SUBMITTED BY:

Registration no: 2021-IM-32

SUBMITTED TO:
M. ANIQUE ASLAM

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
LAB REPORT 1
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING
 SUBMITTED BY:
Registration no: 2021-IM-08

SUBMITTED TO:
SIR BILAL ARSHAD

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

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 SUBMITTED BY:
Registration no: 2021-IM-32

SUBMITTED TO:
SIR BILAL ARSHAD

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

2
 SUBMITTED BY:
Registration no: 2021-IM-36

SUBMITTED TO:
SIR BILAL ARSHAD

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

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 EXPERIMENT NO 1

TITLE:
“To understand law of triangle of forces for a concurrent force system”

 To capture a practical process/working regarding

concept of triangular law of forces in your mind.
 To experience the concept of concurrent force
system (static equilibrium) in reality.

APPARATUS:

 Diagram board
 Piece of paper
 Tape
 Screws for fitting dia boards
 Lead pencil
 Protector
 Thread
 Pulleys
 Set of weights
 Weight carrying hooks
 Weight carrying hooks

 Ring with three cords

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APPARATUS DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

A force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. It can also be explained as
push/pull of an object.

A force is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction.

It’s unit is “newton”. While other units are dyne, poundal, pound, force, kilo pound

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Dimensions: “MLT-2”

One Newton: It is the force required to provide a mass of one kilogram with an acceleration of
one meter per Second Square

TYPES OF FORCES:

There are two different types of forces:

1. Contact Forces
2. Non-contact forces

1 .Contact forces:

The forces that require being in contact with another object are called contact forces.

These forces are listed as:

 Muscular forces: It is a force that is a resulting

force when the muscle Functions.

 Frictional forces: The resisting force that

exists when an object is moved or tries to move
a surface.

 Normal force: the normal force F_{n} is the

component of a contact force that is
perpendicular to the surface that an object
contacts.

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  Spring force: the normal force F_{n} is the
component of a contact force that is
perpendicular to the surface that an object
contacts,

2 .NON-CONTACT FORCES:

The forces that can be exerted without requiring any contact with any object.

These forces are listed as:

 Gravitational force: It is an attractive force that can

be defined as a force that attracts any two objects with
mass.

 Magnetic force: The type of forces exerted by a

magnet on magnetic objects are magnetic forces

 Electrostatic forces: The types of forces exerted

by all the electrically charged bodies on another
charged bodies of the universe are called
electrostatic forces.
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EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM:

It is a state of body where all the forces are of same magnitude making net resultant zero. When
it comes to equilibrium of concurrent forces, the same concept is applied where “the sum of all
forces in the x-direction and y-direction is zero. In mathematical form, we can write it as
∑fx=0 and ∑f=0 respectively.

LAW OF TRIANGLE OF FORCES:

This law states that:

“If two forces which are represented in magnitude &

direction are acting at a point by two adjacent sides of a
triangle taken in an order, then the side which is
closing the triangle and taken in reverse order
represents the resultant of forces in magnitude and
direction. ”

PROCEDURE:

 The three pulleys were positioned as shown in figure and were secured with nuts.
 Fix the paper sheet with drawing pin or tape on board.
 Two of the ring cords were passed over rim of pulleys and weight hooks were attached to
end of them

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  Add weights in the pans that are in front of each other in such a way that small knots
come in the center
 Another weight was attached to the third pulley and that was hung.
 Release the ring and wait for the for weights to achieve the equilibrium state
 The position of three cords was marked with pencil dots on the paper.
 Mark lines of forces represented by thread without disturbing the equilibrium of system
 Remove the paper and lines representing the forces are drawn
 Write down the magnitude of force i.e. Pan weight +Added weight
 Now measure the angles of forces with the help of protector
 Repeat the experiments by changing the place of weights.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

NO. OF FORCES ANGLES MAGNITUDE

OBSERVATIONS INVOLVED
1. A1 120 10g
B1 115 10g
R 125 10g
2. A2 110 20g
B2 120 20g
R 130 20g
3. A3 113 30g
B3 119 30g
R 128 30g

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COMMENTS:

 The strings should be inextensible and light in weight.

 Weight should not touch the vertical board and the pulley should be frictionless.
 It should be kept in mind that the weights are in equilibrium when lines of action of
forces are marked.
 There should be only one central knot on the thread that should be small.
 The pulley should be moving freely and if not then lubricate it.

It is concluded that from the triangle, the magnitude of

resultant force could be determined using law of cosines
and direction is determined from law of sines. The
magnitudes of two forces are determined from law of sines.

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