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MATHEMATICS
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Mathematical System - Defined Terms,
Postulates and Theorems

Self-Learning Module
 CONTENT STANDARD

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of axiomatic structure of

geometry and triangle congruence.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learner is able to formulate an organized plan to handle a real-life situation.

OBJECTIVES

After using this module, you are expected to:

1. determine whether the given figure is a polygon or not;

2. classify a polygon as convex or non-convex;
3. name a triangle according to its classification;
4. use the postulates and theorems in making a true statement;
5. formulate an organized plan to handle a real-life situation.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

▪ Describes a mathematical system. (M8GE-IIIa-1)

▪ Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a mathematical system in
general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) undefined terms; (b) defined terms; (c)
postulates; and (d) theorems. (M8GE-IIIa-c-1)

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 LESSON 1
Defined Terms

WHAT’S IN

Activity 1

Tell whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE. Refer to the given illustration below.

_____ 1. Points A, B, and C are coplanar.

_____ 2. Points E, F, and D are collinear.
_____ 3. Points E, B, and C are non-coplanar.
_____ 4. Points A, B, and C are non-collinear.
_____ 5. ̅̅̅̅
ED and ̅̅̅̅
DF are line segments.
_____ 6. ON and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OP are rays.
_____ 7. ∠MON is a right angle.
_____ 8. ∠NOP and ∠POQ are complementary.
_____ 9. ∠MON and ∠NOQ forms a linear pair.
_____ 10. ∠MON and ∠NOP are supplementary.

WHAT’S NEW

Activity 2

Put a check mark (√) if the given statement illustrates a good definition of the term and (X)
if not.

_____ 1. Collinear points are points that lie on the same line.
_____ 2. A point is a specific location in space.
_____ 3. Coplanar points are point that lie on the same plane.
_____ 4. A line segment is a subset of a line that extends infinitely in one direction and has
one endpoint.
_____ 5. An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a common endpoint called the
vertex.
_____ 6. A line is a straight one-dimensional figure with no thickness and extends infinitely
in both directions.

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 WHAT IS IT

In geometry, defined terms are terms that have a formal definition and can be
defined using other geometric terms like the undefined terms. For a term to have a good
definition, there are four characteristics to be followed.

Characteristics of a good definition are:

1. It names the term being defined;
2. It places the term into a set or category;
3. It distinguishes itself from other terms in that category;
4. It is reversible.

Example of a good definition:

Isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent sides.
*If a triangle is isosceles, then it has two congruent sides.
*If a triangle has two congruent sides, then it is isosceles.

Defined terms and its definition.

A ray is a subset of the line that extends infinitely in one

direction and has one endpoint.
Examples: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC
A line segment is a subset of a line that has two
endpoints.
Example: ̅̅̅̅
AB or ̅̅̅̅
BA, ̅̅̅̅
BC or ̅̅̅̅
CB, and ̅̅̅̅
AC or ̅̅̅̅
CA
Collinear points are point that lie on the same line.
Example: Points A, B, and C are collinear.

Non-collinear points are points that do not lie on the

same line.
Example: Points A, B, and D are non-collinear.
Coplanar point are points that lie on the same plane.
Example: Points F, G, and H are coplanar.

Non-coplanar points are points that do not lie on the

same plane.
Example: Points E, F, and G are non-coplanar.
The midpoint is a point on the line segment that divides
it into two equal parts.

Example: M is the midpoint of AB̅̅̅̅ and AM = MB.

The distance between two points is the length of a
straight-line segment that links them.
̅̅̅̅ is AB.)
(The distance of AB

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An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a
common endpoint called the vertex.
Example: ∠1, ∠b, and ∠SEW are angles.
An acute angle is an angle whose measure is greater
than 00 but not less than 900.
Example: ∠1 is an acute angle.
A right angle is an angle whose measure is exactly 900.
Example: ∠SEW is a right angle.
An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is greater
than 900 but less than 1800.
Example: ∠b is an obtuse angle.
Complementary angles are two angles whose sum of
their measure is 900.
Example: ∠AFB and ∠2 are complementary angles.
Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum of
their measure is 1800.
Example: ∠EFB and ∠2 are supplementary angles.
Vertical angles are two non-adjacent angles formed by
two intersecting lines.
Example: ∠EFA and ∠3 are vertical angles.
Linear pair is a pair of adjacent angles whose uncommon
side are opposite rays.
Example: ∠AFE and ∠EFH forms a linear pair.
Adjacent angles are two angles which have a common
vertex and a common side but have no interior points in
common.
Example: ∠2 and ∠3 are adjacent angles.
A polygon is the union of three or more coplanar
segments (sides), which intersect at endpoints
(vertices), with which each endpoint (vertex) shared by
exactly two non-collinear segments (sides).
Examples: ∆ABC, Pentagon DEFGH, Hexagon LMNOPQ
A polygon is convex if the lines containing the sides of
the polygon does not contain points in its interior,
otherwise the polygon is non-convex.
∆ABC and Hexagon LMNOPQ are convex polygons.
Pentagon DEFGH is a non-convex polygon.
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. (∆ABC)
A scalene triangle is a triangle with no equal sides.
Example: ∆BAG is a scalene triangle.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equal
sides.
Example: ∆VET is an equilateral triangle.

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An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent
sides. Example: ∆MAN is an isosceles triangle.
An acute triangle is a triangle with three acute angles.
Example: ∆CAN is an acute triangle.
A right triangle is a triangle with one right angle.
Example: ∆HOP is a right triangle.
An obtuse angle is a triangle with one obtuse angle.
Example: ∆PEN is an obtuse triangle.
An equiangular triangle is a triangle with three
congruent angles.
Example: ∆RIM is an equiangular triangle.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 3

A. Determine whether the given figure is a polygon or not. If polygon, classify it as convex or
non-convex.

1. 3. 5.

2. 4. 6.

B. Classify the following triangles.

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Symbols save time and space when writing. Here are the most common geometric symbols.

Symbol Meaning Example In words

∆ Triangle ∆ABC has 3 equal sides. ∆ABC has three equal sides.
∠ Angle m∠B = 45 The measure of angle B is
equal to 45.
⊥ Perpendicular ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗ Line AB is perpendicular to line
CD.
‖ Parallel 𝐴𝐵 ‖ ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐶𝐷 Line AB is parallel to line CD.
⁰ Degree 90⁰ Ninety degrees
Right angle (900) A right angle measures 90⁰.
is 90⁰
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 Line Segment AB ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 Line segment AB.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB Ray AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC Ray BC
⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB Line AB ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗
BD Line BD
≅ Congruent (same ∆ABC ≅ ∆EFG Triangle ABC is congruent to
shape and size) triangle EFG.
∼ Similar (Same ∆ABC ∼ ∆EFG Triangle ABC is similar to
shape, different triangle EFG.
size)
∴ Therefore a = b, ∴ b = a a is equal to b, therefore b is
equal to a.

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 LESSON 2
Postulates and Theorems

WHAT’S IN

Activity 1

From the list, choose a word or phrase that correctly completes each statement below.
Refer to the illustration at the right.

point line plane

is in contains does not lie in
intersects is on

1. M is a __________. 5. Point Y ________ plane Q.

2. l is a _________. 6. Q is a ________.
3. Point X ______ line k. 7. Line k _______ plane P.
4. Line l and k _________. 8. l _______ point S.

WHAT’S NEW

Activity 2

Answer the following questions below.

__________ 1. How many points are contained in a line?

__________ 2. How many points determine exactly one plane?
__________ 3. How many points determine a line?
__________ 4. What is the intersection of two distinct planes?
__________ 5. What is the intersection of two coplanar lines?
__________ 6. How many planes can pass through a line?
__________ 7. What is the intersection of a plane and a line not on the plane?
__________ 8. How many planes can contain two intersecting lines?

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WHAT IS IT

A postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof. It is a statement that is

taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.

A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proved deductively. It is a statement

proven based on axioms, other theorems, and some set of logical connectives.

Postulates Illustrations

Straight-Line Postulate
Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

Line-Intersection Postulate
If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one
point.

Plane Postulate
Through any three non-collinear points, there is exactly one
plane.

l
Plane-Intersection Postulate B
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line. A

If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them is in

that plane.

Segment Addition Postulate

If points A, X, and B are collinear (A-X-B) and X is between
points A and B, then AX + XB = AB.

Angle Measurement Postulate

To every angle there corresponds a unique real number r
where 0 < r < 180.

Angle Addition Postulate

If point D lies in the interior of ∠ABC,
then m∠ABD + m∠DBC = m∠ABC

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 Theorems Illustrations
Any two right angles are congruent.
Example:
If ∠ABC and ∠EFG are right angles, then ∠ABC ≅ ∠EFG.

Exactly one plane contains a given line and a point not on

the line.

If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, then

the intersection contains only one plane.

Exactly one plane contains two intersecting lines.

Supplement Theorem
If two angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the
two angles are congruent.

Example:
Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary;
∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary; and ∠2 ≅∠4
Conclusion: ∠1 ≅∠3
If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to
congruent angles), then these angles are congruent.

Example:
If ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary to ∠3, then ∠1 ≅∠2.

Complement Theorem
If the uncommon sides of two adjacent angles form a right
angle, then the angles are complementary.

Vertical Angle Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

Example:
If ∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles, then ∠2 ≅∠4.
Linear Pair Theorem
If two angles form a linear pair, then they are
supplementary.

Example:
If ∠1 and ∠2 forms a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

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 WHAT’S MORE

Activity 3

Refer to the figure at the right. Find the following:

1. Given: Points P, Q, and R are collinear and Q is the midpoint ̅̅̅̅

PR .
a. If PQ = 8cm, then QR = ______.
b. If PR = 21 cm, then PQ = ______.

2. Given: Points A, X, and B are collinear and X is between A and B.

a. If AB = 15cm and AX = 7cm, then BX = ______.
b. If AX = 4cm and BX = 8 cm, then AB = ______.

3. If m∠ABD = 30 and m∠CBD = 25, then m∠ABC = ______.

4. If m∠ABC = 70 and m∠ABD = 32, then m∠CBD = ______.
5. If m∠CBD = 20 and m∠ABC = 72, then m∠ABD = ______.

Activity 4

Fill in the blank with the correct answer to make each statement true. Choose your answer
from the box. Refer to the figures below.

1. If ∠1 and ∠2 forms a linear pair, then they are ___________.

2. If ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary, then m∠3 + m∠4 = _______.
3. If ∠1 and ∠2 are right angles, then they are _________.
4. If ∠7 and ∠4 are vertical angles, then they are _________.
5. If the uncommon sides of ∠5 and ∠6 form a right angle, then angles are _____________.
6. If m∠7 + m∠8 = 180, then ∠7 and ∠8 are ___________.

supplementary linear pair

complementary 1800
congruent 900

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 WHAT CAN I DO

In the given situation below, formulate an organized plan in response to the situation.
A rubric is given below as your guide on how you will be graded in this activity.

Mark and James are childhood best friends. They attend classes at
the same school as Grade 8 students. They are no longer classmates for
the first time. Both found new friends, but they keep their friendship
alive. One day, Mark heard from a classmate that James has not been
attending his classes most of the time. He has been cutting classes and
rumors are spreading that he is encouraged by his friends to join a
fraternity group. If you were Mark, what would you do to help your
friend?

Rubric

Criteria 5 3 1

Appropriately Supplies more than Supplies two details Does not supply
Sequenced Events three details of the of the plan. any detail about
plan. the plan.

Organization The reader can follow The reader can Ideas are not
the flow of the plan. almost follow the organized.
flow of the plan.

Grammar Proper use of There are few A lot of errors.

punctuation marks mistakes.
and follow the
subject-verb
agreement.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
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 SUM UP

Let’s summarize. You have learned that:

1. Defined terms are terms that have a formal definition and can be defined using other
geometric terms.

2. Characteristics of a good definition are:

a. It names the term being defined.
b. It places the term into a set or category.
c. It distinguishes itself from other term in that category.
d. It is reversible.

3. Some defined terms are:

a. Collinear points - are points that lie on the same line.
b. Coplanar points - are points that lie on the same plane.
c. Midpoint - is a point on the line segment that divides it into two equal parts.
d. Line Segment - is a subset of a line that has two endpoints.
e. Ray - is a subset of a line that extends infinitely in one direction and has one endpoint.

f. Angle - is the union of two non-collinear rays with a common endpoint called the
vertex.
g. Acute angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 00 but less than 900.
h. Right angle - an angle whose measure is exactly 900.
i. Obtuse angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 900 but less than 1800.
j. Adjacent angles - are two angles which have a common vertex and a common side
but have no interior points in common.
k. Complementary angles - are two angles whose sum of their measure is 900.
l. Linear pair - is a pair of adjacent angles whose uncommon side are opposite rays.
m. Supplementary angles - are two angles whose sum of their measure is 1800.
n. Vertical angles - are two non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
o. Polygon - is the union of three or more coplanar segment which intersects at
endpoints with which each endpoint shared by exactly two non-collinear segments.
p. Triangle - is a polygon with three sides.
q. Scalene triangle - is a triangle with no equal sides.
r. Isosceles triangle - is a triangle with two equal sides.
s. Equilateral triangle - is a triangle with three equal sides.
t. Acute triangle - is a triangle with three acute angles.
u. Right triangle - is a triangle with one right angle.
v. Obtuse triangle - is a triangle with one obtuse angle.
w. Equiangular triangle - is a triangle with three congruent angles.

4. A postulate is a statement that is accepted as true without proof. Some postulates are:

a. Straight-Line Postulate
Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

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 b. Line-Intersection Postulate
If two lines intersect, then they intersect at exactly one point.

c. Plane Postulate
Through any three non-collinear points, there is exactly one plane.

d. Plane-Intersection Postulate
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

e. If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them is in that plane.

f. Segment Addition Postulate

If points A, X, and B are collinear (A-X-B) and X is between points A and B,
then AX + XB = AB.

g. Angle Addition Postulate

If point D is in the interior of ∠ABC, then m∠ABD + m∠DBC = m∠ABC.

h. Any two right angles are congruent.

5. A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proved deductively. Some theorems are:

a. Exactly one plane contains a given line and a point not on the line.

b. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, then the intersection
contain only one point.

c. Exactly one plane contains two intersecting lines.

d. Supplement Theorem
If two angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the two angles are
congruent.

e. If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or congruent angles), then
these angles are congruent.

f. Complement Theorem
If the uncommon sides of two adjacent angles form a right angle, then the
angles are complementary.

g. Vertical Angle Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

h. Linear Pair Theorem

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION | DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
Lesson 1 – Defined Terms
What’s In – Activity 1 What’s New – Activity 2 What’s More – Activity 3
1. True 6. ______ 1. √ A. 1. Not
2. ______ 7. True 2. ______ 2. __________
3. True 8. ______ 3. √ 3. Not
4. ______ 9. True 4. ______ 4. __________
5. True 10. _____ 5. √ 5. Polygon; Convex
6. ______ 6. ______
B. 1. Right Triangle
2. __________
3. Scalene Triangle
4. __________
5. Isosceles Triangle
Lesson 2 – Postulates and Theorems
What’s In – Activity 1 What’s More – Activity 3
1. point 6. ______ 1. a. 16 cm
2. ______ 7. is in b. ______
3. is on 8. ______ 2. a. 8 cm
4. ______ b. ______
5. does not lie in 3. a. 55⁰
b. ______
What’s New – Activity 2 c. 52⁰
1. infinite 6. ______ Activity 4
2. ______ 7. point
3. two points 8. ______ 1. supplementary
4. ______ 2. __________
5. point 3. Congruent
4. __________
5. complementary
6. __________
What Can I Do
Answers may vary.
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES:

Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merlen L. Bryant, and et. al. Mathematics - Grade 8 Learner's Module.
Department of Education. Pasig City, Philippines: Book Media Press, Inc., 2013: pages
354, 385-387

Orines, Fernando B., Jesus P. Mercado, and Josephine V. Suzara. Next Century Mathematics.
Geometry. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2008: pages 202-254

Crisostomo, Ricardo M., Priscila C. De Sagun, and Alicia L. Padua. Our World of Math 8. Quezon
City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc., 2013: pages 251-262

https://study-assistantph.com/math/question13358288.

https://quizlet.com/96744195/teaching-textbooks-geometry-chapter-2-flash-cards/

https://brainy.ph/question/13035487

https://www.cerritos.edu/dford/SitePages/Math 70 F13/Math70Lecture-1-2-1-3 SymbolsandPostulates.pdf.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/86301448/MATH-7-Q3-M2pdf/

https://www.quia.com/jg/1449117list.html

https://brainy.ph/question/16060531

https://www.answers.com/Q/What is the intersection of a plane and a line not on the plane

https://study.com/academy/lesson/postulate-in-math-definition

example.html#:~text=A%20postulate%20is%20a%20statement,at%20least%20five%20foot%20one

https://www.numerade.com/questions/refer-to-the-figure-at-the-right-identify-angle-f-d-h-and-angle-
c-d-h-as-congruent-adjacent-vertical/

https://www.gauthmath.com/solution/Direction-Read-the-questions-carefully-Write-the-letter-that-
corresponds-to-your-1700607805263877

https://studyres.com/doc/14603272/gem-8-mid-term-review-guide.

https://images.app.gl/EAMzFuKcxafH17he6

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: mandaue.city001@deped.gov.ph
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

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