Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 SOLUTIONS 501
CHAPTER SIX
Solutions for Section 6.1
Exercises
1. (a) If f (x) is positive over an interval, then F (x) is increasing over the interval.
(b) If f (x) is increasing over an interval, then F (x) is concave up over the interval.
2. Since dP/dt is positive for t < 3 and negative for t > 3, we know that P is increasing for t < 3 and decreasing for
t > 3. Between each two integer values, the magnitude of the change is equal to the area between the graph dP/dt and
the t-axis. For example, between t = 0 and t = 1, we see that the change in P is 1. Since P = 0 at t = 0, we must have
P = 1 at t = 1. The other values are found similarly, and are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
P 0 1 2 2.5 2 1
3. Since dP/dt is negative for t < 3 and positive for t > 3, we know that P is decreasing for t < 3 and increasing for
t > 3. Between each two integer values, the magnitude of the change is equal to the area between the graph dP/dt and
the t-axis. For example, between t = 0 and t = 1, we see that the change in P is −1. Since P = 2 at t = 0, we must
have P = 1 at t = 1. The other values are found similarly, and are shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2
t 1 2 3 4 5
P 1 0 −1/2 0 1
4. See Figure 6.1.
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.1
x
502 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 502
1
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.2
503 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 503
F (0) = 1
1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.3
F (0) = 1
1 F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.4
1 F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.5
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.6
504 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 504
1
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.7
1
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.8
Problems
R5 R5
12. (a) If 2 f (x) dx = 4, and F (5) = 10 then F (2) = 6, since 2 f (x) dx gives the total change in F (x) between x = 2
and x = 5.
R 100
(b) If 0 f (x) dx = 0, then F (100) = F (0), since the total change in F (x) from x = 0 to x = 100 is 0.
13. By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we know that
Z 2
f (2) − f (0) = f ′ (x)dx.
0
R2 R2
Using a left-hand sum, we estimate 0
f ′ (x)dx ≈ (10)(2) = 20. Using a right-hand sum, we estimate 0
f ′ (x)dx ≈
(18)(2) = 36. Averaging, we have
Z 2
20 + 36
f ′ (x)dx ≈ = 28.
0 2
We know f (0) = 100, so Z 2
so Z 6
f (6) = f (4) + f ′ (x)dx ≈ 169 + 48 = 217.
4
The values are shown in the table.
x 0 2 4 6
f (x) 100 128 169 217
R2
14. The change in f (x) between 0 and 2 is equal to 0 f ′ (x) dx. A left-hand estimate for this integral is (17)(2) = 34 and a
right hand estimate is (15)(2) = 30. Our best estimate is the average, 32. The change in f (x) between 0 and 2 is +32.
Since f (0) = 50, we have f (2) = 82. We find the other values similarly. The results are shown in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3
x 0 2 4 6
f (x) 50 82 107 119
15. Between t = 0 and t = 1, the particle moves at 10 km/hr for 1 hour. Since it starts at x = 5, the particle is at x = 15
when t = 1. See Figure 6.9. The graph of distance is a straight line between t = 0 and t = 1 because the velocity is
constant then.
Between t = 1 and t = 2, the particle moves 10 km to the left, ending at x = 5. Between t = 2 and t = 3, it moves
10 km to the right again. See Figure 6.9.
x (km)
15
10
5
t (hr)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6.9
As an aside, note that the original velocity graph is not entirely realistic as it suggests the particle reverses direction
instantaneously at the end of each hour. In practice this means the reversal of direction occurs over a time interval that is
short in comparison to an hour.
R3
16. (a) We know that 0 f ′ (x)dx = f (3) − f (0) from the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. From the graph of f ′ we
R3
can see that 0 f ′ (x)dx = 2 − 1 = 1 by subtracting areas between f ′ and the x-axis. Since f (0) = 0, we find that
R7
f (3) = 1. Similar reasoning gives f (7) = 0 f ′ (x)dx = 2 − 1 + 2 − 4 + 1 = 0.
(b) We have f (0) = 0, f (2) = 2, f (3) = 1, f (4) = 3, f (6) = −1, and f (7) = 0. So the graph, beginning at x = 0,
starts at zero, increases to 2 at x = 2, decreases to 1 at x = 3, increases to 3 at x = 4, then passes through a zero as
it decreases to −1 at x = 6, and finally increases to 0 at 7. Thus, there are three zeroes: x = 0, x = 5.5, and x = 7.
(c) y
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
505 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 505
17. Let y′ (t) = dy/dt. Then y is the antiderivative of y′ such that y(0) = 0. We know that
Z x
y(x) = y ′ (t) dt.
0
Thus, y(x) is the area under the graph of dy/dt from t = 0 to t = x, where regions below the t-axis contribute negatively
to the integral. We see that y(t1 ) = 2, y(t3 ) = 2 − 2 = 0, and y(t5 ) = 2. See Figure 6.10.
Since y′ is positive on the intervals (0, t1 ) and (t3 , ∞), we know that y is increasing on those intervals. Since y′ is
negative on the interval (t1 , t3 ), we know that y is decreasing on that interval.
Since y′ is increasing on the interval (t2 , t4 ), we know that y is concave up on that interval; since y ′ is decreasing on
(0, t2 ), we know that y is concave down there. The point where the concavity changes, t2 , is an inflection point. Finally,
since y′ is constant and positive on the interval (t4 , ∞), the graph of y is linear with positive slope on this interval. The
value y(t1 ) = 2 is a local maximum and y(t3 ) = 0 is a local minimum.
t
t1 t2 t3 t 4 t5
Figure 6.10
18. Let y′ (t) = dy/dt. Then y is the antiderivative of y′ such that y(0) = 0. We know that
Z x
y(x) = y ′ (t) dt.
0
Thus y(x) is the area under the graph of dy/dt from t = 0 to t = x, with regions below the t-axis contributing negatively
to the integral. We see that y(t1 ) = −2, y(t3 ) = −2 + 2 = 0, and y(t5 ) = −2. See Figure 6.11.
Since y′ is positive on the interval (t1 , t3 ), we know that y is increasing on that interval. Since y′ is negative on the
intervals (0, t1 ) and (t3 , ∞), we know y is decreasing on those intervals.
Since y′ is increasing on (0, t2 ), we know that y is concave up on that interval. Since y′ is decreasing on (t2 , t4 ),
we know that y is concave down there. The point where concavity changes, t2 , is an inflection point. In addition, since
y ′ is a negative constant on the interval (t4 , ∞), the graph of y is a line with negative slope on this interval. The value
y(t1 ) = −2 is a local minimum and y(t3 ) = 0 is a local maximum.
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
−2
Figure 6.11
506 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 506
19. The critical points are at (0, 5), (2, 21), (4, 13), and (5, 15). A graph is given in Figure 6.12.
y
(2, 21)
20
G(t)
15 (5, 15)
(4, 13)
10
5
(0, 5)
t
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 6.12
20. Looking at the graph of g ′ in Figure 6.13, we see that the critical points of g occur when x = 15 and x = 40, since
g ′ (x) = 0 at these values. Inflection points of g occur when x = 10 and x = 20, because g ′ (x) has a local maximum or
minimum at these values. Knowing these four key points, we sketch the graph of g(x) in Figure 6.14.
We start at x = 0, where g(0) = 50. Since g ′ is negative on the interval [0, 10], the value of g(x) is decreasing there.
At x = 10 we have
Z 10
g(10) = g(0) + g ′ (x) dx
0
We now find concavity of g(x) in the intervals [0, 10], [10, 15], [15, 20], [20, 40] by checking whether g ′ (x) increases
or decreases in these same intervals. If g ′ (x) increases, then g(x) is concave up; if g ′ (x) decreases, then g(x) is concave
down. Thus we finally have the graph of g(x) in Figure 6.14.
(20, 10)
g ′ (x)
T2
x (0, 50)
T1 ❄15 40
g(x)
x
21. The rate of change is negative for t < 5 and positive for t > 5, so the concentration of adrenaline decreases until t = 5
and then increases. Since the area under the t-axis is greater than the area over the t-axis, the concentration of adrenaline
goes down more than it goes up. Thus, the concentration at t = 8 is less than the concentration at t = 0. See Figure 6.15.
adrenaline
concentration (µg/ml)
t (minutes)
2 4 6 8
Figure 6.15
22. (a) The total volume emptied must increase with time and cannot decrease. The smooth graph (I) that is always increasing
is therefore the volume emptied from the bladder. The jagged graph (II) that increases then decreases to zero is the
flow rate.
(b) The total change in volume is the integral of the flow rate. Thus, the graph giving total change (I) shows an antideriva-
tive of the rate of change in graph (II).
23. See Figure 6.16. Note that since f (x1 ) = 0 and f ′ (x1 ) < 0, F (x1 ) is a local maximum; since f (x3 ) = 0 and f ′ (x3 ) > 0,
F (x3 ) is a local minimum. Also, since f ′ (x2 ) = 0 and f changes from decreasing to increasing about x = x2 , F has an
inflection point at x = x2 .
F (x)
x
x1 x2 x3
Figure 6.16
24. See Figure 6.17. Note that since f (x1 ) = 0 and f ′ (x1 ) > 0, F (x1 ) is a local minimum; since f (x3 ) = 0 and f ′ (x3 ) < 0,
F (x3 ) is a local maximum. Also, since f ′ (x2 ) = 0 and f changes from decreasing to increasing about x = x2 , F has an
inflection point at x = x2 .
F (x)
x
x1 x2 x3
Figure 6.17
508 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 508
25. See Figure 6.18. Note that since f (x1 ) = 0, F (x1 ) is either a local minimum or a point of inflection; it is impossible to
tell which from the graph. Since f ′ (x3 ) = 0, and f ′ changes sign around x = x3 , F (x3 ) is an inflection point. Also,
since f ′ (x2 ) = 0 and f changes from increasing to decreasing about x = x2 , F has another inflection point at x = x2 .
F (x)
x
x1 x2 x3
Figure 6.18
26. See Figure 6.19. Since f (x1 ) = 0 and f ′ (x1 ) < 0, we see that F (x1 ) is a local maximum. Since f (x3 ) = 0 and
f ′ (x3 ) > 0, we see that F (x3 ) is a local minimum. Since f ′ (x2 ) = 0 and f changes from decreasing to increasing at
x = x2 , we see that F has an inflection point at x = x2 .
x2
x
x1 x3
F (x)
Figure 6.19
27. The graph of f (x) = 2 sin(x2 ) is shown in Figure 6.20. We see that there are roots at x = 1.77 and x = 2.51. These are
the critical points of F (x). Looking at the graph, it appears that of the three areas marked, A1 is the largest, A2 is next,
and A3 is smallest. Thus, as x increases from 0 to 3, the function F (x) increases (by A1 ), decreases (by A2 ), and then
increases again (by A3 ). Therefore, the maximum is attained at the critical point x = 1.77.
What is the value of the function at this maximum? We know that F (1) = 5, so we need to find the change in F
between x = 1 and x = 1.77. We have
Z 1.77
2
Change in F = 2 sin(x ) dx = 1.17.
1
We see that F (1.77) = 5 + 1.17 = 6.17, so the maximum value of F on this interval is 6.17.
A1 A3
x
1 2 3
A2
−2
Figure 6.20
509 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 509
28. Both F (x) and G(x) have roots at x = 0 and x = 4. Both have a critical point (which is a local maximum) at x = 2.
However, since the area under g(x) between x = 0 and x = 2 is larger than the area under f (x) between x = 0 and
x = 2, the y-coordinate of G(x) at 2 will be larger than the y-coordinate of F (x) at 2. See below.
G(x)
F (x)
x
1 2 3 4
29. (a) Let r(t) be the leakage rate in liters per second at time t minutes, shown in the graph. Since time is in minutes, it is
helpful to express leakage in units of liters per minute. The leakage rate in liters per minute is 60r(t). The quantity
Rb
leaked during the first b minutes, in liters, is given by 0 60r(t) dt.
We can evaluate the quantity leaked by computing area under the rate graph, by counting grid squares. Each grid
square contributes area
liter liters
1 grid square = 10 × (10 minutes) = 60 · 10 × (10 minutes) = 6000 liters.
sec minute
Thus each grid square represents 6000 liters of leakage. So
Time t (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Total spill, over t minutes (liters) 0 3000 12,000 21,000 27,000 30,000
(b) Plotting the values from part (a) and connecting with a smooth curve gives Figure 6.21.
y
30,000
20,000
10,000
x
10 20 30 40 50
Figure 6.21
30. (a) Suppose Q(t) is the amount of water in the reservoir at time t. Then
′ Rate at which water Inflow Outflow
Q (t) = = −
in reservoir is changing rate rate
Thus the amount of water in the reservoir is increasing when the inflow curve is above the outflow, and decreasing
when it is below. This means that Q(t) is a maximum where the curves cross in July 2007 (as shown in Figure 6.22),
and Q(t) is decreasing fastest when the outflow is farthest above the inflow curve, which occurs about October 2007
(see Figure 6.22).
510 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 510
To estimate values of Q(t), we use the Fundamental Theorem which says that the change in the total quantity
of water in the reservoir is given by
Z t
Q(t) − Q(Jan 2007) = (inflow rate − outflow rate) dt
Jan 07
Z t
rate of flow
(millions of gallons/day)
Q(t) is max
Q(t) is min
❄
❄
Outflow
Inflow
Q(t)
millions of gallons
Q(t) is increasing
most rapidly
❘ Q(t) is decreasing most rapidly
Figure 6.22
(b) See Figure 6.22. Maximum in July 2007. Minimum in Jan 2008.
(c) See Figure 6.22. Increasing fastest in May 2007. Decreasing fastest in Oct 2007.
(d) In order for the water to be the same as Jan 2007 the total amount of water which has flowed into the reservoir minus
the total amount of water which has flowed out of the reservoir must be 0. Referring to Figure 6.23, we have
Z July 08
(Inflow − Outflow) dt = −A1 + A2 − A3 + A4 = 0
Jan 07
giving A1 + A3 = A2 + A4
rate of flow
(millions of gallons/day)
A2 A3
A4 Inflow
Outflow
A1
Figure 6.23
511 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS 6.1 SOLUTIONS 511
31. The statement has f (x) and F (x) reversed. Namely if an antiderivative F (x) is increasing, then F ′ (x) = f (x) ≥ 0.
We can see the statement given is not always true by looking for a counterexample. The function f (x) = 2x is
always increasing, but it has antiderivatives that are less than 0. For example, the antiderivative F (x) with F (0) = −1 is
negative at 0. See Figure 6.24.
A correct statement is: If f (x) > 0 everywhere, then F (x) is increasing everywhere.
f (x) = 2x
F (x)
x
x −1
Figure 6.24: f (x) = 2x increasing and its antiderivative F (x) is not always positive
32. Consider F (x) = x2 and G(x) = x2 + 1 which are both antiderivatives of f (x) = 2x. Then H (x) = F (x) + G(x) =
2x2 + 1, and H ′ (x) = 4x = f (x). Thus, H (x) = F (x) + G(x) is not an antiderivative of f (x).
33. Any function for which the area between the function’s graph above the x-axis is equal to the area between the function’s
graph below the x-axis will work. One such function, f (x) = 1 − x, is shown in Figure 6.25.
y
1
1 2
x
−1
34. Any positive function will work. One such function is f (x) = 1; see Figure 6.26.
Figure 6.26
Exercises
1. 5x
5 2
2. 2t
1 3
3. 3
x
1 3 1 2
4. 3 t + 2t
3
2 2
5. 3z
6. ln |z|
1
7. −
t
8. sin t
d 1 d 1
9. = z −3 = −
dz z 3 dz 2z 2
y5
10. + ln |y|
5
11. ez
12. − cos t
2 3
13. 3t+ 34 t4 + 45 t5
4
t t3 t2
14. − −
4 6 2
t2 + 1 1 t2
15. = t + , which has antiderivative + ln |t|
t t 2
5 2 2 3
16. x − x 2
2 3Z
17. F (t) = 6t dt = 3t2 + C
Z 4 2
x x
18. H (x) = (x − x) dx =
3
− +C
4 2
Z 3
2
−
2 x
19. F (x) = (x 4x + 7) dx = − 2x + 7x + C
3
Z
√ 2 3/2
20. G(t) = t dt = t +C
3
Z 4
− t 5 2
+ t −t+ C
3
21. R(t) = (t + 5t 1) dt =
4 2
Z
z2
22. F (z) = (z + ez ) dz = z
+e +C
2
Z
23. G(x) = (sin x + cos x) dx = − cos x + sin x + C
Z
3 4
24. H (x) = (4x − 7) dx = x − 7x + C
Z
1
25. P (t) = √ dt = 2t1/2 + C
t
Z
Z
7
28. H (t) = dt = 7 tan t + C
cos2 t
29. f (x) = 3, so F (x) = 3x + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 3 · 0 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = 3x is the only possibility.
30. f (x) = 2x, so F (x) = x2 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = x2 is the only possibility.
−7x2
31. f (x) = −7x, so F (x) = 2 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that − 7 · 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = −7x2 /2 is the
2
only possibility.
32. f (x) = 2 + 4x + 5x2 , so F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 53 x3 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that C = 0. Thus F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 53x3
is the only possibility.
1 x2 1
33. f (x) = x, so F (x) = + C. F (0) = 0 implies that · 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = x2 /8 is the only
4 8 8
possibility.
x3 03 x3
34. f (x) = x2 , so F (x) = + C. F (0) = 0 implies that + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = is the only possibility.
3 3 3
42. We have:
Z Z Z
x x
(4e − 3 sin x) dx = 4e dx − 3 sin x dx
Z Z
x
=4 e dx − 3 sin x dx
x
= 4e − 3(− cos x) + C
x
= 4e + 3 cos x + C.
43. We have
Z Z Z
2 √ 2 √
5x + 2 x dx = 5x dx + 2 x dx
Z Z
2 1/2
=5 x dx + 2 x dx
1 3 2 3/2
=5 x +2 ·x +C
3 3
5 3 4 3/2
= ·
·x + x + C.
3 3
Z Z 3
x
44. (x + 3)2 dx = (x2 + 6x + 9) dx = + 3x2 + 9x + C
3
Z
8
45. √ dx = 16x1/2 + C
x
2
46. 3 ln |t| + + C
t
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Il lui toucha le bras, du bout de son doigt :
— Regardez-moi bien !
Elle le regarda, d’un regard neutre, où tout semblait mort.
Il dit :
— Vous comprenez, nous devons prendre quelques petits
arrangements. Voici donc ce que je vous impose : l’hypocrisie. Ça ne
vous sera pas difficile… J’aime ma mère plus que tout au monde, et
aujourd’hui plus que jamais. Il faut qu’elle soit heureuse… Si elle
savait ce qui se passe en ce moment dans la maison de son fils, elle
en mourrait !… Elle n’en saura rien. Je le veux… je vous impose de
la rendre heureuse, à force de ruse habile, et de mensonge…
J’entends que vous trompiez tout le monde, — excepté moi. C’est
bien clair, n’est-ce pas ?
Elle se taisait.
— Mais répondez donc !
Elle se taisait toujours, l’air hautain et dur.
Une fureur inouïe le secoua. Il crispa ses poings et serra les
dents ; et, terrible, il gronda :
— Ça sera comme ça, — ou j’étrangle !
Il lui montrait ses deux mains ouvertes, crispées en crochets,
pareilles à des serres.
— Oh ! je n’ai jamais peur ! fit-elle.
Et après avoir cherché et pesé son mot :
— J’obéirai, dit-elle tout sec.
Elle était sans crainte, mais elle préparait les lendemains ; et,
pour cela, cette promesse d’obéir, faite sur ce ton d’insolence et de
révolte, fut la seule concession qu’elle trouva.
— Vous obéirez ? C’est heureux ! fit-il. Allons, bonsoir ; je vous
souhaite le doux repos que donne une conscience pure. A demain !
Il la quitta.
« C’est bien cela, songeait-il : ruse, mensonge, orgueil, orgueil
surtout !… Il me faudra un gant de fer. »
A peine hors de sa présence, il se sentit défaillir, sous
l’écroulement de son bonheur, mais il marcha jusqu’à sa chambre et
se jeta, tout vêtu, sur son lit. Au milieu du pêle-mêle de ses pensées
affreuses, celle-ci reparaissait toujours dans un demi-rêve : « Si elle
pouvait avoir l’idée d’aller se noyer, est-ce qu’il ne faudrait pas la
laisser faire ?… Allons, allons, c’est une autre que j’aimais. Voilà ce
que je dois me dire. Il y a erreur sur la personne, répétait-il… Mais
comment peut-on se laisser aveugler à ce point ? — Oh ! la
passion ! »
Quant à elle, elle se déshabilla lentement, et tout de suite, se mit
au lit.
Elle renonçait à penser. Tout cela était fatal, et trop fort,
décidément, trop compliqué… « Non ! quelle affaire, mes amis ! et
que de bruit pour trois chiffons de papier !… Qu’est-ce que dira cette
folle de Berthe ?… Elle n’en reviendra pas !… Je suis sûre qu’il n’y a,
en France, qu’un seul homme comme ça. Et j’ai eu la veine de
tomber dessus ! Vrai, c’était fait pour moi !… Était-il beau tout à
l’heure ! C’est un homme, un vrai, ça, et crâne, encore !… Bah ! je le
ramènerai. C’est ça qui sera amusant !… Le bonheur de la mère,
c’est la planche de salut, — et solide ; il faut s’y tenir… Je ne peux
pourtant pas songer… aux inscrits, avant d’avoir fait la conquête de
mon époux… C’est bien drôle !… »
Et comme il arrive après les morts, après les désespoirs, les
grandes épreuves, lasse de tant d’émotions et d’aventures, — elle
dormit, cette nuit-là, d’un sommeil d’enfant. D’ailleurs, il fallait ça,
pour être jolie dès le lendemain, et engager la bataille.
IV