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CHAPTER 4 MOTION AND FORCE

Q#1: Define force fully.

Ans: Push or pull is called force. OR. The physical quantity which changes or tries to change the state of the
body either from rest to motion or from motion to rest is called force. OR. The physical quantity which moves
or tries to move or stops or tries to stop the motion of the body is called force.
It is denoted by F.
It is a vector quantity
Its formula is F = ma
Its basic unit is Kg.m/s2
Its S.I unit is Newton.

Q#2: Define one Newton force.

Ans: The force required for producing 1 m/s2 acceleration in one Kg mass or body is called one Newton force.
OR. If one m/s2 acceleration is produced in 1kg body then force said to be one Newton.

Q#3: What a force can do?

Ans: Force the agent which can bring a lot of changes in the matter which are given below.
It can move the stationary bodies.
It can move the stationary bodies
It can stop the moving bodies.
It can stretch the bodies.
It can slow down the speed of the bodies.
It can speed up the bodies.
It can change the shape of the bodies.
It can break the bodies. Etc.

Q#4: State and explain Newton’s First law of motion.

And: Statement:
“If a body is in motion, it will remain in motion, or if a body is in rest it will remain in rest until and unless an
unbalanced force acts upon it.” OR. “State body either from rest to motion or from motion to rest cannot be
changed without unbalanced force.” OR. Everybody continues state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line
unless it is acted upon by an external force.”

EXPLANATION:
This law has two parts; first part is related with motion and other with rest, so I will describe each part
separately.

FIRST FOR MOTION: If a ball is rolling on the ground, it must continue its state of motion but it stops
because of following external forces.
1. Weight of the body , which is pull force of the earth. 2. Frictional force between ground and ball.
3. Air resistance 4. Any other external obstacle or hindrance or resistance.
If above forces will be removed then body will continue its motion forever and will never be stopped.

SECOND FOR REST: If a body is in rest, let us suppose a book is lying on the table, it will continue its state of
rest, if following external factors doesn’t act upon the book.
1.If someone doesn’t picks it up. 2. If any storm does not disturb it. 3. If any earthquake doesn’t occur. 4. If any
other factor doesn’t act upon it.
If above factors does not act upon the book, it will continue its state of rest.

NOTE: This law is also called law of INERTIA and can be restated as “Bodies are unable to change their state
either from rest to motion or from motion to rest by itself.”
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Q#5 State and explain NEWTON’S SECOND law of motion.

Ans; Statement: “Acceleration produced in the body is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body.”
EXPLANATION: A B
From above statement it is clear that acceleration produced
In the body depends upon two factors 1. Force applied. 2. Mass of body. 5Kg 5Kg
If the bodies are equal and different forces are applied on the bodies, then 10 N 5N greater
the force and more the acceleration as shown in the figure a. a Fig: a a

Again if the bodies have different masses but equal forces C D

Are applied, then more the bass of the body and less the amount
Of acceleration produced in the body and vice versa. As shown 10Kg 5Kg
in the figure b. 5N 5N
Consider a body of mass (m), let F force acts upon it, a a
which produces acceleration (a) in the body. Fig: b
Then according to Newton’s second law of motion
a ∝ F (1)
1
a ∝ m (2) Combining both equations
F
a ∝ m
F
a =K m Where K in constant of proportionality and its value is K = 1
F
a = m or

F = ma This is called mathematical form of Newton’s 2 nd law.

Q#6: State and explain NEWTON’S THIRD law of motion.

Ans: STATEMENT: “Action and reaction always are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction”
OR. Every action has equal and opposite reaction A B
Explanation: FB on A
Consider two bodies A & B of masses m1 & m2 respectively.
Let force exerted by body A on B is F A on B which is called action. FA on B
The force exerted by body B on A is FB on A, which is called reaction.
Then according to third law of Newton’s motion

F A on B = - FB on A This is mathematical form of Newton’s 2rd law of motion.

Q#7: Define tension in the string?

Ans: Tension is a force exerted by a string on the pulling body when it is pulled. OR. The force experienced by
the body during pulling a string is called tension. OR. The reactional force produced in the string due to the pull
force on the string is called tension.

Example: 1.When we fly a kite, we feel force of the string on our fingers, this force exerted by the string is
called tension, which is the reaction of flying of kite.

Example: 2. If a person is holding a block of weight W by means of a string, the weight of the block pulls it
downwards, while the string pulls the block upwards with an equal force.
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When the block is at rest, the magnitude of the tension and weight of the body are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction, that’s why body is at rest. (W = - T).
But when block comes downward, it means Weight > Tension or (W >T).
But when block goes upward, it means Weight < Tension or (W < T).

Q#8: Determine acceleration and tension, when two bodies are connected by a string, which passes over a
pulley move vertically?

Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively.

Both the bodies are suspended by an inextensible and flexible string.
The string is passed over a frictionless moveable pulley fixed in the wall
in such a way that both the bodies are moving vertically.
Suppose m1 > m2, so m1 moves vertically downwards and m2 moves vertically T
upward. T
First observing body A. The forces acting on body A are given below.
1. Weight of the body (W1= m1g) acting vertically downwards. m2
2. Tension (T) in the string acting vertically upwards.
Suppose F1 = m1a be net force acting on body A. As body comes downwards,
So m1g > T. thus net force is calculated below.
F1 = m1g - T as F1 = m1a W 2 = m2g m1
m1a = m1g - T (1)
Now the forces acting on body B are given below.
1. Weight of the body (W2= m2g) acting vertically downwards.
2. Tension (T) in the string acting vertically upwards. W 1 = m1g
Suppose, F2 = m2a be net force acting on body B. As body B goes upwards,
So, T > m2g. Thus net force is calculated below.
F2 = T – m2g As F2 = m2a For Tension Dividing Eq: 1 By Eq:2
m1 a mig−T
m2a = T – m2g (2) =
m2 a T −m2 g
For calculating a adding equations 1 & 2.
m1 mig−T
m1a = m1g - T = by cross multiplication
m2 T −m2 g
+ m2a = T – m2g m 1 (T – m2g) = m2 (m1g – T)

m1a + m2a = m1g - m2g (3) m1T – m1 m2 g = m1m2g –m2 T

Taking a common from left side of the equation (3)
a(m1 + m2) = (m1 - m2)g m 1T + m2T = m1m2g + m1m2g

(m 1−m 2) g
a= T (m 1 + m2) = 2 m1m2g
(m1+m 2)
2m 1 m2 g
T=
(m 1+ m2)
This is the expression for acceleration
This is expression for tension.

Q#9: Determine acceleration and tension when two bodies are tied to a string. Which is passed over pulley in
such a way that one body moves horizontally and the other moves vertically.
Ans: Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively. T
Both the bodies are suspended by an inextensible and flexible string A
The string is passed over a frictionless moveable pulley fixed R
in the wall in such a way that both the body A moves
vertically downward and the body B moves horizontally
on the surface of the table as shown in the figure.
W 2 = m2g T
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First observing body A. The forces acting on body A are given below.
1. Weight of the body (W1= m1g) acting vertically downwards.
2. Tension (T) in the string acting vertically upwards
Suppose (F1 = m1a) be net force acting on body A. As body comes downwards, W 1= m1g
So m1g > T. Thus net force (F1=m1a) acting on body A is calculated below.
F1 = m1g - T as F1 = m1a
m1a = m1g - T (1)
Now the forces acting on body B are given below.
1. Weight of the body (W2= m2g) acting vertically downwards.
2. Reactional force of weight applied by the surface R.
3. Tension (T) in the string acting vertically upwards.
As weight and reactional forces are equal and opposite, so both cancel each other and net force acting on body B
is F2 = m2a = T.
F2 = T .As F2 = m2a For tension T putting Equation 3 in equation 2
m2a = T (2) T = m 2a
m1g
For (a) adding equations 1 & 2 T = m2 ( )
(m 1+ m2)
m1a = m1 g - T
m1 m2 g
+ m2a = T T=
(m 1+ m2)
m1a + m2a = m1 g. Taking a common from L.H.S
a (m1 + m2) = m1g This is the expression for tension T.

m1g
a= (3)
(m 1+ m2)
This is the expression for acceleration.
Q# 10: Define momentum and derive its unit.
Ans: Definition: The quantity of motion present in the body is called momentum. OR.
The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. OR. The physical quantity which decides how easy or
difficult is to stop the motion of the body is called momentum.

The momentum of the body is directly proportional to both mass and velocity. Means more mass more the
momentum and more velocity more the momentum. Mathematically P = mv
It is a vector quantity P = mv =
m
It is denoted by P ( Kg 2 ). s = Newton second = N.s
s
In S.I units momentum is N.s
Q#11: State and explain law of conservation of momentum.
Ans: STATEMENT:
“Total momentum of an isolated system of the bodies before and after collision always remains constant.”
OR. “The momentum of an isolated system before collision is equal to the momentum after collision.” OR.
The initial momentum of an isolated system is equal to the final momentum.” OR. “Total momentum of
interacting bodies in an isolated system remains constant.”
Ans: Consider an isolated system of two bodies A & B u1 u2
of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial, velocities
u1 and u2 respectively. Before collision
Let after (t) seconds bodies collide with each, so their A B
Velocities change to v1 and v2 respectively.
Mass of body A = m1 u1 u2
Mass of body B = m2
Initial Velocity of body A = u1 during collision
Initial Velocity of body B = u2. A B
Total momentum before collision = m1u1+ m2u2
v1 v2
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Suppose both the bodies collide, then after collision

Final Velocity of body A = v1 . A B
Final Velocity of body B = v2
Total Momentum after collision = m1v1+ m2v2 after collision

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Total initial momentum = Total final momentum

Q#12: Define isolated system?

Ans: If any external force does not act upon a system, then such system is called isolated system.
OR. The system on which no external force acts upon it, the system is called an isolated system.
The bodies which we consider during elastic collisions are supposed to be a part of an isolated system,
because here we consider that external force acting on the bodies zero.

Q#13: Define elastic collisions and inelastic collisions.

Ans: Elastic collisions

The collisions in which momentum and kinetics energy of an isolated system of the bodies remain constant are
called elastic collisions

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Total Kinetic Energy Before Collision = Total Kinetic Energy after collision
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1v12 + m2v22
2 2 2 2

Examples: Collisions of molecules of gases. Collisions of the bodies of an isolated system etc.

Inelastic Collisions: The collisions in which momentum of an isolated system remains constant but the kinetic
energy of an isolated system changes are called inelastic collisions.

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Total Kinetic Energy Before Collision ≠ Total Kinetic Energy after collision
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2u22 ≠ m1v12 + m2v22
2 2 2 2

Example: The Collisions of cars. The Collisions of two rolling balls on the ground etc.

Q#14: Define friction? What are the causes of friction?

Ans: Friction is the property by virtue of which a body is sliding on a rough surface or placed in a viscous fluid
like air and water, experiences a force in the opposite direction of motion. OR. The force that resists relative
motion between two bodies is called friction. OR. The force which opposes the motion of the bodies while in
continuous contact with the other boy is called force of friction.
CAUSES OF FRICTION: Roughness of the surfaces is main cause of the force of friction. The force of friction
is produced due to the interlocking of projections and depressions of two surfaces. When two surfaces slide over
on another then these projections and depressions create force of friction between two surfaces.
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Q#15: What are the types of friction? Define each.

Ans: Following are the types of friction.

1.Sliding friction: When one body slides over the other , the friction produced is called sliding friction. The
magnitude of this friction depends upon the size of the contacted surfaces of the bodies. More he contacted
surfaces more the force of friction and vice versa.
2. Rolling friction: When one body roles over the other body then friction produced is called rolling friction.
This friction is always smaller in magnitude than sliding friction because of small size of contacted surfaces of
the bodies.
3. Static friction: When one body is placed on the surface of the other body and is in rest, then friction
produced is called static friction. OR. The friction between two stationary bodies is called static friction.
4. Kinetic OR Dynamic friction: When body is sliding or rolling over another body then friction produced
between the bodies is called kinetic or dynamic friction. OR. The friction produced between two contacted
bodies having relative motion is called kinetic or dynamic motion.

5.Limiting friction: The maximum friction produced just before starting to slide the body over the other body is
called limiting friction. OR. Maximum static friction between two bodies is called limiting friction.
Consider forces on the block of wood placed on the table. There are two forces acting on the block. One is the
weight of the body “W” acting downwards and the other is reactional force “R” of the table acting vertically
upwards. Both the forces are equal in magnitudes. It is found experimentally that frictional force is directly
proportional to the weight of the body.
F∝R
F limiting frictional force
F = μR μ= = weught of the body ¿
R Reactional force equal¿
Where μ is coefficient of friction and it has no unit.
As W = R = mg then. F = μ mg

Q#16: Define rolling friction. Why rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction? Explain it
Ans: When a spherical body rolls over a surface it experiences an opposing force called rolling friction.
Rolling friction is smaller than the sliding friction because in rolling friction in contact surfaces of the
bodies are smaller than the bodies which slide over one another. This is the reason that rolling friction is smaller
than sliding friction.

Q#17: Describe advantages and disadvantages of friction?

Ans: advantages
1. Friction between road and the tyre of the car enable the car to move smoothly.
2. We can walk due to friction.
3. We can write with the help of pencil or any pen due to friction.
4. Nails can be fixed into the walls due to the friction.
5. Any object can be placed on any surface due to friction.
6. Matches sticks can catch fire because of friction.
7. Players grip the bat due to friction.
Disadvantages
1. Friction leads wear and tear of the sliding parts of machines.
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2. Friction wears off the soles of the shoes

3. Friction produces sound when machine parts slide over one another, so sound pollution is created.
4. Friction also reduces the efficiency of the machines.
5. A huge amount of energy is wasted due to friction of sliding parts of the machines.
6. Due to friction machines can catch fire.
7. Friction between road and the tyre of the car slows down the speed of the machines.

Q#18: How friction can be reduced?

Ans:
Methods of Reducing Friction
1. By use of lubricants.
When machinery is working, many moving solid parts come in direct contact. By using a lubricant (e.g. oil or
grease), a thin layer of the lubricant is formed between the sliding parts. Lubricants reduce the friction
considerably.
2. POLISHING
Polish means to deposit a fine layer of the material over the surface of the body. This layer covers the
irregularities of the surfaces and in result friction is reduced.
3. USE OF BALL BEARINGS.
Sliding parts of machines should be replaced by the ball bearings because rolling friction is smaller than sliding
friction.
4. PROPER SELECTION OF MATERIAL.
The friction also depends upon the nature of the material. We normally use materials which form low friction
combinations. For example machine bearings are made up of metal e.g. bronze while rotating shaft or excel is
made up of other metal e.g. steel. Similarly tyres are made of rubber because rubber and road produce low
friction.
5. STREAMLINING
In order to reduce the force of air resistance moving objects are given a special shape called streamline shape. In
a streamline shape, cross- section of the body is gradually tapered towards the rear with no sharp corners for
edges anywhere. By streamlining, the power necessary does drive the aero plane or automobiles are reduced to a
great extant.

Fill in the blanks

(1). Motion ca not be produced in a body without force.
(2). No moving object can be stopped without applying force.
(3). The property of matter by virtue of which it resists any attempt to change its state of rest or uniform (4).
motion is called inertia.
(5). When an external force acts upon a body then it produces acceleration in the body in its own
direction.
(6). The acceleration produced in the body under the influence of an external force is directly proportional
to the magnitude of force.
(7). The quantity of matter in the body is called mass.
(8). The force with which earth attracts a body is called weight of the body.
(9). Every action has a reaction; these are equal in magnitudes but opposite in direction.
(10). The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.
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(11). When one body slides over the surface of another body then unevenness of the surfaces result in
friction that causes the obstruction in the motion of the body.
(12). Rolling friction is much less than sliding friction.

MULTIOLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

(i). By applying equal forces on spheres of plastic and iron of equal volumes, greater acceleration is produced in
plastic sphere because its mass is ______________
(a)More (b) less (c) more but μ is less (d) less but μ is more.
(ii). The S.I unit force is ____________________.
(a) Meter (b) m/s (c) Kg (d) Newton.
(ii). The unit of coefficient of friction is _____________
(a). Newton (b) Kilogram (c) meter (d) None.
(iv). Friction can be reduced by using ball bearings because they _________________
(a) Make the surface plane (b) make the surface grassy (c) convert sliding friction into rolling
(c). have no friction of their own
(v). If the force acting on the body is doubled, then the acceleration produced is______________
(a) ½ (b) ¼ (c) double (d) quadrupled
(vi). When a horse pulls a wagon, the force that causes the horse to move forward is the force____
(a) He exerts on the wagon (b) the ground exerts on him (c) the wagon exerts on him (d) the wagon exerts on the
ground.
(vii). Which is the best approximation of the weight of an object of mass 800 gram?
(a) 88 N (b) 80 N (c) 8 N (d) 0.8 N

PROBLEMS

1. Determine the acceleration of a car of mass 900 Kg, when a net force of 2700 N acts upon it.
DATA SOLUTION
Mass of car = m = 900Kg. F = ma
F 2700
Force = F = 2700 N. a= = = 3 m/s2
m 900
Acceleration = a = ?

(2). A car of mass 1000 Kg travelling at 72 Km/h is uniformly brought to rest over a distance of 40 m. find (a)
the average acceleration (b) the average breaking force.
DATA SOLUTION
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Mass of car = m = 1000Kg. 2aS = v f2 – vi2

Initial velocity = vi = 72 Km/h.
= 27 x 1000/3600. 2a(40) = 0 2 –(20)2
= 20 m/s. 80a = - 400
−400
Final velocity = vf = 0 a =
80
Distance covered = S = 40m. a = - 5m/s 2
Avg: acceleration = a =?
Braking Force = F = ? F = ma = 1000(-5)

F = - 5000 N

3.A bullet of mass 50g travelling with a speed of 25m/s penetrates into a bag of sand and is uniformly
brought to rest in 0.05 sec. Find (a) How for the bullet will penetrate into the bag of sand? (b) The average
force exerted by the sand?
DATA SOLUTION
Mass of bullet = m = 50g.
vf −vi
= m = 0.05Kg a= F = ma
t
Initial velocity = vi = 15m/s F = (0.05)(-300)
0−15
Final velocity = vf = 0 a= F= - 15 N
0.05
Time taken = t = 0.05sec
Acceleration = a = ? a = -300 m/s 2
Average force = F = ?

(4). A force of 120 N acts on a stationary body for 4 seconds and the body acquires a velocity of 36/s.
Calculate the mass of the body.
DATA SOLUTION
vf −vi
Force = F = 120 N a= F = ma
t
F
Initial velocity = vi = 0 m=
a
36−0 120
Final velocity = vf = 36m/s a= m=
4 9
Time = t = 4 sec
Mass of the body = m =? a = 9 m/s 2 m = 13.3 Kg
Acceleration = a = ?

5.A gun of 20 Kg fires a bullet of mass 50g with a velocity of 200m/s. calculate the velocity of the recoil of the
gun
DATA SOLUTION
Mass of gun = m1 = 20kg = According to law of conservation of momentum
Mass of bullet =m2= 50 g.0.05kg Momentum before fire = momentum after fire
Velocity of bullet before fire = u1= 0 m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Velocity of gun before fire = u2= 0 (0.05)(0) + (20) (0) = (0.05)(200) + (20)v 2
Velocity of bullet after fire = v1=200 m/s 0 = 10 +20v 2
Velocity of gun after fire = v2=? - 20v2 = 10
10
v2 =
−20

v2 = - 0.5m/s
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(6) .An empty truck weighs 4000N. Its engine can produce a maximum acceleration of 1 m/s 2. If the truck is
loaded with 2000N, find the maximum acceleration the engine can produce.
DATA SOLUTION
Weight of empty truck = W = 4000N F 1 = m1a1
W 4000
Mass of empty truck = m1 = = = 400Kg. F1= (400)(1)
g 10
Weight of load on truck = 2000N F 1= 400 is dragging force
W 2000
Mass of load on truck = m2 = = = 200Kg.
g 10
Mass of loaded truck = m = m1 + m2 F2 = m2a2
= m = 400 + 200 F 2 = 600a2
= m = 600 Kg as F 2 = F1
Acceleration of empty truck = a1 = 1m/s2 600a2 = 400
Acceleration of loaded truck = a2 = ?
400
a2 =
600

a 2 = 0.66 m/s2

(7). Two bodies A and B are attached to the ends of a string, which passes over a pulley, so that they hang
vertically. If the mass of the body B is 4Kg, find the mass of the body A which moves up with an acceleration
of 0.5m/s2.

DATA SOLUTION

Mass of body A = m1 = ? But if m2 > m1 Then.

(m 2 – m 1) g
Mass of body B = m2 = 4Kg a= .
( m2+m 1)
Acceleration = a = 0.5 m/s2
( 4 – m 1) 10
Value of g = 10 m/s2 0.5 = By cross multiplication
(4+m 1)
If m1 > m2 Then
0.5(4 + m 1) = (4 – m1)10
(m 1−m 2) g
a= 2 + 0.5m 1 = 40 – 10 m1
(m1+m 2)
0.5m 1 + 10m1 = 40 -2
10.5m 1 = 38

38
m1 = = 3.62 Kg
10.5

(8). A rectangular metal block of mass 4Kg rests on the top of a metal surface. The coefficient of friction
between the box and the metal surface is 0.2. What force parallel to the surface is needed to move the block.
DATA SOLUTION

Mass of metal block = m = 4 Kg F = μR As R = W then

Weight of metal block = W = 40 N F = μW
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Coefficient of friction = μ = 0.2 F = 0.2 (40)

Force = F = ?
F=8N

CHAPTER # 5 VECTORS

Q#1: Define scalars and vector quantities.

Ans: SCALAR QUANTITIES:
Those physical quantities which have magnitude and suitable unit are called scalars. OR. Those physical
quantities which have two parts (1) magnitude (2) Any unit.
Examples: Temperatures 40℃ here 40 is magnitude and ℃ is unit of temperature.
Area, length, speed, distance, time, energy, work, power are some examples of scalars.

VECTOR QUANTITIES:
Those physical quantities which have magnitude, unit and direction are called vector quantities. OR.
Those physical quantities which can be defined by their magnitude as well as direction are called vectors. OR.
Those physical quantities which have (1) magnitude, (2) unit, and (3) direction are called vectors.
Examples: force, displacement, torque, velocity, acceleration are some examples of vectors.

Q#2: How a vector is represented?

Ans: A vector can be represented symbolically as well as graphically.
(1). Symbolically a vector is represented by letters of English alphabet having arrow over it e.g. A , F etc.
(2) Graphically a vector is represented by an arrowed line. The length of the line gives magnitude of the vector
and the arrow tip shows direction.

Q#3: What do you know about the multiplication of a vector with a number?
Ans: When a vector is multiplied by a number it remains a vector quantity. If the number is n, which is positive
and multiplied by a vector then new vector has a magnitude n times the magnitude of the original vector and its
direction remains same. 1F 2F
Example: multiplication by a positive number
Let F = 10 N then 2F = 20. 2F has twice magnitude of the first and having same direction
1F - 2F
If the number is negative is negative.
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Let F = 10 N then -2F = -20N. it means by multiplying a negative number, the direction of the new vector will
be opposite that of original vector.

Q#4: Define negative of a vector.

Ans: Negative of a vector is a vector which is equal in magnitude of other vector but opposite in direction of that
vector. A
-A
Two vectors are negative of one another if both have equal magnitudes but opposite directions are called
negative vectors.

Q#5: Define vector addition. How vectors are added?

Ans: Addition is a method by which two or more vectors are combined or added together to get new vector, that
new vector is called resultant vector. OR. When two or more vectors are added together and we get a single
vector, that single vector is called resultant vector and method is called addition of vectors.
Vectors added together (1) Graphically Head to Tail rule and (2) Analytically by cosine law and cosine law.
Q#6: Define Head to Tail rule of vector addition.
Ans: In head to tail rule we add the head of 1st vector with the tail of 2nd vector, then head of 2nd vector with the
tail of 3rd vector, then head of 3rd vector with the tail of 4th vector and so on. For resultant we join the tail of 1st
vector with the head of last vector, which is called resultant and the method is called head to tail rule as shown
in the figure below E Here line OE is resultant of OB+BC+CD+DE
D OE = OB+BC+CD+DE

O B C
Q#7: How vectors are subtracted?
Ans: Actually vectors are not subtracted but negative vector is added to a positive vector. Negative vector
means, the vector is opposite in direction of the other vector.
Consider two vectors A & B. let B vector is opposite in direction of A then their subtraction is given by.

A + (-B) = R or

A–B=R
Q#8: Define right angled triangle and trigonometric ratios.

Ans: A triangle in which any one angles is of 90° is called right angled triangle.
The sides of right angled triangle have given special names as shown in figure below.
The side opposite to right angle or 90° is called HYPOTENEUSE, the side opposite to the angle about which
we are talking or working is called PERPENDICULAR and the 3rd remaining side A
is called BASE.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:
The ratios of the sides of the right angled triangle have been given special names.
Like
PERPENDICULAR
= Sinθ
HYPOTENEUSE

BASE
= Cosθ . B
HYPOTENEUSE
θ C

PERPENDICULAR
= Tanθ
BASE

Q#9: Define resolution of a vector and resolve a vector into rectangular components.
Ans: Resolution:
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Resolution of a vector is reverse process of addition of vectors. As in addition we add two or

more vectors together and get a single vector (resultant), same way in resolution single vector (resultant) is
broken down into parts that parts are called components and the process is called resolution of a vector. If vector
is broken down into only two components and the angle between them is 90° then the components are called
rectangular components.
Consider a vector A making angle θ along the x-axis represented by line OP as shown
in the figure below. If we want to resolve A into two components then we can draw two perpendicular lines
from point (P) the head of vector A. One meets on x-axis at Q and other along Y-axis at S as shown in the figure
below. Here we have two right angled triangles OQP & OSP.
Let us consider any triangle OQP. In the triangle OQ is part of vector A is along
X-axis so it is called x-component and QP is the part of A along Y-axis
and is called Y-component. S P
Mathematically For Y- component
For x-component A Perp:
OQ BASE QP PERPENDICULAR
= = Cosθ = = Sinθ θ
OP HYPOTENEUSE OP HYPOTENEUSE
Ay
O Base Q
Ax Ay
= Cosθ . = Sinθ Ax
A A

Or Ax = A Cosθ Or Ay = A Sinθ

Q#10: What do you know about composition of a vector from its rectangular components?
Ans: It is the reverse process of resolution of vector into rectangular components. It is the addition of
rectangular components to get a vector, which is called resultant of the components.
Considering right angled triangle OQP in which S P
OQ = Ax which is base, QP= Ay which is perpendicular and OP = A, which
Is hypotenuse.
First we calculate magnitude of vector A by using PYTHAGOROUS THEOREM. A Ay
(HYPOTENUSE)2 = ( BASE)2 + (PERPENDICULAR)2
O θ Q
2
HYPOTENUSE¿ √ (BASE) +¿ ¿ Ax

A = √(OQ)2 +¿ ¿
2
A = √( A ) +¿ ¿ is magnitude. Now we will find direction of new vector
x

PERPENDICULAR
Tanθ =
BASE

QP
Tanθ =
OQ
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Ay
Tanθ =
Ax

Ay
θ =Tan -1 ( )
Ax

FILL IN THE BLANKS

(1). A scalar has only magnitude.
(2). A vector has magnitude as well direction.
(3). A vector is represented by a straight line in such a way that its length indicates magnitude and arrow head
indicates the direction of the vector.
(4). Vectors are added or subtracted graphically by head to tail rule.
(5). The angle between rectangular components of a vector is 90°
(6). The x & y components of F acting at angle θ with the x- axis are given by Fx= F Cosθ & Fy = F Sinθ .
Opposite side Adjesunt side
(7). In a right angle triangle Sinθ = , = Cosθ = , Tanθ =
HYPOTENEUSE HYPOTENEUSE

Opposite side
Adjesunt side

(8). If Fx and Fy are rectangular components of a vector F then F = ( F x )2+ ¿ ¿

√
 15

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(1). ______________ is a scalar quantity.
(a). Torque (b) Distance (c) Momentum (d) Acceleration.
(2). _______________ is a vector quantity.
(a) Work (b) Density (c) Velocity (d) Temperature
(3). If a force F is multiplied by a number n, the magnitude of the new vector becomes_______
(a) n + F (b) n – F (c) nF (d) F/n
(4). The unit force in international system of units is _____________
(a) Kilogram (b) Newton (c) Meter (d) second
(5). In a right angle triangle the side opposite to the right angle is called___________
(a) Hypotenuse (b) Perpendicular (c) Base (d) None of these
(6). In a right angle triangle Sinθ is equal to ratio of ______
(a) Base to perpendicular (b) perpendicular to base (c) Hyp: to perp: (d) Perpendicular to Hypotenuse
(7). If Fx & Fy are rectangular components of a vector F, then Tanθ = ______
Fx Fy
(a) (b) (c) Fx + Fy (d) Fx - Fy
Fy Fx

PROBLEM
(1). Find the x & y components of the following forces by the trigonometric method.
(i). 10√ 2 N at 45˚ with the x-axis
(ii). 15 N at 60˚ with the x-axis
(iii). 20 N at 90˚ with the x-axis
(i). 10√ 2 N at 45˚ with the x-axis
DATA X – Component Y- Component
F= 10√ 2 N Fx = F Cosθ Fy = FSinθ
θ = 45˚ Fx = 10√ 2 Cos45˚ Fy = 10√ 2 Sin45˚
1 1
Fx = ? Fx = 10√ 2 ( ) Fy = 10√ 2 ( )
√2 √2
Fy = ? Fx = 10N F y = 10N
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(ii). 15 N at 60˚ with the x-axis

DATA X – Component Y- Component
F = 15 N Fx = F Cosθ Fy = FSinθ
θ = 60˚ Fx = 15(0.5) F y = 15(0.866)
Fx = ? Fx = 7.5N F y = 12.99 N
Fy = ?

(iii). 20 N at 90˚ with the x-axis

DATA X – Component Y- Component
F = 20 N Fx = F Cosθ Fy = FSinθ
θ = 90 Fx = 20 Cos90˚ F y = 20 Sin90˚
Fx =? Fx = 20 (0) F y = 20(1)
Fy =? Fx = 0 N F y = 20 N

(2). Find the two rectangular components of a force of 100 N which is acting at an angle of 60˚ with x- axis
DATA X – Component Y- Component
F = 100 N Fx = F Cosθ Fy = FSinθ
θ = 60˚ Fx = 100(0.5) F y = 100(0.866)
Fx = ? Fx = 50N F y = 86.6 N
Fy = ?

(3). The x-component and y- component of force F are 3N and 4N respectively. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector.
DATA SOLUTION
Magnitude of force Direction
Fy
Fx = 3N F = ( F x )2+ ¿ ¿
√ θ =Tan -1 ( )
Fx
4
Fy = 4 N F = √ (3)2 +¿ ¿ θ =Tan -1 ( )
3
F=? F = √ 9+16 θ = 53
θ= ? F = √ 25
F=5N

CHAPTER # 6 EQUILLIBRIUM
Q#1. Define parallel forces and name the types of parallel forces.

Ans: Parallel Forces: When two or more forces acting on a body in parallel direction, they are called parallel
forces. There are two types of parallel force. In parallel forces always there is angle of 0˚ in all the forces.
(1). Like parallel forces. (2). unlike parallel forces.

Q#2. Define like parallel force and also find the resultant of two like parallel forces.
(1). Like Parallel Forces:
If two or more parallel forces have same direction they are called like parallel forces.
Like parallel forces are shown in figure.
Resultant: The resultant of two like parallel forces is the sum of the magnitudes
Of the two forces and the direction is same as either of the forces.
 17

EXAMPLE: Consider two like parallel forces F1 and F2 acting on two ends
A and B of a rod AB respectively as shown in the figure F 1 F2
Suppose R is the resultant of forces F1 & F2, then

R = F 1 + F2
A B
(2). Unlike Parallel Forces:
If two or more parallel forces have opposite direction they are called like parallel forces.
Unlike parallel forces are shown in figure.
Resultant of unlike parallel forces: Resultant of unlike parallel forces is force
Whose magnitude is equal to the difference of the magnitude of two forces and the
direction is the same as that of greater force.

EXAMPLE: Consider two unlike parallel forces F1 and F2 acting on two ends
A and B of a rod AB respectively as shown in the figure F 1
Suppose R is the resultant of forces F1 & F2, then

R = F1 +(- F2)

R = F1 - F 2 A B
Q#3. Define the following terms. F2
(1). Axis of rotation. (2). Moment arm

(1). Axis of rotation: A fixed point around which body rotates or moves is called axis of rotation.
Example: If apply force on the door, it can rotate around the hinges. These are axis of rotation of the door
around which door rotates. The axis of rotation of spherical bodies is inside the bodies in the space.

(2). Moment arm: The perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to the line of action of the force is called the
moment arm of the force.
It is denoted by (r ) 0r (d).
It is a vector quantity.
Its S.I unit is meter (m).
Example: The distance between the hinges of the door and the handle of the door is moment arm of the force.

Q#4. Define center of gravity of the body.

Ans: The point on which the total weight of the body acts is called center of gravity. Center of gravity of the
body depends upon the shape of the body.
 In sphere the center of gravity is at its center
 There is not center of gravity of the ring
 In a hollow sphere the center of gravity is not within the material but it is at its geometrical center
Q#5: How center of gravity of irregular shaped can be found?
Ans:

Q#6. Define torque or moment of force. On what factors torque depends?

Ans: The turning effect of the force is called torque or moment of force. OR.
The product of force and moment arm is called torque.
MATHEMATICALLY: Torque = force × moment arm

τ =F×d
Torque is a vector quantity.
It is denoted by τ (tau) .
Its S.I unit is Newton. Meter (N.m).
Clockwise torque is taken negative.
Anticlockwise torque is taken positive.
 18

Factors on which torque depends : Torque depends upon following two factors
(1). Magnitude of force.
(2). Moment arm

(1). Magnitude of force:

More the magnitude of force more the torque will be produced. Torque increases with increase in the magnitude
of force and decreases with the decrease of magnitude of force.
(NOTE: In simple torque is directly proportional to the magnitude of force.)

(2). Moment arm:

More the moment arm more the torque will be produced. Torque increases with increase in moment arm and
decreases with the decrease of moment arm.
Turning effect of the force is greater the farther is the line of action of the force from the axis of rotation
(NOTE: In simple torque is directly proportional to the moment arm)