2): 13.1160
s 97(1): 13.315 s 207: 13.700 ss 263(2) to (3): 13.1160
s 106(1): 13.1310 s 207(1): 13.680 s 263(4): 13.1160
s 109(1): 13.1310 s 207(2): 13.680 s 266: 13.1160
s 114(1): 13.1310 s 208: 13.700 ss 267 to 268: 13.1160
s 118(1): 13.1310 s 208(1): 13.700 s 271: 13.1170, 13.1280,
s 122(1): 13.1310 s 209: 13.700 13.1305
s 123(1): 13.1310 s 210(1): 13.1310 s 271(1): 13.1280
s 123(1)(c): 13.1310 s 212: 13.660 ss 271(1) to 271(2): 13.1002
s 127(1): 13.1310 s 217: 13.660 s 271(3): 13.1280
s 127(2): 13.1310 s 218: 13.940 ss 271(3) to (4): 13.1002
s 127(3): 13.1310 s 219: 13.950 s 271(5): 13.1002, 13.1280
s 129: 13.1310 s 223: 13.960 s 271(6): 13.1002
s 131(1): 13.1310 s 224(1): 13.67, 13.650, 13.710 s 272: 13.1280
s 134: 13.1310 s 224(1)(a)(i): 13.710 s 273: 13.1280
s 136(1): 13.1310 s 224(2): 13.67 s 274: 13.1160, 13.1170,
s 138(1): 13.1180 s 224(3): 13.710 13.1290
s 138(2): 13.1180 s 225(1): 13.710 s 274(2): 13.1290
ss 138 to 150: 13.1170 s 232: , 13.650, 13.720 s 275: 13.1145
s 139: 13.1180 s 232(2): 13.730 s 276: 13.1300
 Table of Statutes
xxiii
Australian Consumer Law — cont s 51(xvi): 1.160 Copyright Act 1968
s 276A(1): 13.1300 s 51(xvii): 1.160 s 8: 5.60
s 276A(2): 13.1300 s 51(xviii): 1.160 s 196(3): 5.300
s 276A(3): 13.1300 s 51(xx): 1.160, 18.30, 18.40,
Corporate Code of Conduct Bill
s 276A(4): 13.1300 18.50, 18.60
2000: 17.120
Ch 1: 13.35 s 51(xxvi): 1.190
Ch 2: 13.35 s 51(xxix): 1.160 Corporations Act 2001: , 1.230,
Ch 3: 13.35 s 51(xxxv): 1.160, 18.30, 18.50 1.280, 1.795, 6.170, 16.20,
Ch 4: 13.35 s 61: 1.100, 1.140 16.40, 16.70, 16.110, 16.375,
Ch 5: 13.35 s 62: 1.140 16.860, 16.900, 16.1010,
Pt 3-2: 13.1001 s 64: 1.140 16.1040, 16.1060, 17.30,
Pt 3-2, Div 1: 13.340 ss 71 to 80: 1.180 17.60, 17.130
Pt 3-3: 13.1310 s 90: 1.160 s 1: 1.260
Pt 3-5: 13.1170 s 109: 1.160, 18.20 s 2: 1.270
Pt XI: 13.30 s 128: 1.190 s 9: 16.90, 16.860,
Sch 2: 15.590, 18.30 16.880, 16.890
Company Law Review Act 1998:
59 59: 13.1002 s 15AA: 1.360
16.230
Australian Human Rights s 57: 1.300
Competition and Consumer Act s 57(1): 1.300
Commission Act 1986: 19.60
2010: 1.580, 1.590, 1.670, s 57(2): 1.300
ss 46P to 46PN: 1.900
1.795, 2.15, 8.500, 8.510, s 117(1): 16.45
Australian Securities and 13.670, 13.1305, 15.590, s 117(2): 16.45
Investments Commission Act 16.1060, 17.30, 17.120, 18.420, s 118(1): 16.45
2001: 18.60 18.440, 18.480 s 119: 16.45
s 2: 1.280 s 120: 16.350
Banking Act 1959: , 8.60
s 6(3): 13.30 s 121: 16.840
Bankruptcy Act 1966: s 45D: 18.480, 18.490 s 123: 16.140
6.200, 11.520 s 45DC: 18.480 s 124: 6.170
s 126: 6.200 s 45DD: 18.480 s 124(1): 16.50
s 269: 6.200 s 51(2)(b): 8.510 s 124(2): 16.280
Pt X: 16.1060 s 51(2)(d): 8.510 s 125: 6.170
Bills of Exchange Act 1909 s 51(2)(e): 8.510 s 125(1): 16.280
s 8: 5.300 ss 75 to 87: 18.480 s 125(2): 16.280
s 89: 5.300 s 131: 13.30 s 126: 6.170, 16.50
s 131(1): 13.30 s 127: 6.170, 16.50,
Broadcasting Services Act 1992 s 137A: 13.1230 16.320, 16.325
s 125: 17.120 ss 138 to 138B: 13.30 s 127(1): 16.325
Cheques Act 1986 s 139A: 13.1145 s 127(2): 16.325
s 10: 5.300 s 139A(1): 13.1150 s 128: 6.170, 16.325
s 139A(2): 13.1150 s 128(3): 16.325
Commercial Television Code of s 139A(3): 13.1150 s 128(4): 16.320, 16.325
Practice s 139B(1): 13.670 s 129: 16.325
cl 1.18: 17.120 s 139B(2): 13.670 s 129(1): 16.325
Commonwealth of Australia ss 140 to 140K: 13.30 s 129(2): 16.325
Constitution Act 1900: 1.100, Pt IV: 8.510 s 129(3): 16.325, 16.330
1.140, 1.160, 1.180, 18.20, Pt IVB: 17.110 s 129(4): 16.325
18.30, 18.40, 18.120, 19.60 Sch 2: 1.330, 7.680, 7.960, s 129(5): 16.320, 16.325
s 1: 1.130 9.30, 9.580, 13.10, s 129(6): 16.320, 16.325
s 51: 1.130, 1.160 14.50, 14.380 s 129(7): 16.325
s 51(i): 1.160 Competition and Consumer s 130: 16.280
s 51(ii): 1.160 Legislation Amendment Act s 131: 15.140
s 51(v): 1.160 2011: 13.200, 13.265 s 134: 16.240
s 51(vi): 1.160 s 135(1): 16.230
s 51(xii): 1.160 Conciliation and Arbitration Act s 135(2): 16.250
s 51(xiii): 1.160 1904: 18.420 s 136(1): 16.270
s 51(xiv): 1.160 Constitution Bill: 1.120 s 140(1): 16.240
 Business Law in Practice
xxiv
Corporations Act 2001 — cont s 588H: 16.1030 s 487: 18.420
s 141: 16.250 s 588J: 16.1030 s 512: 18.420
ss 142 to 145: 16.840 s 588M: 16.1030 s 513: 18.420
s 172: 16.350 s 601AD(1): 16.50 Ch 3: 18.420
s 180: 1.230, 16.890, 16.895, s 1013D(1)(l): 17.130 Ch 3, Pt 3-1: 18.420
16.975, 16.1010, ss 1042A to 1042H : 16.1040 Ch 3, Pt 3-1, Div 6: 18.440
s 180(1): 16.890, 16.895, s 1043A: 16.1040, 16.1046 Ch 3, Pt 3-3: 18.440
16.900, 16.905, 16.910, ss 1043B to 1043K: 16.1040 Ch 3, Pt 3-3, Div 9: 18.440
16.920, 16.930, 16.950, s 1043L: 16.1040 Pt 3-4: 18.420
s 180(2): 16.930, 16.950, s 1043M: 16.1040
Fair Work Amendment Act
ss 180 to 183: 16.975, s 1317H: 16.1010
2012: 18.110
s 181: 16.890, 16.960, 16.975, s 1317J: 16.1010
16.1010, s 1317K: 16.1010 Fair Work Amendment Act
ss 181 to 183: 16.890, 16.1010, s 1317M: 16.1010 2013: 18.110
s 182: 16.890, 16.970, 16.975, s 1317S: 16.1010 Fair Work Amendment (Protecting
16.1010 s 1318: 16.930 Vulnerable Workers) Act
ss 182 to 3: 16.970 Pt 9.4B: 16.1010 2017: 18.120
ss 182 to 183: Criminal Code Act 1995
s 183: 16.890, 16.975, 16.985, Fair Work (Registered
Sch 1, Div 70: 17.120
16.990, 16.1010 Organisations) Act
Sch 1, s 70.2(1A): 17.120
s 184: 16.890, 16.1000, 2009: 18.80, 18.420
Sch 1, s 70.2(2): 17.120
16.1010, s 27: 18.420
Sch 1, s 70.2(3): 17.120
s 184(1): 16.1000 s 140: 18.420
Sch 1, s 70.3: 17.120
s 184(2): 16.1000 s 141: 18.420
Sch 1, s 70.4(1): 17.120
s 184(3): 16.1000 s 142: 18.420
Sch 1, s 70.5(1): 17.120
s 191(1): 16.1020 Ch 9: 18.420
s 191(3): 16.1020 Disability Discrimination Act
Fair Work (Registered
s 191(4): 16.1020 1992: 19.60
Organisations) Amendment Act
ss 191 to 192: 16.850 Electronic Transactions Act 1999 2012: 18.420
s 194: 16.1020 s 8: 3.610
s 195(1): 16.1020 Federal Court of Australia Act
s 9: 3.620
s 195(2): 16.1020 1976: 1.580
s 10: 3.630
s 196: 16.1020 s 33: 1.570
s 11: 3.640
s 198A: 16.850 s 12: 3.655 Immigration Restriction Act 1901
ss 200A to 200J: 16.1055 s 14: 3.660 s 3: 1.340
s 201A: 16.850 s 14A: 3.670
Industrial Relations Act
s 201M: 16.880 s 14B: 3.600
1988: 18.420
s 203C: 16.1050 s 15: 3.600
s 203D: 16.1050 s 15(2): 3.600 Insurance Contracts Act
s 204A: 16.860 1984: 2.15, 10.70
Equal Employment Opportunity
s 204D: 16.860 s 48: 10.50
(Commonwealth Authorities)
s 205G: 16.850 s 48(1): 10.70
Act 1987: 19.70
s 206B(1): 16.1060 Human Rights and Equal
s 206B(3): 13.990, 16.1060 Equal Opportunity for Women in
Opportunity Commission Act
s 206B(4): 16.1060 the Workplace Act 1999: 19.70
1986: 19.60
s 206C: 16.1060 Fair Work Act 2009: 18.40, 18.60,
s 206D: 16.1060 18.80, 18.100, 18.105, 18.110, Judiciary Act 1903
s 206E: 16.1060 18.265, 18.300, 18.310, 18.330, ss 35-35A: 1.570
s 206F: 16.1060 18.420, 18.435, 18.440, 18.470, Legislation Act 2003
s 206G: 16.1060 19.70, 19.80 s 38: 1.430
s 206EA: 16.1060 s 19: 18.440 s 42: 1.430
s 206EAA: 16.1060 s 346: 18.330, 18.340
s 232: 16.990 Life Insurance Act 1995
s 417: 18.440
s 588G: 16.1030 s 200(2)(a): 5.300
s 422: 18.440
s 588G(1): 16.1030 s 424: 18.470 Marine Insurance Act 1909
s 588G(2): 16.1030 s 431: 18.470 s 28: 5.300
 Table of Statutes
xxv
Migration Act 1958 s 71: 13.1060 Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002:
s 51A: 1.375 s 74(1): 14.50 14.50
s 74B: 13.1305 s 3: 14.315
National Consumer Credit
s 74D: 13.1305 s 41: 14.50
Protection Act 2009: 15.860
s 74G: 13.1305 s 43(1): 14.185
Sch 1: 7.970
s 75B: 13.840 s 43(2): 14.185
National Credit Code: 7.970 s 75B(a): 13.830 s 44: 14.225
s 7(8): 7.970 s 82: 13.790, 13.800, 13.810, s 45(1)(a): 14.240
s 76(1): 7.970 13.820, 13.910 s 45(1)(b): 14.270
Native Title Act 1993: 1.90, s 82(1): 13.820 ss 95 to 96: 14.305
1.95, 19.60 s 87: 8.100, 13.790, 13.910 s 96: 14.315
Pt IV: 8.510 s 98: 14.50
Native Title Amendment Act s 99: 14.50
1998: 1.90 Treasury Legislation Amendment
s 102: 12.250, 14.305
(Small Business and Unfair
Public Service Act 1999: 19.70 s 221(2)(a): 8.270
Contract Terms) Act
Ch 8: 14.50
Race Discrimination Act 2015: 13.290
Pt 2.2: 14.50
1975: 19.60 Volunteers Protection Act Pt 2.2A: 14.50
Safety, Rehabilitation and 2003: 14.50
Electronic Transactions Act 2001
Compensation Act Work Health and Safety Act s 7: 3.610
1988: 18.410, 18.415 2011: 18.390 s 8: 3.620
Sex Discrimination Act Workplace Gender Equality Act s 9: 3.630
1984: 19.60, 19.90 2012: 19.70 s 10: 3.640
s 11: 3.655
Statute of Westminster Adoption Workplace Relations Act s 13: 3.660
Act 1942: 1.97 1996: 18.20 s 13A: 3.670
Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 Workplace Relations Amendment s 13B: 3.600
s 42DL(1)(f): 17.120 (Registration and Accountability s 14: 3.600
of Organisations) Act s 14(2): 3.600
Tobacco Advertising Prohibition
Act 1992 2002: 18.420 Fair Trading (Australian Consumer
s 13: 17.120 Workplace Relations Amendment Law) Act 1992
s 15: 17.120 (Transition to Forward with s 7(1): 13.30

Tobacco Plain Packaging Act Fairness) Act 2008: 18.70 Human Rights Commission
2011: 17.120 Workplace Relations Act 2005
Amendment (Work Choices) Act ss 54 to 67: 1.900
Trade Practices Act 1974: 1.670,
1.795, 7.680, 7.960, 8.500, 2005: 18.40 Imperial Acts (Substituted
9.30, 9.580, 13.10, 13.30, Provisions) Act 1986
13.1000, 13.1040, 13.1305, AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL s 3(1): 5.320, 5.340
14.380, 15.590, 17.30, 18.420, TERRITORY Justice and Community Safety
18.440, 18.480 Legislation Amendment
s 4M: 8.500, 8.510 ACT Civil and Administrative
Tribunal Act 2008 Act 2014
s 45D: 18.490 Sch 1 Pt 1.1 Item 1.3: 15.860
s 51AA: 13.220 s 18: 1.690
s 51AB: 13.250 Age of Majority Act 1974 Law Reform (Miscellaneous
s 52: 8.100, 13.40, 13.150, s 5: 6.20 Provisions) Act 1955
13.155, 13.820, 13.840, s 15: 14.305
Agents Act 2003: 15.860
13.995, 14.380, 15.590 Law Reform (Miscellaneous
s 22: 15.860
s 52(1): 13.95, 13.100, 13.110, Provisions) Act 1999
13.120, 13.910 Civil Law (Property) Act 2006 Sch 3: 5.320, 5.340
s 53(e): 13.350 s 204: 5.330
s 53(g): 13.360 s 205: 10.160 Legislation Act 2001: 1.350
s 53A: 13.420 s 219: 5.180 s 139: 1.360
s 59: 13.995 s 507: 5.320, 5.340 Married Persons’ Property Act 1986
s 68: 13.1000 Sch 3: 5.320, 5.340 s 5: 15.190, 15.860
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211) is not a pupa obtecta, but has the head and appendages free,
and is provided with enormous mandibles. Although these Insects in
general appearance resemble Eriocephala to such an extent that
both have been placed in one genus, viz. Micropteryx, yet the two
forms are radically distinct. The most remarkable point in Micropteryx
is the metamorphosis; the female moth is furnished with a cutting
ovipositor, by the aid of which she deposits an egg between the two
layers of a leaf after the manner of a saw-fly;[342] the larva mines the
newly-opened leaves in the early spring, and feeds up with rapidity; it
by some means reaches the ground, and there pupates in a firm but
thin cocoon, with grains of earth fastened to it; in this it passes the
greater part of its life as a larva, changing to a pupa very early in the
following spring. The pupa is unlike any other Lepidopterous pupa,
but is similar to those of Trichoptera; neither the head nor the
appendages are glued to the body or to one another, but are free, so
that the pupa can use the appendages to a considerable extent; it is
furnished with enormous mandibles (Fig. 211, C, D), which are
detached and shed after emergence.[343] In the interval between the
larval period of feeding and the imaginal instar, the phenomena of
life are essentially like those of Trichoptera. The larva has not been
at all satisfactorily studied; the spiracles appear to be excessively
minute, but have been ascertained by Dr. Chapman to be normal in
number and position.

All the information we possess points to profound distinctions

between Micropteryx and Eriocephala, for whereas in the former the
mandibles drop off from the pupa, so that the imago has no
mandibles, in the latter the mandibles exist, as they do in several
other true Lepidoptera. As the history of the mandibles is not known
in other Lepidoptera (where they are present in the larva but wanting
in the imago), it is premature to conclude that no other Lepidoptera
suffer the actual loss of the mandibles as Micropteryx does, though
there is nothing to lead us to believe that in any other Lepidopterous
pupa are the mandibles specially developed as they are in
Micropteryx. This pupa is in fact quite unique in this Order of Insects.
When the history of the pupal mandibles is known, we shall be able
to decide whether they are secondary structures, like the deciduous,
supplementary mandibles found in Otiorhynchides (Coleoptera,
Rhynchophora).
 CHAPTER VII

DIPTERA—OR FLIES; APHANIPTERA—OR FLEAS; THYSANOPTERA—OR

THRIPS

Order VII. Diptera

Wings two, membranous, usually transparent and never very

large; behind the wings a pair of small erect capitate bodies—
halteres—frequently concealed under membranous hoods. No
distinct prothorax, all the divisions of the thorax being united to
form a large mass. Mouth-parts very variable, formed for suction
not for biting, frequently assuming the form of a proboscis that
can be retracted and concealed in a cleft of the under side of the
head. The metamorphosis is very great, the larvae bearing no
resemblance whatever to the perfect Insects, but being usually
footless grubs or maggots; frequently the head is indistinct,
small, and retracted. Pupa variable, either exposed and rather
hard, with the appendages of the body more or less adherent; or
enclosed in a scaly capsule looking like a seed, and when
extracted, soft and delicate, with the appendages not fastened to
the body incapable of movement.

This definition of the Diptera, or two-winged flies, is framed without

reference to the fleas, which are wingless, or to a few other parasitic
wingless Diptera, such as the sheep-tick. Although the Order is of
enormous extent, these exceptional cases are remarkably few.
About 40,000 species of Diptera have been discovered, but these
are only a tithe of what are still unknown to science. The Order is not
a favourite one with entomologists, and by the rest of the world it
may be said to be detested. Flies do not display the sort of
intelligence we appreciate, or the kind of beauty we admire, and as a
few of the creatures somewhat annoy us, the whole Order is only too
frequently included in the category of nuisances that we must submit
to. Moreover, the scavenger-habits that are revealed, when we begin
to study their lives, are very repugnant to many persons. It is
therefore no wonder that flies are not popular, and that few are
willing to study them, or to collect them for observation.
Nevertheless, Diptera have considerable claims to be classed as
actually the highest of Insects physiologically, for it is certainly in
them that the processes of a complete life-history are carried on with
the greatest rapidity and that the phenomena of metamorphosis
have been most perfected. A maggot, hatching from an egg, is able
to grow with such rapidity that the work of its life in this respect is
completed in a few days; then forming an impenetrable skin it
dissolves itself almost completely; solidifying subsequently to a sort
of jelly, it in a few days reconstructs itself as a being of totally
different appearance and habits, in all its structures so profoundly
changed from what it was that the resources of science are severely
taxed to demonstrate any identity of the organs of the two instars.
 Fig. 212—A Dipteron (Fam. Syrphidae), Cheilosia chrysocoma. Britain.
A, Adult larva; B, the pupa; C, nymph, extracted from pupa; D,
imago. (From Weyenbergh.)

A good study of the comparative anatomy of Diptera has never been

made; Baron Osten Sacken, one of our most accomplished
Dipterologists, has recently stated that "the external characters of
the Diptera have as yet been very insufficiently studied." We shall
therefore only trouble the student with a few observations on points
of structure that are of special importance, or that he will find
frequently alluded to. The head is remarkable for its mobility, and is
connected with the thorax by a slender concealed neck that permits
the head to undergo semi-rotation. A large part—sometimes nearly
the whole—of the exposed surface of the head is occupied by the
faceted eyes. It is usually the case that the eyes are larger in the
male than in the female, and the sexual discrepancy in this respect
may be very great. When the eyes of the two sides meet in a
coadapted line of union the Insect is said to be "holoptic," and when
the eyes are well separated "dichoptic."[344] The holoptic condition is
specially characteristic of the male, but in some forms occurs in both
sexes. There is no definite distinction between holoptic and dichoptic
eyes. The eyes may be enormous, Fig. 238, without actually uniting,
and in the cases where actual contiguity occurs, it takes place in
different manners.[345] The eyes are frequently during life of brilliant
colours and variegate with stripes or spots; this condition disappears
speedily after death, and it is uncertain what the use of this
coloration may be.[346] The eyes are frequently densely set with
hairs between the almost innumerable facets. These facets
frequently differ in size according to their position in the organ. The
curious double eye of the male Bibio (cf. Fig. 224) is well worth
notice. There are usually three small ocelli placed very near together
on the middle of the summit of the head.

The antennae are of considerable importance, as they offer one of

the readiest means of classification. The families placed by
systematists at the commencement of the Order have antennae
similar to those of the majority of Insects, inasmuch as they consist
of a series of segments approximately similar to one another, and
arranged in a linear manner (Fig. 213, A). The number of these joints
is never very great, but reaches sixteen in certain Tipulidae, and falls
as low as eight in some Bibionidae. In certain cases where the
antennae of the male are densely feathered (Chironomus, e.g.), the
number of joints is in that sex greatly augmented, but they are
imperfectly separated. This form of antenna gives the name
Nemocera to the first series of Diptera.

Fig. 213—Antennae of flies. A, The two antennae of Glaphyroptera

picta (Mycetophilidae); B, antenna of Hexatoma pellucens
(Tabanidae); C, of Asilus crabroniformis (Asilidae); D, of Leptis
scolopacea (Leptidae); E, of Dolichopus undulatus (Dolichopidae);
F, of Volucella bombylans (Syrphidae). (After Wandolleck.)

The majority of flies have antennae of another form, peculiar to the

Order, viz. three segments, the outer one of which is of diverse form,
according to the genus or species, and bears on its front a fine
projecting bristle, frequently feathered, as in Fig. 213, F; and often
distinctly divided into two or more joints. This form of antenna is
found in the series Aschiza and Schizophora; it is well exemplified in
the common house-fly, where the organs in question hang from the
forehead, and are placed in a hollow formed for their reception on
the front of the head. Flies with this form of antennae are called
Athericerous. Between the two forms of antennae we have
mentioned there exists what may, speaking roughly, be called an
intermediate condition, or rather a variety of intermediate conditions,
associated in the series Brachycera (Fig. 213, B to D).[347] Here
there are three (sometimes one or two) segments and a terminal
appendage, but the appendage is usually compound (often so
distinctly compound that it is evidently a series of partially, or even
completely, separate joints, Fig. 213, B): the appendage in these
cases is terminal, that is to say it is placed, not as in the Eumyiidae
on the front of the joint that bears it, but (in the great majority of
Brachycera) at the tip thereof; this appendage is often conical and
pointed, often hair-like. Exceptional forms of antenna are found in
the parasitic flies of the series Pupipara. In the Order generally the
two basal joints of the antennae are evidently distinct in function from
the others, and form the "scape"; the part of the antenna beyond the
scape is called the "flagellum"; an appendage of the flagellum is
called "arista" when bristle-like, when thicker "style." In the basal
joint of the antenna there is a complex nervous structure known as
Johnston's organ. It is specially well developed in Culex and
Chironomus, and is larger in the male than it is in the female. Child
has found something of the kind present in all the Diptera he has
examined, and he considers that an analogous structure exists in
Insects of other Orders. He thinks it is concerned with the perception
of vibration, there being no sharp distinction between auditory and
tactile sensation.[348]

About one-half of the Diptera possess a peculiar structure in the form

of a head-vesicle called "ptilinum." In the fly emerging from the pupa
this appears as a bladder-like expansion of the front of the head;
being susceptible of great distension, it is useful in rupturing the hard
shell in which the creature is then enclosed. In the mature fly the
ptilinum is completely introverted, and can be found only by
dissection; a little space, the "lunula," just under an arched suture,
extending over the point of insertion of the antennae remains,
however, and offers evidence of the existence of the ptilinum. This
structure is also of importance in classification, though, unfortunately,
it is difficult to verify.[349]
No point of Insect morphology has given rise to more difference of
opinion than the mouth of Diptera; and the subject is still very far
from being completely understood. The anatomy and morphology of
the mandibulate Insect-mouth are comparatively simple (though not
without greater difficulties than are usually appreciated); and it has
been the desire of morphologists to homologise the sucking mouth of
Diptera with the biting mouth; hence the view that the appendages of
three segments are separate and distinct in the fly's mouth is taken
for granted, and it is further assumed that some of the secondary
parts of the appendages of the biting mouth can also be recognised
in the sucking mouth. The anatomy of the mouth-parts is, however,
subject to great diversity of structure within the limits of the Order
itself, even the two sexes in some species differing profoundly in this
respect.[350] In the majority of the family Oestridae the mouth-parts
are practically absent, and no definite entry to the alimentary canal
can be perceived (Fig. 245). Besides this condition and its antithesis
(Fig. 214), the complex assemblage of lancets seen in the Breeze-
flies that draw blood, there is a great variety of other anatomical
conditions.

Fig. 214.—Mouth-parts of the common blood-sucking fly, Haematopota

pluvialis ♀ . A, Viewed from beneath, the proboscis removed; a,
labrum; b, b, cultelli (mandibles of other anatomists); c, c,
scalpella (maxillae of other anatomists); d, part of ventral scutum
of second metamere; e, e, f, f, parts of palpi; g, hypopharynx and
pellucid salivary duct; h, salivary receptacle; i, salivary duct; k,
membranous part of second metamere; l, pharynx: B, labrum,
pharynx, hypopharynx, separated, seen from beneath; a, labrum;
b, hypopharynx; c, salivary duct; d, pharynx; e, protractor
muscles: C, proboscis (labium) from beneath; a, scutum
proboscidis; c, c, labella; d, d, retractor muscles. (After Meinert).
Although, as we have said, great diversity of opinion exists, yet on
the whole the majority of Dipterologists accept a view something to
the following effect:—the labrum, or the labrum combined with the
epipharynx, is frequently much prolonged; the tongue—hypopharynx
—may also be much prolonged, and may form, in apposition with the
labrum, a more or less imperfect tube for ingestion of the nutriment;
the labium is more or less membranous or fleshy, and acts as a
sheathing organ, its tips—called labella—-being in some cases
developed to a quite extraordinary extent. As to the other parts of the
mouth there is less agreement; the pointed organs (Fig. 214, A, b b)
are by many identified as mandibles, while another pair of pointed
processes (c c) are considered to be parts of a maxilla, and the palpi
(f f) are by some considered to be maxillary palps. The Danish
entomologist, Meinert, has published the best anatomical description
of many of the diverse kinds of Dipterous mouth.[351] He, however,
takes a different view of the morphology; he considers that not only
may parts of the appendages of the mouth be much modified during
the early stages of the individual development, but that they may be
differently combined, even parts of the appendages of two segments
being brought together in intimate combination. He has also pointed
out that the mandibulate and sucking mouth are mechanical
implements constructed on opposed principles; the main object of a
biting mouth being the fixing and perfecting of the articulations of the
mouth, so that great power of holding may be attained with a limited
but definite power of movement. In the sucking mouth the parts are
intimately associated for simple protrusion. Hence the two kinds of
mouth must have been distinguished very early in the phylogeny, so
that we must not expect to find a great correspondence between the
parts of biting and sucking mouths. He apparently also considers
that not only the appendages of a head-segment, but also part of the
body of the segment, may be used in the construction of the mouth-
organs. Meinert's views allow a much greater latitude of
interpretation of the parts of the Dipterous mouth; had he contented
himself with enunciating them in the manner we have followed him in
summarily describing, they would have been recognised as a
formidable obstacle to the facile adoption of the ordinary views. He
has, however, accompanied his general statement with a particular
interpretation and a distinct nomenclature, neither of which is it
possible to adopt at present, as they have no more justification than
the ordinary view. So that instead of one set of doubtful
interpretations we have two.[352] In so difficult a question as
homologising the trophi of different Orders of Insects we ought to
use exhaustively every method of inquiry: and from this point of view
the development is of great importance. This has, however, as yet
thrown but little light on the subject, this study being a very difficult
one owing to the profound changes that take place during
metamorphosis, the diversity of the parts in the early stages of
Diptera, and the possibility that the larval conditions may themselves
have been greatly changed in the course of the phylogeny. Miall
informs us, however, that in Chironomus as well as in Corethra the
new parts of the mouth of the imago are developed within those of
the larva.[353] This may permit of an identification of the main
divisions of the mouth, at any rate in these cases. Lowne has to
some extent traced the development in the blowfly, and he does not
agree with the usual interpretation of the parts in the adult.

The mouth is of considerable importance in the classification of

Diptera. The Nemocera are remarkable from the linear development
and flexibility of the palpi, which are nearly always at least three- or
four-jointed; this condition occurring in no other Diptera. The palpi
attain an extraordinary development in some Culicidae; in the genus
Megarrhina they are nearly as long as the body, and project in front
of the head after the fashion of the palpi of Lepidoptera. In the
Brachycera the sclerites or hard parts of the mouth reach a
maximum of development, and in Tabanidae (Fig. 214),
Nemestrinidae and Bombyliidae are often quite disproportionate to
the size of the Insect. In many of the Eumyiid flies the soft parts are
greatly developed, and capable of a variety of movement, the
proboscis as a whole being protrusible, and having an elbow-joint in
the middle.

The thorax is remarkable from the absence of distinct separation into

the three divisions that may usually be so easily distinguished in
Insects. The perfect combination of the three segments adds much
to the difficulty of arriving at general conclusions as to the
identification of the parts; hence considerable difference of opinion
still prevails. It was formerly supposed that a segment from the
abdomen was added to the thorax of Diptera as it is in Hymenoptera,
but this has been shown by Brauer to be erroneous. Indeed,
according to Lowne, the abdominal cavity is increased by the
addition of the small posterior area of the thorax; it being the
mesophragma that separates the second and third great divisions of
the body-cavity. The prothorax is always small, except in a few of the
abnormal wingless forms (Melophagus); in Nycteribia (Fig. 248) the
mesothorax forms the anterior part of the body; the head and such
parts of the prothorax as may be subsequently discovered to exist
being placed entirely on the dorsum of the body. The mesothorax in
all the winged Diptera forms by far the larger portion of the thoracic
mass, the prominent part of it, that projects backwards to a greater
or less extent over the base of the abdomen, being the scutellum.
The first or prothoracic stigma is remarkably large and distinct, and is
by some called mesothoracic. Another large stigma is placed very
near to the halter (or balancer); the metathorax being very small. An
imperfect stigma is said by Lowne to exist in the blowfly near the
base of the wing. The number of abdominal segments externally
visible is very diverse; there may be as many as nine (in the male
Tipula), or as few as five, or even four, when the basal segment is
much concealed; the diminution is due to certain segments at the
extremity being indrawn and serving as a sort of tubular ovipositor in
the female, or curled under the body and altered in form in the other
sex, so as to constitute what is called a "hypopygium." In the female
of Tipulidae the body is terminated by some horny pieces forming an
external ovipositor. In nearly all Diptera the feet are five-jointed; the
claws are well developed, there being placed under each of them a
free pad or membrane, the "pulvillus"; there may be also a median
structure between each pair of claws, of diverse form, the
"empodium."

On the surface of the body of many flies there will be seen an

armature of pointed bristles; these flies are called "chaetophorous";
where no regularly arranged system of such bristles exists the fly is
"eremochaetous." In some families the arrangement of these bristles
is of importance in classification, and a system of description has
been drawn up by Baron Osten Sacken: this branch of descriptive
entomology is known as chaetotaxy.[354]

The wings are of great importance in classifying Diptera; but

unfortunately, like the other parts, they have not received an
exhaustive anatomical study, and Dipterologists are not agreed as to
the names that should be applied to their parts.

Fig. 215—Nervuration of Dipterous wing. A, Wing of a Tipulid,

according to Loew, who uses the following nomenclature: a, costal
nervure; b, mediastinal; c, subcostal; d, radial; e, cubital; f,
discoidal; g, postical; h, anal; i, axillar; x, transverse, y, posterior
transverse, nervure; 1, 2, mediastinal areas; 3, subcostal; 4,
cubital; 5, anterior basal; 6, posterior basal; 7, anal; 8, posterior
marginal; 9, discoidal. B, Wing of an Acalypterate Muscid
(Ortalis), according to Schiner, who uses the following
nomenclature: (nervures, small letters; cells, capital letters): a,
transverse shoulder; b, auxiliary; c to h, first to sixth longitudinal; i,
middle transverse; k, posterior transverse; l, m, n, o, costa; p,
anterior basal transverse; q, posterior basal transverse; r,
rudiment of a fourth nervure; s, axillary incision: A, B, C, first,
second, and third costal cells; D, marginal; E, sub-marginal; F, G,
H, first, second, and third posterior; I, discal; K, L, M, first, second,
and third basal cells; N, anal angle; O, alula.

We give below figures of two systems that have been used by

eminent Dipterologists for the description of the nervures and cells.
The comprehension of these features of the Dipterous wing will be
facilitated by noticing that the wing—being extended at right angles
to the body—is divided by the longitudinal nervures into two great
fields, anterior and posterior, with an interval between them: this
interval is traversed only by a short cross-vein (marked x in Fig. 215
A, and i in B). This cross-vein may be placed near the base or nearer
to the tip of the wing; it is of importance because no nervure in front
of the median area traversed by it can correspond with a nervure
placed behind it in another wing. The very different nature of the
nervuration in the two wings we have figured will readily be
appreciated by an inspection of the parts posterior to the little cross-
vein. On the hind margin of the wing, near the base, there is often a
more or less free lobe (Fig. 215, B, O) called the "alula": still nearer
to the base, or placed on the side of the body, may be seen one or
two other lobes, of which the one nearer the alula is called the
"tegula," or (when a lobe behind it is also present) the "upper tegula,"
(the "antitegula" of Osten Sacken); the other being the "lower
tegula." These two terms are erroneous, the word tegula being
definitely applied to another part of the Insect-body. In speaking of
this structure in the following pages, we have preferred to call it the
"squama."[355] Those Muscidae in which the squama covers the
halter like a hood are called "calypterate." In Fig. 216, we represent
these structures, and in the explanation have mentioned the
synonyms. The terms we think most applicable to the three lobes are
alula, antisquama, squama. The squama may be called "calypter"
when it covers the halter.

Fig. 216—Parts at the base of the wing in Calliphora. a, Anal angle or

lobe of the wing; b, alula; c, antisquama, squama alaris, or
antitegula; d, squama, squama thoracicalis, tegula, calypter, or
calyptron; e, posterior extremity (scutellum) of the mesothorax; f,
scutum of mesothorax.

The halteres—commonly called balancers or poisers—are perhaps

the most characteristic of all the Dipterous structures, though they
are absent in most of the few wingless forms of the Order. Outside
the Diptera similar organs appear to exist only in male Coccidae.
The pair of halteres is placed on the metathorax, one on each of the
pleural regions. They are believed to be the homologues of the hind
wings; Weinland states[356] that certain canals existing in the interior
of the halter correspond to wing-nervures. The halter may be
described as a small rod-like body with a head like a pin, this
terminal part being, however, rather variable in form. We have
already stated that in many Diptera the squama forms a hood, the
position of which leads to the belief that it is an important adjunct to
the halter. Although the exact functions of the halteres are far from
clear, it is certain that they are highly complex bodies, of extremely
delicate structure: they are doubtless sense-organs, possessing as
they do, groups of papillae on the exterior and a chordotonal organ
(a structure for assisting the perception of sound) in the basal part;
each halter is provided with four muscles at the base, and can, like
the wings, execute most rapid vibrations. Seeing that they are the
homologues of wings, it is a remarkable fact that in no Diptera are
they replaced by wings, or by structures intermediate between these
two kinds of organs.

Internal Structure.—Information about the internal anatomy is by no

means extensive. The tracheal system is highly developed, and has
air-sacs connected with it; a large pair at the base of the abdomen
being called aërostats by Dufour. Inside the thoracic spiracles there
are peculiar structures supposed by some to be voice-organs, while
the abdominal spiracles are said to be remarkably simple in
structure. Lowne says that there are ten or eleven pairs of spiracles
in the Blow-fly; one of these, near the base of the wing, is peculiar in
structure, and may not be a true stigma; he calls it a tympanic
spiracle; it seems doubtful whether there are more than seven
abdominal pairs. The alimentary canal is very elongate, and is
provided with a diverticulum, the crop; this is usually called the
sucking stomach, though its function is extremely doubtful. The
Malpighian tubes are four in number, and are very elongate; in
several groups of Nemocera there are, however, five Malpighian
tubes, a number known to occur in only very few other Insects. The
nervous system is remarkable on account of the concentration of
ganglia in the thorax, so as to form a thoracic, in addition to the usual
cephalic, brain. For particulars as to the positions of the ganglia and
the great changes that occur in the lifetime, the student should refer
to Brandt, to Künckel, and to Brauer.[357] Much information as to the
internal anatomy of the Blowfly is given by Lowne, but it is doubtful to
what extent it is applicable to Diptera in general.[358]

Fig. 217—Acephalous larva or maggot of the blow-fly, with the head, a,

extended. (After Lowne.)

The larvae of Diptera are—so far as the unaided eye is concerned—

without exception destitute of any kind of adornment, the vast
majority of them being of the kind known as maggots. None of them
have true thoracic legs; though in the earlier groups, pseudopods or
protuberances of the body that serve as aids in locomotion are
common. Unlike what occurs in other Orders the arrangement of
these pseudopods on the body differs greatly in various forms; in a
few cases they are surmounted by curved hairs. The most important
distinction in external form in Dipterous larvae is that while those that
are thorough maggots possess no visible head, others have a well-
marked one (Fig. 225); these are therefore called "eucephalous":
they have a mouth of the mandibulate type. In some other Dipterous
larvae the head is more or less reduced in size, and in the
acephalous forms there is only a framework of a few chitinous rods
to represent it. The nervous system in the most completely headless
larvae is very remarkable, all the ganglia being concentrated in a
single mass placed in the thorax. The tracheal system exhibits a
great variety; some larvae have stigmata arranged along the sides of
the body after the fashion normal in Insect-larvae; these are called
"peripneustic"; as many as ten pairs of stigmata may be present in
these cases, but nine pairs is much more common. Other larvae
have a pair of stigmata placed at the termination of the body, and
another pair near the anterior extremity, the two pairs communicating
by large tracheal trunks extending the length of the body; these
larvae are said to be "amphipneustic": this is the condition usual in
the more completely acephalous larvae. Others have only the
terminal pair of spiracles, and are styled "metapneustic." Some begin
life in the metapneustic state and afterwards become amphipneustic.
In the aquatic larva of Corethra there are no spiracles, though there
is an imperfect tracheal system. Many Dipterous larvae that live in
water or in conditions that prevent access of air to the body have
remarkable arrangements for keeping the tip of the body in
communication with the atmosphere. The stigmata in metapneustic
and amphipneustic larvae are very remarkable compound structures,
exhibiting however great diversity; their peculiarities and uses are
not well understood; it appears very doubtful whether some of them
have any external opening. Reference may be made, as to the
variety of structure, to Meijere's paper[359] from which we take the
accompanying figure of a posterior stigmatic apparatus in Lipara
lucens. It appears that there is a compound chamber
—"Filzkammer"—terminating externally in lobes or fingers
—"Knospen" and appearing as marks on the outer surface: this
chamber is seated on a tracheal tube, and is, Meijere thinks,
probably a secondary growth of the trachea coming to the outer
surface. It is traversed by what may be considered the original
tracheal tube, opening externally as an external stigmatic scar
—"Stigmennarbe"—and with a second or inner scar placed
internally. We may conclude from what is already known that these
structures will be found to differ in the same larva according to the
stage of its development.

Fig. 218—The posterior stigma of the larva of Lipara lucens. a, One of

the three "Knospen" or lobes; b, external stigmatic scar; c, internal
scar; d, stigmatic chamber (Filzkammer); e, trachea. (After
Meijere.)
An extremely valuable summary of the characters and variety of
Dipterous larvae has been given by Brauer,[360] from which it
appears that the larvae of the first half of the family exhibit great
variety and have been much studied, while the more purely maggot-
like forms of the Muscidae have, with one or two exceptions, been
little investigated.

The pupal instar is of two distinct kinds. First, we meet with a pupa
like that of Lepidoptera, viz. a mummy-like object, or pupa obtecta, in
which there is a crisp outer shell, formed in part by the adherent
cases of the appendages of the future imago. This condition, with a
few exceptions to be subsequently noticed, obtains in the Nemocera
and Brachycera. It is exhibited in various degrees of perfection,
being most complete in Tipulidae; in other forms the shell is softer
and the appendages more protuberant. The second kind of pupa is
found in the Cyclorrhaphous flies; it has externally no marks except
some faint circular rings and, frequently, a pair of projections from
near one extremity of the body; occasionally there is a single
prominence at the other extremity of the body. This condition is due
to the fact that the larva does not escape from the skin at the last
ecdysis, but merely shrinks within it, so that the larval skin, itself
contracted and altered by an excretion of chitin, remains and forms a
perfect protection to the included organism. This kind of pupa looks
like a seed, and is well exemplified by the common Blow-fly. The
capacity for entering on such a condition is evidently correlative with
the absence of a larval head. The metamorphosis in this curious little
barrel goes on in a different manner to what it does in the pupa
obtecta. A good name for the whole structure of this instar has not
been found. Older authors called it "pupa coarctata," or "nympha
inclusa"; Brauer speaks of it as a "compound pupa"; ordinarily in our
language it is called a "puparium," a term which is more applicable to
the case alone.

In species having a pupa obtecta the larval skin is cast after the chief
processes of the external metamorphosis have occurred, and then
an exudation of chitin hardens the general surface. In the
"compound pupa" of the Blow-fly there is for a considerable period
no formed pupa at all, but merely a shell or case containing the
results of histolysis and the centres for regeneration of new organs;
the chitin-exudation to the exterior of the larval skin occurs in the
early part of the series of metamorphic changes, and the organism
breaks down to a cream within the shell thus formed, and then
gradually assumes therein the condition of a soft, nymphoid pupa.
The exceptional conditions previously referred to as exhibited by a
few forms are certain cases in which a more or less perfect pupa
obtecta is found within the last larval skin, as is the case in
Stratiomys. Another highly remarkable condition exists in the
Hessian fly, and a few other Cecidomyiids, where the Insect
apparently makes an exudation which it uses as a covering case,
independent of the larval skin; this latter being subsequently shed
inside the case, so that this condition of coarctate pupa differs from
that we have described as existing in Cyclorrhaphous flies, although
the two are superficially similar. In the Pupipara the larval stage is
passed in the body of the mother, which produces a succession of
young, nourished one at a time by the secretion of glands; this young
is born as a full-grown larva that becomes at once a pupa.

Metamorphosis.—As it is in Diptera that the phenomena of Insect-

metamorphosis have reached their highest development we
endeavoured to give some idea of their nature in the previous
volume, therefore we need give only a brief sketch of the chief
features of Dipterous metamorphosis. The Blow-fly undergoes a
rapid embryonic development, the later stages of which are, on the
whole, of a retrogressive nature. On the emergence of the young
maggot it feeds up rapidly, the rapidity varying greatly according to
circumstances, and then when full-grown rests. While resting, a
process of internal liquefaction, called histolysis, is going on, and the
maggot contracts and exudes an excretion that hardens its skin. At
the time this hard skin has become complete, or soon after, the
maggot inside has dissolved into a cream contained in a sac inside
the shell; this cream becomes reconstituted into a fly by a gradual
process of growth and development of certain minute portions of the
body—the imaginal discs or folds, the histoblasts and neuroblasts
that were exempt from the histolytic process: in the early stages of
the reconstitution the general structure is, of course, altogether
vague, and this condition—purely one of transition—is called the
pronymph; the nymph becomes gradually developed: it corresponds
vaguely with the pupa obtecta of the early groups of Diptera, but is
soft like the pupa of Hymenoptera. This nymph gradually develops
into the fly itself, the external parts being first completed and the
internal organs elaborated subsequently. The sexual organs do not
undergo metamorphosis like other internal organs, there being a
gradual (though irregular or interrupted) growth of them in the young
larva, till they are completed some time after the emergence of the
perfect fly. The processes in the Blow-fly have been studied by
numerous able histologists of various nationalities, and have recently
been described by Lowne in our own language.[361] Comparatively
little has been done in studying the corresponding phenomena in
other Diptera. Weismann has investigated the development of
Corethra, and Miall that of Chironomus. These two flies belong to a
division of Diptera different from that which includes the Blow-fly, and
they display a condition of the metamorphic processes allied to what
occurs in Lepidoptera, as well as to that which takes place in the
Blow-fly. Imaginal folds are formed, but they only appear much later
in the life, and they are much less distant from the positions they will,
when developed, occupy in the imago. In Chironomus, according to
Miall, the imaginal folds only appear in the last larval instar, but they
grow with such rapidity that the legs and wings of the future fly can
be distinguished in the larva, even before pupation; thus when the
activity of the larva ceases but little change is required to complete
the obtected pupa. In the Blow-fly some of the imaginal folds have
been traced back to the embryo; how many centres for the new
growth there may be is uncertain, for though there are upwards of
sixty for the outer body, the number of regenerative centres for the
internal organs is not ascertained. The peculiar central nervous
mass, mentioned in our remarks on the larva, consists of two kinds
of tissue mixed together in a complex manner; one of these kinds is
functionally active during the larval life and at the metamorphosis
undergoes histolysis, while the other, or embryonic, portion develops
into the nervous system of the fly.
It forms no part of our task to deal with general subjects, but we may
be pardoned for calling attention to the bearing the metamorphosis
of the higher Diptera has on our ideas of heredity in Insects. The fly
bears no resemblance whatever to the larva, and is only obtained by
the organic destruction of the latter, which occurs before the
perfection of the sexual organs takes place, and yet the fly
reproduces itself only secondarily, but primarily gives rise to the
totally different larva. It is supposed that the larval structures have
been gradually acquired, and yet they are transmitted with the
utmost faithfulness by the totally different fly. We can only conclude
that that which is bequeathed in each species is the early state of a
particular process of development from which the subsequent stages
follow necessarily if the developing organism be placed in conditions
having on it influences like to those that influenced the ancestors.

Classification.—The classification of Diptera is as yet very

imperfect. Formerly they were divided into two great groups,
Nemocera and Brachycera, according to the structure of the
antennae, as previously mentioned. This division has been
abandoned, and the term Brachycera is now applied to only a small
part of the old section that bore the name. The primary division
usually adopted at present is into Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha.
The characters of these two groups are based on the nature of the
metamorphosis, and have been gradually elaborated by Brauer in
various memoirs.[362] The Orthorrhapha includes the forms with
obtected pupae, the Cyclorrhapha those with a nymph-compound,
as previously described. This distinction is of great importance, but
unfortunately it is difficult to apply to the fly itself; the only character
that can be used in connection with the imago is the existence of a
suture over the insertion of the antennae in a portion, but not all, of
the Cyclorrhapha.[363] The next set of divisions used by Brauer
divides the Order into four sections, viz. 1. Orthorrhapha
Nematocera, 2. O. Brachycera, 3. Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, 4. C.
Schizophora. As these four groups are recognised more readily than
the two major groups the student will do well at first to disregard the
primary division and consider the Diptera as divisible into four great