Free Body Diagram

Newton’s Laws 2
of Motion
N

mg
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Free Body Diagram
Newton’s Laws 2
of Motion
N

mg
 Free Body Diagram
F.B.D

It is pictorial representation of all the forces acting on a body.

 STEPS to draw F.B.D.
1) Identify the body (or system) which is to be analyzed
2) Choose the co-ordinate axis as per convenience
3) Represent all the forces ACTING on the body by vectors

NOTE: Forces exerted by the body should not be drawn Include only
those forces which are acting on the body and not those forces which
the body itself is exerting
Draw F.B.D. of block of mass ‘m’

m
Now focus on which forces have we included & the Action Reaction Pairs

m
 Now focus on which forces have we included.

This force is acting ON

m
Action force lock hence we include it
from IIIrd law

mg
This force is
applied by block
hence we DON’T Reaction force
INCLUDE it mg
Similarly

Action force
N

Reaction force
From IIIrd law
Finally N and mg are NOT action reaction forces
Reason : N and mg are of DIFFERENT
nature
N

mg
Now let’s draw the FBD of each block

m1

m2
Imagine blocks M1 and M2 kept on ground as

FBD of M1 FBD of M2
Normal Contact force
N1 Normal Contact force N2 on m2 due to ground
on m1 due to m2
m m2
1
m1g Gravitational force N1 m g
Gravitational force on m2
2
on m1

NOTE:- Normal Contact force on M2due to M1

Do not draw M1g directly
What is a System?
System
System is a body or combination of bodies which are being observed.

Man

Monkey
Horse
 ➔Imagine these 3 beings standing on the
Man
surface of earth.
➔We can assume any one of the body to be
our system

Monkey
Horse
Now the question is whether is this the only System?

Man

Monkey
Horse
What exactly is the system in the diagram?
 The answer is clear that it is just a
matter of choice i.e. what actually is
to be observed becomes our system

We can assume m1 to be our system , Or if required as per the question we can

assume m2 to be our system, Or m1 , m2 , string , pulley, table & earth can all
combine to form a system.
Classification of Forces

Internal External
 If the force acting on a body/particle is
Internal
applied by some other body which is
included in the system, then such a force is
termed as Internal force.
FORCE
If the force acting on a body/particle is
External applied by some other body which is not a
part of the system & acts as an external
agent.

Note: However the application of the same will be discussed later in the chapter.
 Ram Shyam

Imagine Ram and Shyam playing tug of war.

If we consider Ram, Shyam & string to be a
system, then the pulling force acting on
Ram due to Shyam (part of system).
Or the pulling force acting on Shyam due to
Ram (part of system).
Both are the examples of INTERNAL Force
 Ram Shyam

The other classification is we consider only

Ram to be our system
And the force experienced by Ram due to
Shyam is said to EXTERNAL FORCE.
Hence Shyam acts as an external agent.
If force F = 5N, then find :
a) Acceleration of 2 blocks.
b) Contact force between m1 and m2.

A. 5/3m/s2 , 23/7 N
B. 5/4m/s2 , 24/7 N
4 kg
C. 5/7m/s2 , 20/7 N F = 5N 3 kg
m2
D. None of these m1
 4 kg
F = 5N 3 kg
m2
m1
Solution: a

F
F m1 m2

➔We have seen, both block moved together.

➔Take both blocks as a system.
➔So, acceleration of both block will be same.
Acceleration of system = a (let)

Mass of system = m1 + m2 = 3 + 4 = 7kg

Force on system = F = 5N
Force on system
∴ Acceleration of System =
Mass of system
a = 5/7 m/s2
Solution:
a

F m1 m2 N
N

+
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block m2.
N = m2a
5
As, m2 = 4kg and a = m/s2
7

5 20
⇒ N = 4× ⇒ N = N
7 7

1. Let’s apply contact forces between two blocks

2. To find contact force, take m2 as the system
3. Apply Newton’s 2nd law on block m2 in horizontal direction
4. Contact force (N) on m2 will be in right direction and on m1 in left direction
2 blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a smooth floor as shown.
Find the normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.
A. 20 N, 60 N
2 kg
B. 60 N, 20 N
C. 40 N, 60 N 4 kg
D. None of these
 Two blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a surface as shown. Find
the normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.
Solution:
N1 Applying IInd law 2 kg
+
4 kg
2 kg Fnet = M a
N1 – 20 = M (0)
20 N
N1 = 20 N

Let us start with FBD of the blocks

 Two blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a surface as shown. Find
the normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.

Solution: N2 Applying IInd law 2 kg

Fne = Ma 4 kg
4 kg
t
N2 – N1 – 40 = M (0)
N1 40 N
N2 = N1 + 40
N2 = 20 + 40
N2 = 60 N

From FBD of 2kg we Calculated

N1 = 20N

N2 Normal contact force between 4kg and ground

N1 Normal contact force between 2kg and 4kg
Concept of Weighing Machine
Concept of Weighing Machine

m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

m
Concept of Weighing Machine

m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

N
N

N – mg = m (0)
m
⇒ N = mg

mg
N

m
Weighing Machine

mg
N

N
Reading of weighing machine = kg.
g

=
mg
kg N = mg
g As calculated
.
earlier
= m kg.
 N
+

m
– Weighing Machine

mg

N
Reading of weighing machine - Summary

N – mg = m (0)
➔ Normal force (N) will be vertically upward
m ➔ Apply all the forces on block of mass m
⇒ N = mg ➔ Weight mg will be vertically downward
➔ Acceleration of block, a = 0
mg ➔ Take upward direction as +ve and
downward direction as –ve.
➔ So, N will be +ve and mg will be -ve
Concept of Weighing Machine N

m m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

mg
N

Weighing machine is sensitive for NORMAL FORCE it applies on body.

N kg
Reading of weighing machine (in kg) = g
.

Where,
N = Normal force applied by weighing machine on body (in Newton)
g = acceleration due to gravity (in m/s2)
A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

A. (mg - ma)/g
B. (mg + ma)/g
C. m
D. mg + ma a

m
Weighing Machine
 A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

Solution:
N Normal force (N) will be
N vertically upward

a Applying Newton’s 2nd law on

block.

m ⇒ N – mg = ma
Weighing Machine
m
+ a ⇒ N = mg + ma

mg
– mg

Ground
observer
 A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

Solution:
N
∴ Reading = g kg.

=
mg + ma
kg.
g

⇒ N = mg + ma

1) Apply all the forces on block of mass m

2) Consider an observer on ground (INERTIAL FRAME) For observer,
Acceleration of block = a
3) Take upward direction as +ve and downward as –ve. So N will be +ve and mg
will be –ve
Motion on Inclined Plane

θ
A block of mass m is placed on an inclined plane of inclination θ with the horizontal. If
all the surfaces are smooth and the inclined plane is fixed on ground. Find the
acceleration of block and the normal contact force between the block and wedge just
after the block is released.

A. g sinθ, mg cosθ
B. g cosθ, mg cosθ
C. g sinθ, mg sin θ
D. None of these

θ
fixed
Solution:
➔ As the wedge is fixed on ground.
➔ The block is constrained to move only
along the wedge Or we can say the
acceleration of block in the direction
perpendicular To wedge is zero.
➔ Take along the inclined & downward
direction as +ve and upward as –ve
➔ Take perpendicular to inclined & upward
direction as +ve and downward as –ve θ
➔ Now apply IInd law fixed
 N
Solution:

Along the incline Perpendicular to incline

Fnet = Max Fnet = May
θ
As ay = 0
Mg sinθ = Ma
Fnet = 0 mg cos θ
θ
a = g sin θ N = mg cos θ fixed

Concept : Once the motion of particle is clear always choose co–ordinate axis
parallel and perpendicular to that direction.
String based Questions
Block of mass M is attached with ideal string (negligible mass). Find tension at
(i) point A
(ii) point B (Point B is midpoint of string).

A. Mg, 0
B. 0, Mg
C. Mg, Mg
D. None of these
B

M
Solution:
Tension at point A :
Tension at point A :
T
Applying Newton’s 2nd law
F = Ma B
M
⇒ TA – Mg = M(0) = 0 +
A
(acceleration of block = 0)
M M
g
So, TA = Mg –
Solution:
Tension at point B:
Let's consider block & string below point B as the body.

So, Tension will be same throughout the length of string. + B TB

A
Tension TB on body will be along the string & away from body. M

Applying Newton’s 2nd law –

Mg

F = Ma

⇒ TB – Mg = M(0) = 0

(acceleration of block = 0)

So, TB = Mg

Concept: To find tension at any point to break the system at that point
Two blocks of mass 4kg & 6kg are attached in a vertical plane with
the help of ideal strings. Find the tension at points
I. A
II. B A
A. 100N, 60N
B. 60N, 100N
4kg
C. 80N, 60N
B
D. None of these

6kg
Solution:
1. Let us draw FBD of the two blocks
2. Applying newton’s IInd law
T1 T2

–
T2 40N 60N

4kg 6kg

= Ma Fnet = Ma
Fnet
As a = 0 As a = 0

Fnet = Fnet = 0
0
T1 – T2 – 40 = 0 ….(1) T2 – 60 = 0 ….(2)
Solution:
Now as the string 1 and 2 are ideal hence the
T1 – T2 – 40 = 0 ….(1) tension throughout the string will be constant

T2 – 60 = 0 ….(2)

T2 = 60N
A
Putting this value of T2 in equation (1)
String 1
T1 – T2 – 40 = 0
4kg
T1 = 100N B

Tensions at A = T1 = 100N String 2

Tension at B = T2 = 60N
6kg
A block of mass M is suspended with the help of a massive string of mass 2m
as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the string at point
i) B (lower end)
ii) A (midpoint)

M
Solution:
T

As the acceleration of the block is zero, these

Mg forces should add to zero. A
The force on it are
Take the block as the system.
(a) Pull of the string, T, upward, B
(b) Pull of the earth, Mg, downward, M
T - Mg = 0
T = Mg
Solution:
To get the tension T at A we need the force exerted by the
upper part of the string on the lower part of the string. Take
the string below A as the system. The forces acting on this part
are
a) T′ upward by the upper part of the string
b) mg downward by the earth
c) T downward by the block.

We have already used the symbol T for the force by the string
on the block.

Applying Newton's First Law gives

T′ = T + mg = (M + m) g
Breaking Tension of string = 200N. Find the maximum acceleration of boy
without breaking the string. (mass of boy = 10 kg )
A. 10 m/s2
B. 5 m/s2
C. 2 m/s2
D. 4.5 m/s2
Solution: Let acceleration of boy is a upward
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy.

Maximum tension provided by string is also

called breaking tension. For maximum
acceleration, tension should be maximum.
T

mg
Solution:
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy
T – mg = ma
T– mg
⇒ a=
m T
⇒ a = 200 – 10(10) a
10
100
⇒ a = 200 – 100 =
10 10
mg
a = 10m/s2
Breaking tension of string is 90N. Find the maximum acceleration of
boy with which he can climb up without breaking the string.
(mass of boy = 10kg)
A. -1 m/s2
B. -2 m/s2
C. 1 m/s2
D. boy can't climb up
Solution:

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy

T – mg = ma
T– mg
⇒ a= m T
⇒ a = 90 – 10(10) a
10
90 – 100 -10
a
⇒ = = = –1
10 10
mg
As acceleration is –ve even at maximum
tension, boy cannot climb up.
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INSTALL
 11th / 9, 10

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NAMOLIVE
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namokaul