Acceleration & Newton Laws

Newton’s Second Law:

•• Second
Second Law:
Law: Whenever
Whenever aa resultant
resultant force
force
acts
acts on
on an
an object,
object, itit produces
produces an an
acceleration:
acceleration: an
an acceleration
acceleration that that isis
directly
directly proportional
proportional to to the
the force
force and
and
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to to the
the mass.
mass.

FF
aa 

mm
Example 3. A net force of 4.2 x 104 N acts on a 3.2 x 104 kg airplane
during takeoff. What is the force on the plane’s 75-kg pilot?

First we find the F = 4.2 x 104 N +

acceleration a of F = ma
plane.
m = 3.2 x 104 kg

F 4.2 x 104 N
a  4 a = 1.31 m/s2
m 3.2 x 10 kg
To find F on 75-kg pilot, assume same acceleration:

F = ma = (75 kg)(1.31 m/s2); F = 98.4 N

 Applying Newton’s Second Law
•• Read,
Read,draw,
draw,andandlabel
labelproblem.
problem.
•• Draw
Drawfree-body
free-bodydiagram
diagramforforeach
eachbody.
body.
•• Choose
Choosexxor ory-axis
y-axisalong
alongmotion
motionand
andchoose
choose
direction
directionof ofmotion
motionasaspositive.
positive.
•• Write
WriteNewton’s
Newton’slaw lawfor
forboth
bothaxes:
axes:
maaxx FFyy==m
FFxx==m maayy
•• Solve
Solvefor
forunknown
unknownquantities.
quantities.
Example 8: What is the tension T in the rope if
the block accelerates upward at 4 m/s2?

T Fx = m ax = 0 (No info)

a
Fy = m ay = m a
10 kg
T - mg = m a
a = +4 m/s2
mg = (10 kg)(9.8 m/s) = 98 N
T +
m a= (10 kg)(4 m/s) = 40 N

mg T - 98 N = 40 N TT == 138
138 NN
Example 9: In the absence of friction, what is the
acceleration down the 300 incline?
n + n
600
W 300
mg
Fx = m ax
a = (9.8 m/s2) cos 600
mg cos 600 = m a
a = g cos 600 aa == 4.9 m/s
4.9 m/s 22
 Example 10. Two-Body Problem: Find tension in the
connecting rope if there is no friction on the surfaces.
12 N Find acceleration of
2 kg 4 kg system and tension
in connecting cord.
First apply F = ma to entire system (both masses).
n Fx = (m2 + m4) a
12 N
12 N = (6 kg) a

(m2 + m4)g 12 N
a= aa == 22 m/s
m/s 22
6 kg
 Example 10 (Cont.) The two-body problem.

12 N
Now find tension T
2 kg 4 kg
in connecting cord.

Apply F = m a to the 2 kg mass where a = 2 m/s2.

n Fx = m2 a
T
T = (2 kg)(2 m/s2)

m2 g TT == 44 NN
 Example 10 (Cont.) The two-body problem.

12 N Same answer for T

2 kg 4 kg results from focusing
on 4-kg by itself.
Apply F = m a to the 4 kg mass where a = 2 m/s2.

n Fx = m4 a
T 12 N
12 N - T = (4 kg)(2 m/s2)

m2 g TT == 44 NN
Example 11 Find acceleration of system and
tension in cord for the arrangement shown.
First apply F = m a to entire
2 kg system along the line of motion.
Fx = (m2 + m4) a

4 kg
Note m2g is balanced by n.
n m4g = (m2 + m4) a
T +a
m4g (4 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
T a= =
m2 g m2 + m 4 2 kg + 4 kg

m4 g aa == 6.53 m/s
6.53 m/s 22
Example 11 (Cont.) Now find the tension T given that
the acceleration is a = 6.53 m/s2.
To find T, apply F = m a to just
2 kg
the 2 kg mass, ignoring 4 kg.
F x  m2 a or T  m2 a
4 kg
n T = (2 kg)(6.53 m/s2)
T +a
TT == 13.1
13.1 NN
T
Same answer if using 4 kg.
m2 g
m4g - T = m4 a
m4 g T = m4(g - a) = 13.1 N
 Summary
Newton’s
Newton’s First
First Law:
Law: An
An object
object at
at rest
rest or
or an
an object
object
in
in motion
motion at
at constant
constant speed
speed will
will remain
remain atat rest
rest or
or
at
at constant
constant speed
speed inin the
the absence
absence of of aa resultant
resultant
force.
force.
Newton’s
Newton’s Second
Second Law:
Law: AA resultant
resultant force
force produces
produces
an
an acceleration
acceleration inin the
the direction
direction ofof the
the force
force that
that
isis directly
directly proportional
proportional to to the
the force
force and
and inversely
inversely
proportional
proportional to to the
the mass.
mass.

Newton’s
Newton’s Third
Third Law:
Law: ForFor every
every action
action force,
force,
there
there must
must be
be an
an equal
equal and
and opposite
opposite reaction
reaction
force.
force. Forces
Forces occur
occur in
in pairs.
pairs.
 Summary: Procedure
FFRR
FFRR  ma
ma;; aa  NN =
= (kg)(m/s ))
(kg)(m/s 22
m
m
•• Read,
Read, draw
draw and
and label
label problem.
problem.
•• Draw
Draw free-body
free-body diagram
diagram for
for each
each body.
body.
•• Choose
Choose xx or
or y-axis
y-axis along
along motion
motion and
and choose
choose
direction
direction of
of motion
motion as
as positive.
positive.
•• Write
Write Newton’s
Newton’s law
law for
for both
both axes:
axes:

m aaxx
FFxx == m m aayy
FFyy == m
•• Solve
Solve for
for unknown
unknown quantities.
quantities.