R iv er E n g in ee ri n g

~ - - - - - - - - - = - ~~
/ cI,ASSIFICATI_O ~ 0~ RIVERS
· Rivers can be d1v1ded into two par ts
according t th
naJllely : . o e topography of river basin
. .
(a) Upper rea che s 1n the h,1lly reg '
ion.
(b) Lower rea che s in the allu
via l pla in.
Rivers in the hill y reg ion are cha rac
teri
swiftness of flow, the occ urr enc e of lan ·. sed. by the .steepness of their · h
d shd es and the formation of rapids s1ope , t e
courses. along their
Alluvial rivers are cha rac teri sed by
the fact tha t the alluvia, on which the
flowi are built by rive rs the mse lve s. ·Riv rivers
ers on alluvial pl~~~s may be broadly
into three types : classified
•~) /
(1) The me and erin g typ e, , (2) The ~ggrading type, .
(3) The deg rad ing typ e.·
\
All the thre e typ es ma y he found on
a single rive r from its uppermost poin
on alluvial plain to its mo uth . ~ par ticu t
lar section of the rive r ~ay also J:_e
degrading or me and erin g at diff ere nt. tim aggrading,
es depending upon the variation ·of
load and discharge. Among the thr ee~typ
1 sediment
'.es of rivers · mentioned above, the mea
type is the ful and fina l sta ge of rive ndering
r development while the other two are
type. -- interim
'" ./ ', · Meander l~ngth ML
·:;;-.. .\ - - --- ' _____________ \ --- : .
20 ,MEANDERING •-; ·• 'I • ~
--- , --- --- --- -- ---..;:::,«.....,::,o;:::_
.:r,::,- =-·
.
(
II /

------ --
\

I
•

A rive r me and eri ng 1

through an alluvial pla in has 1
. Axis o~ riv

a seri f -·-·-·-i-·-
es Meander
o consecutive cur ves widt
~itts~:;d
c 8 ra1ght stre
tch es .,
h Mb
tor~er con n~c ted __ _l ______ .. --- ---
·
--- --- - -= -...._ -~
11
a ~ crossing ,
dering bel M .. Width of me n- FIG 20.1 MEANDERING OF RIVER.
,
distan t B is the tran sve rse
ce between the ape ~ poi nt of one .
L curv~ . and apex pom t on I.eve rse curve.
of ength of meander ML. It is the air . . t
one curv dist anc e along rive b t tangent pom
. r e ween
e and tan gen t poi nt of oth er curve of sam e or der.
1
(871 )
 IRHIGATION AND WATER l'OW!sn
1
EN.~.~,~:,
f.tNt~,
1

It \$ thP ratio bet wee n the cur ved l~n gth and. the :

'
¾~ "c ()f 8imu\~it\'.
\ ~
. ~tru·
~H' O.l $t"1 ~- 'R~t
f0 .~ •\lTSES O~"' MEANDERING
"' flood
the excess of tota l cha rge dur ing
Primary causl:) of mem1df'ring is wn tha t when char s, \\!he~
t>.:\ '\~~ of turbulent'<.-' 1$
developed. Experim ents hav e sho
tends to build a stee per slop e by
d ge is i~
req uire d for st.ability, a rive r 0
e..\X't\.~s l)f ths t ·ease, in_ its turn , t~~ si_ting
in slop e ten ds to inc~
~e ,'1la1~ on tht> bed . This increase on fr 001 ~vldt ~
imt>l if the ban ks are not res ista nt. Only a slight deviati
ot the cha k tha n towa~nifolni
al tl,,,. is tlte n nec ess ary to cause more flow towards one ban
a.~ banks le d~s the
y attr act ed towards the former ' a in
other. Additio nal t1ow is immediatel ure of flow and producing fi g to
. ing the cur vat
~o ahn g a.long the latter, acc ent uat
1
' nally 1

meander in i~ wake. s p·
is due to the Inglis. According to J· · 1redki
The cause ~ci,-ei.1 in tl1e par agr aph above s· . n,
from the loca l ban k ero sion and con seq uen t over loading depo
me and erin g res ults Ition
riY er of the hea vie r sed ime nts . moving along the bed.
by the
SIC FACTORS CONTROLLING PROCESS OF MEANDERING
2(J;4. BA w :
s of me and erin g are given belo
/ The basic factors controlling proces stream
lley slo pe ., Thi s is ove rall slope of terr ain trav ers ed by the
I. Va
valley. valley slope always prod cl!Jd
1 A change in the Uce8
is me asu red down the axis of the'\ , ~
.l
cha nge in the me and er pat tern
well as its rate of movem ~
2. Stream load. Composition of strean1 load as
.
tern .
materially affects the me and er pat esented b
al strean1 .flow var iati ons as repr
3. Discharge. This concerns season rate of discharg:
a close relationshilp bet wee n the
the a,-erage hydrograpl?,. There is ndering.
ent .and, therefore, it affects mea
and the rate of ~ed lo__?~ ~ov em the nature
ry res ist_ance are cha rac teri sed by
4. Bed and side resistance. Bounda to erosion.
com pos ing the allu viu m, mo re par ticu larl y · by its res ista nce
of ma teri als Grain sizes
specific gra vity ,, coh esio n and roughness .are imp orta nt fact9rs.
Grain si7P - I ' I
fine s~ d and silt
and pebbles in hea d rea che s to
- -7
ma y ran ge from larg e bou lde rs
, -no definite meander
rive r wit h gravel and bou lde r bed
in lower reaches of a river. In a channels.
a tendency to form inte rlac ed
_pattern is observed as the rive r has
ANDERING
20.5. GENERAL FEATURES OF ME
s experiments
g have been worked out by var iou
The gen era l fea ture s of me and erin
e are discussed below :
on meandering rivers. The sam
_wit h a constant
1. A fully developed me and er
of homogeneo us valley ma teri al
dep th of the channel
of curvature, length, ;Jcfth ; ;d
discharge has a definite pat tern
is reproducible in models . vary rou~hly ,
er as well as wid th of rive r
2. The wid th and length of me and ' ·
w'ith squ are roo t of disc har ge.
slope or bank
red by var iati on in disc har ge
3. The pattern of mea' nde r is alte
and bed form ing material.
' ,-
\ i • \; h'
,\ ' I
V GJNEERIN G '--:' ,, 1' r. ~\ .i
~ itBN - .
Increase in discharge or slop . 1
4, gth
their len ' w1.dth an d degreee incr eases th
of . an
d s f d' e meande .
ve11 ' increase o se iment charge
in sinu ousi t nng feat
5,
11e depth o
f th . . . creases the 1y. , ure viz size of
e nve r is reduced s ope as Well t ,
d1ile t an be . .
sum marised tha t every· ph ·
1
It c d e: as width of the river
ely rela te 1act ors : ase of rnea nd . '
1S
co enng depend
u1ree () The discharge and hydraulic pro s upon th t
rt' e ;ollowing
~') sed ime nt load . pe
(LL The ies of the chanel. l ,.,. . i
(iii) The relative erodibility of bed and
, Y
band.
ri nerally speaking, whe
11
re a. river has ·enou ~ .
LJv
t dow 'th £ . gn capacity t O
(iilllen
nstream w1 orm mg large deposits th h
se n,,dering type. The re1at10 . ' e w ole or carry the incom·mg
. o,1eo» . ns betw een Afl , M W d
~r analysing data on nd1. an nve
I . b, an Q as aa Part . d of it would
rs . are given fu Table .f rnve at by _Inglis
20
TABLE 20.1. INTER-RELATIONSHIP BET
WEEN Mz, Mb W AND
~ M or W(metre) Rive rs in flood plai n I ' Q
Mi, b Incised river s (Rivers flowin .
-
Ml 6.06 W
cut below the natu ral e!o~nn: cr:r:•section ,
su ace)
I 11.45.W
Mb 17.40 W
I 27.30 W -
Mb 2.86 M1
2.2 Mt -
Ml 53.25 ✓
Q .
Mb 153.75 ✓
Q
46 ii
102.25 ii
w 8.87 -vQ
=- 4.54 ii

2~ ~; ;: ;; IN G TYPE OF RIVER
The aggrading type of river is building up
its bed to a certain slope. This may
be because of :
1. Excessive sediment entering a river
with a sudden dimunition of slope on
the plain.
2. Excessive sediment entering a river with
the slope flattened because of some
obstruction like barrage or a dam across it.
3. Extension of delta at the river mouth.
4. The sudden inrush of sediment from
a tributary.
. A river of aggrading type or a section
of it, has usually a straight or wide reach
with shoals in the middle.
20
·~GRADING TYPE OF RIVER
th The degrading type of river is in the
process of loosing its bed gradually in
/ ~orrn of sediment load of the
0 stream. The reason associated with the degr
a ; ver is sudden dimunition of sediment adation
arrag load due to dep osition of bed upstream
repleni he or a dam. The water falling dow th b d
of
and
nstream of the dam scours e e
s es the sediment load. For the same reason,
meandering type of river develops
 IIUUONl'JON AND WA'fim f'OWEH RNur~ '
lfi: f1'1t1
' Nri

typo when 8 loop of meander has been cut off h

lt'n"\pornrily into n degrading y fl I
~traiµht river chnnnel.
20.8. CUT-OFF ..
. • · d . ,1 to the extreme cond1t10ns in th e sha ,
When the meandermg of n nver ove ops
th gradually reduces to a narrow neck P~
of horse-shoe bends, the land betwee~ em Which
mav. be cut-off by. natural flow durmg floods .
Cut-off may be defined as a proc-
ess by which an alluvial river flowing
allowing curves ofbends abandons par- Shallow side caving channel
ticular bend and establishing its main ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
flow along a comparatively straight
and sh~rter channel.
Development of cut-off
The following reasons are gen-
erally assigned for the development
of cut-off.
1. Development of bars at
inflection. Formation and growth of
bars at inflection retard the flow
through main channel and induce flow
through already existing shallow side
channels. The main channel flowing
with reduced discharge continues to
silt whereas side channel increases
in size to accommodate more and mo:r:,e Permanent bank
of discharge and ultimately forms into
FIG. 20.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CUT-OFF
a cutoff.
2. Formation of drops at the junction of main channel with side channels.
1
The side channel usually has a lower ,velocity and smaller length with the same head
difference as the channel. It, therefore, joins the main channel at a local drop. This
local drop cuts back into the side channel and helps in development of a cutoff.
3. Unfavourable cross-section and steep slope The unfavourable cross-section
and steep slope of the side channel may generate such velocities which may erode
the bed and bank of the side channel to constitute the principal course of the river.
4. Bank erosion. The river increases its curvature by erosion of concave banks.
The erosion might occur to such an extent that the arms of a loop with a narrow
neck cut into one another and cutoff occurs.
5. Duration of flood. The duration of flood should be sufficient so that stream
may erode its bed and banks.
Effect of a cutoff
These natural cutoffs often result in violent changes in river regime, steepening
of the slope, inducing erosion in the stretch above the cutoff, and lowering the waterlevel
 r,• •

01:NEEJUNG 875
-<11Sli tr-I
/lJ' ' of ch an ne l t age above fi .c.r, .
~i ng to th e re dut cti onh s or d . cu o1J ' mr us hi ng . flood ma
y
O l re tc . Ex ce ssi ve er d h
O e matenal Of t e cutoff ma y damage
J11
stel:l . e to th e ow er ss· oi me h
e th e re as been affected temporarily, th e river
t.1P
8 Jll
eJJBC
1 do wn str ea m. mc . equilibrium.
t:,£
be 11B J.1ne nd en ng to find a ne w
e c ·n de ve lop m ea
1JJ JVER TRAINING
Th ex pr es sio n riv er tra in in g implies various me as ur es adopted on a river to
i~ to tra in an d regu1ate th e ri •
b d or to mc
ed guide th e riv er flow ' . ve r e rease
t Bil ter de pt h. Th e purpose of riv er tra . . along
~~ ~g s~a_blish th e channeles--a
direc wa
the 10 ~ ali gn me nt . Th er
e m ay be va rio us 0 ~s to
~ec s J.Or tra m m g a nv er
; ths :re
certain ,
11 'bed below . . h ar ge m ay pa ss safely an d
d d 1sc • kl ·
descri Hi gh floo qm c Y th ro ug h th e reach .
t l d · I d' d ma
1· · g bed an d suspended loa Y be _tra ns po rte d, __ .
2. Se di me n oa me u m
efficiently. · n t o mm · um
· · im . .
riv er co ur se sta bl e an d reduce ba nk erosio
To m ak e. th e . ti ·t
3.
su ffi cie nt dr af t for na vigati·on as well as good course or i .
4. To pr ov id. e a. ce rta in defined reach.
n of flow th ro ug h
)I To fix direc t10
KS
CA TI ON O F RIVER TRAINING WOR
2p&
>. CL AS SI FI er tra in in g can
in in g as sta ted above, riv
ts of riv er tra
Keeping in vi ew th e objec · -
th e fo llo wi ng r:·
be classified in to d training for discharge
. The riv er
in g. Th is i~ als o ca lle
1. High wa te r tra in
t cro ss- sec tio ~a l ar ea for th e expeditious pa ss ag e
nt ·an d efficien he ig ht of em ba nk me nt
for
is trained to provide su ffi cie ly wi th ali gn me nt an d
of maximum flood. 'It co
nc er ns ma in
a given flood di sc ha rg e. th e riv er is tra in ed to provide sufficient
. In th is ca se
2. Low wa te r tr ai ni ng rive!'. . Th is is als o called tra in in g f'r;r depth
g low sta ge of
depth for navigation du rin n of th e width of th e channe
l.
ed by • co ntr ac t~o
and is usually ac hi ev e riv er is tra in ed to correct th e
configuration
in g. In th is ca se th l
3. Me an wa te r tra in
of se di me nt loa d in or de r _to ke ep th e ch an ne
ent tra ns po rt
of river bed for th e eff ici t.
d sh ap e. It ca n be ca lled tra in in g for sedimen st im po rta nt
in goo
nd s of tra in in g, me an wa ter tra in in g is th e mo on
Out of th e va rio us ki
igu rat ion of riv er be d in ali gn me nt or in cross-secti
ge th e conf m
training. Any att em pt to ch an an ce wi th th at sta ge of th e riv er at wh ich ma xi mu
in accord which
must obviously by de sig ne d Th e riv er is mo st active du rin g hi gh sta ge
s pla ce . pe rsists
movement of se di me nt ta ke an d is pr ac tic all y in er t at low sta ge which
du ra tio n at which
persists for a ve ry sh or t e be tw ee n th es e two th er e is a sta ge
me wh er
for a very long du ra tio n.
So
di me nt an d th e tim e for wh ich such forces
th e combined effect of forces ca us in g se g sta ge is some wfuere in
th e
xi mu m be d bu ild in
m. Th e ma which
ar~ maintained is ma xi mu wa ter tra in in g, the ref or e, forms th e ba sis on
te r M ea n
~eighbourhood of m ea n wa
0th in in g ar e pl an ne d
~ iand low wa te r tr~ .
20.1 RI VE R TR AI NI NG WORKS .
, ES OF er tra in in g an d control works:
vario us typ es of riv
The following lis t en um er ate s
1. Guide ba nk sy ste m
 IRRIGATION AND WA
TEI{ PowE
876 It ~N %,
•1~~'
2. Groynes or spurs, ·~1~
' I;

3. ' Levees
or embankment, f{
banks,
protection and pitched
4. Bank
5. :Pitched islands ,
6. Miscellaneous methods,
(i) River training without embankments C

(ii) Bandalling.
2,J. GUIDE BANK SYSTEM . .
Guide banks are made for gmdmg the stream near a struct
it in a reasonable width of the river, It was first designed by B~;e. so
as to 0
it is also sometimes known as Bell's B,und. The design was furt~n Whose ~0nfin
1

Spring and is known as guide bank. er develop n%t

0
The guide bank usually consists of a heavily built embank m . ed )
1
of bell mouth on both sides of constricted channel. Usually only ent n the h
required if the other side is a high and stable bank. . The remaini:ne _embankin:n:~ ,
khadir is covered by ordinary embankment. g side of the l'i.ver¼

Flow+ -- I

'.
lr-0.25 L ___~_,~_ _ _ _...J._--J 1.25 L to 1.5 L
A~"!
~
I
I

'\
'. Bank

. :
e
A◄· ··
~ - - - - - - - Shank portio n--...:1
pron .
120° to 145°

H.F.L.
B •
'·
i ..,
♦
B

Bund

------ ----= =--:- ~~~~ m~~' Scou r

dep~\
Deepest ~ ' ...~S ;,~
scour ' - ~
7~
Section on AA

Launching apron
.C. block or
· crate

ched ~ ',, \ Scour

Lau~_
PGsItIon of
apron
' ', \ drh
Section on BB

FIG. 20.3. GUIDE BANK.

 W/0
1,AULE 20.2. 1'YPl~S OI•' ('11

_,,,,-- -
--- - - - ---
'l'yp'!_ of Bmik
--

· parnllol but ~ot, porp~mdiculur to W i

UIOJr, DANKH
-- - l 1 focn r
,,.-, 13anc1 - - - - - or
gi0• O~ - 'do bnnks with curvod heads --
------
- Rnsul Woir on ,Tholum
,,, 1•11Jlol !{~ bnnlcs
PunJnnd Woir on Sutloj
J,/ f11 - ·k guido
lo noc Sulomoni Woir on Sut.l~j
i- pot,t
j.
i

Khanki Woir on Chenab

FIG. 20.5

S la ed -~ici banks Islam Weir on Sutlet __

fl 11 1 straight guide bank
arn e . Ferozepore Weir on Sutlej
1tOYNES OR SPURS
.
G
·Groynes . a:e structure s _co?s~ruc~ed traris~erse to . the ri~er flow and extend from
nk·-into nver,. upto a . hmit. These groynes are also known as spurs, dikes and
we ba dikes. .
ans.terse G
t.r 'fYPe of Groynes : roynes can be .classified in the following ways
g to the material of construc tion
1. Classific ation accordin
· (a) Permeabl e groyne.
(b) Solid impermea ble ~oyne.
1

2 Classific ation. accordin g to its height below high water

' (a) Submerge d groyne. /
. (b) Non-subrrierged· groyne.
3. Classific ation accordin g to the function it serves
(a) Attractin g groyne.
(b) Deflecting groyne . .
(c) Repelling groyne.
(d) Sediment in~ groyne:.
4. Special types of groynes, such as
(a) Denehy's T-headed groyne.
(b) Hockey type groyhe.
(c) Burma type groyne.
Choice of a groyne : Factors which influence the choice and design of .
groynes are .
(1) Fall velocity of river.
(2) Width of water way, at high water, mean wateF, and low water .
.(3) Depth of water ' .way, height of flood rise and n,a ture of flood hydrogra pl:,
(4) 9haracter ,of bed material such as shingle~,-- -boulders, sand or silt\ '

j
 IRRIGATION AND W
A.'l'Ea Pou,.._
880

·1 ble material and

.
funds.
. ~~~.
·~c,~
'' l!;l{ ~~-

(5) Ava1 a
of silt earne d m stream . 'Ir,
(6) Amoun t
bl groynes are suitab. le for siltbl laden river. If the .
Permea e nver h
impe rmea e groyn es are used. as to be
in a defined channel, generally
ose of a groyne : Groynes . serve a . four-fold purp oses,, n
Conn
~~
Purp anieJy :
(l) Contracts a river channel to impro ve its depth .
(2) Protects the river bank.
flow.
(3) Silts up the area in the vicinity by creating a slack
(4) Trains the flow along a certain course.
t . .
Depending upon the purpose, groynes can be used with other ra1111ng
20.14. REPELLING GROYNE _x ~ llleag~ttl
· cons t ruetd ~""-
,, ..-:.--;::_.... .., -.... ·
.royne 1s e / ...
The repelling"g / Scour --. -.... -...
. t·mg t owards
. porn
.1t 1s _,;r . / / -.... ✓iver ~
.in such a way that ~
upstream at an angle of 10° to 30° to / _,;r /

the line normal to the bank. The head /

ofgroyne causes the current to be deflected /
in a direction nearly perpendicular to
itself. The current coming into contact
with still water area adjeacent to the
spur causes vertical eddies and deep s50ur.
The head of groyne should be s,,trong to
resist the swirling action of the current. FIG. ,20.6. REPELLING GROYNE.
In case of repelling groyne, · a still water
ht down by the river get
pocket is formed upstream__of it and s~spended load broug
ds upon how quickly stil]
deposited in the pocket. Rapid succe~~ of the groynes depen
~hich can be accomplished
water- pockets ~etween groynes ar~ / filled with sediment, .
only when they are sufficiently long.
20.15. DEFLECTING GROYNES
ing groyne and ii
A deflecting groyne has a much short er length than a repell
IB gener ally taken in a river perpendicu
lar to the bank it only deflects the· flow.

-.
-.... --. --+ --+
-...- .. --+ --+
-... --+
River

I
FIG. 20.7. DEFLECTING GROYNE.
 ,,JDn;ItfNO
.,0.11,
~i,, l ,
1iive rliculfl t,hero c~m >o two intermediate .
,110 vo nro {illotl with alternate layers f, s ernbe<lded Afl~
l
,,, 'l'hcac at leaRt J
111(! i.orl, \lt become :,nnrl bound and start o brush
r:.
t' Wood ..,i, m below
r, v ·h s ' . s and stones S .
111·' cntc cour tn sue·11 a ca"'□O 1't. IS , ,
protected acb ,Ing. as sol'd . ometimea
1110)11nioat 3s J'l'l along shank and 6 m along th y Rtone I groyn e. 'l1o safe
·t ~ of '
apron 1 m thick h ~ard
11

~~h 1'.ltjlJlY'S GR
OYNE e nose
I
◄s ,. avmg a
1n p~r,P .
io,i1, 11re special groynes first prov 'd d
111e~~rora Weir the groynes are earth~rne emutb Okkhla. barra
At ge and then at Narora
weir, Tl !We head of groynes h as T shape of wh· h an ment
th · t'
proJec mg from the marginal
buod- .1 length was para llel to curre nt. A 1 ic e . front perpendicular arm about
0 Jl1 tll onge r portion of the head .
10 Flow + - -
1s on upstream
___ - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - ... , . / Current
--- 'f'
I
I
I

,,"'
/
I
I
I
I
I

'' , .... __________ ,

Bank

(a) Denehy's groyne (b) H k

1
oc ey groyne
FIG. 20.10, DENEHY'S GROYNE AND HOCKEY GROY
NE.
side so that it looks more like a reversed L [Fig.
20.lO(a)l. The head has a slope
00 both sides and is heav ily protected by stone. They are
spaced 800 m apart. The
T heads are on a strai ght line or on a regular curve
along 6.4 kni length upstream
and 25.6 km leng th _dow nstre am of headworks at
Narora. These groynes aim at an
economy in the use of protection stone since only 100
m length of the groyne would
suffice for a leng th of 800 m.
20.22. HOCKEY GROYNE
Amongst the various designs for groyne heads,
a groyne with a curved head .
[Fig. 20.lO(b )], is term ed as a hockey groyne. It incre
ases the attracting tendency -of
the groyne and. is not likely to be helpful for bank
protection.
~G IN AL BUN D OR ~E~ ES .
Marginal bund . or Levee is an earthen dike construct
ed roughly parallel to the
river rather than across the cha~nel. ·
Effect of Lev ees on flood, flows
The effect of levees on flood . is sumarised in the
following points
1. In.creases the inten sity of flood water travel down
stream.
2. Increases the wate r surface elevation of the
river at flood .
3. Increases maximum discharge at all points down
stream.
4. Increases the velocity and scouring action throu
~h leveed section.
'·
 IRRIGATION AND WATER POWE
R ENc1NEt1
"'Ill~
r:;D tl ....r.,.ce slope of the stream above the leveed 0 c·
,) . ccreases 1e sun(.l ak and decreases the valley storage POrti n.
d Pe
6. Increases tl1e fl oo .
Planning of levee . .
A levee should be planned with following' h pomts . under consideratmn
1. Levees should be provided on areas whic are lymg low and, hence ' the d
from the flood is pronounced. . . •nge,
2. A sufficient channel must be provided m levees to transmit design fl0
reasonable freeboard against wave action. The coS t of levee system consist "' "ith
of land for levees and channel pl~• the ~oSt ~f }eve~ construction .. Hence, th: ';;1 '"'~
width and levee height combination which gives mimmum cost is to be detenn· anne1
1
by trial. ne,
3. Levees should be placed on the high ground . Full advantage should b ,
of ridges, which permit lower levees and better foundation condition. e· talten
4. The levee should be tied down to the high grounds.
5. The levee is roughly spaced equidistant from midstream.

Design of Levee
The design of a levee is discussed in the following steps :
(a ) Spacing and height : Spacing and height of a levee are inte d
More height will have levees closer together while lower height will keep ;h ependent
A provision of free board of 1 to 1.25 m should be made over H.F .L. em •Part.
(b) Top width : Top width is decided as per the use to which 1·t 18
·
Mirumum width = 3 m. put '1.
(c) Side slope : The side slope provided in a levee d epends upon
(i) Nature of material of which levee is composed.
Method of construction.
(ii )
(iii ) Length of time the levee is likely to be sub'~ected to a wave action.
The usual slop provided is as given below
l. Slope on river side 3 : 1 to 5 : 1.
2. Land side 4 : 1 to 7 : 1.
(d) Banquette : A banquette
lev~ s on the land side to/ preve t isd a terrace of earth added to the base of a hicrh
n anger of slouging / from seepage. o

Bankquette
to 9m
Berm 7m tog m
D/S
Ciroundline j_ 1~ e
~ 25\o3 m
Borrow }p · 1m
/ pit Muck ditch
1.5 to 3 m wide & deep
j◄' H,; , 20.11. SECTION OF
• A LEVEE.
 r,EJiJNG
., NarN , 885
Th .
/t,
·fl f)
k ditch : ey are trenches fill d .1
e all ewith most impervious mat ena
ie) µuc cutoff to check the seepag the fo d .
ong at
form thro ugh the
I ~n at10n plan e.
od· to ain Ditch : Any see pag e
evee is collected and dispos edff
1111 ifJ J)r drain ditch. . 0
cl~
,ot1gll s of failure of ah Levee. There ma Y be many
1h1 C use reasons of the failure of
a ·J.llportant amongst t em are :
result in .
1e1ree, ICaving of the stream bank may undercu ttm g of the river-ward
, 1. tee of the levee,
epage through •foufnda tion material at high st age of rive
2· boil and remova1 o J.Oundat10
Se ~ · n material b . . r can cause a sand
. . Y p1pmg.
cause its ultimate collapse.
3. Overtopping dunng high floods may
tion.
The foundation may fail due to infiltra
4, ks d , -
Piping as a resulthol of insufficient cross-section leaks and crac ue to shrinkage
5· f ·1 and rat es ·
o S01
kment
Advantages of river training by emban
1. They are the · only means of pre
venting the inundation by tides.
t of construction though subsequent raising
2. They are ini~ially cheaper in. the cos
may make 1t more expensive.
3. The construction and maintenan
ce is easy.

4. They can be executed in parts,

but the ends should be well protected.
Disadvantages
ous disa dvanta ges of rive r trainin g by _embankment are as mentioned
The vari
below :
L Embankment cause a rise in
high flood level.
of
decay or roots may permit the start
2. Gopher holes or channels left by or crevasse.
sion leaning to eventual levee' failure
destructive ero
3. They require heavy maintenance.
low lying areas.
4. They fall suddenly and inundate the
r flow which can erode or undermine
5. They are susceptible to direct attack of rive
them .
enclosed by embankment which may
6· The interior drainage of the area is
give rise to material climate .
d plain, thus hasten~ delta ~ormation
7· They check the deposition of silt on floo
rate of aggradat10n of nver bed .
resulting in increase of flood stages and
20,24 An ·
q{\TIFICIAL CUTOFF
h and thereby reduce flood
I

level _To improve upon the flood capacit

y of a given reac . •·
lll cert · l cutoff may be introduced as a river trammg measure .
1'Iti . ain reaches an artifica
gth exceeds 1 ½to 2 ½times the cho
rd length.
In~ lS gen erally done wh en the loop len
· harge
10%0 disc
· e beginni_n · a pilot cut is introduced. The pilot cut should carr:s .8 .t? 4
in the be . g o
to .develop the · carrymg to about
ginning and are permitted subsequently
 WERENGIN
ND WATER PO F.:F.:rtrNc
IRRIGATION A
ion is goveh-.
886
al ig n m en t an d cross sect ''1eq
l ri v er di sc ha rge. Its design
to 50 % of the
tota . erat10 . ns : tion of fl
e fo llo w in g co ns 1d
n g en ti al to th e m ai n direc flow_
by th
re ct io n o f cu t sh ou ld be ta m ad e a t a cu rv at u re much
1. T he di er ab ly be attet
en t o f pi lo t cut sh ou ld pr ef
.2. Alignm it se lf
an th e cu rv ature of river g'iven bellmouth sh ap
e.
be
th
an ce to cu to ff shou ld ho
lo p by sc o u r, they shouJct
3. Entr ted to deve
if th e cu t is not excava
4. Sometimes n .river channe
l. elo .
ted in it ia ll y ~s a m ai
S
2
d ep en d s wholly upon V city
excava Lacey, R . h ·
ng to th e re gi me formula by '
u ld be h ig e r th an the riv
5. Accordi 2
or cutoff sh o t· er.
sc ou ri ng ve locities, R S _f th e sl op e is inversely propor ~ a j
So th at to have d cuto. ff,
en ce is sa me fo' r river an t _sh o u ld be much larger th
ff er th e pilot cu an
Since head di en ce, R IL for
2
of ch an ne l. H
to the length pidly
2 r th e ri v er . d ee p er se ct ion develop ra
R I L fo zy deep as ·
t se ct io n sh ou ld be made ve .
6. T he pi lo
· _ ,,.
r s L A N D o / - bo ul d~rs along its
side
~ P IT C H E n a sand core pitch
ed .,.:.r m
an ta g es 6an be ta
kand
ne ra lly o f im es , ad v
This consists ge ron. Som et tch en
d a t th e to e by a falling ap sh ag ed · an d pitched. The pi
ecte can be r, e- ti v e fi ed
slopes and prot is la n d (a bela) which ac ti v e force . TJ.:ie ~ ac
n a tu ra l an d _ tr ce
? fa n existing es re d is tr ib u tion of velocity e co ns tr uc tj 9-t.Vo f island o~th
.12) caus ly af te r th
island (Fig. 20 be gi ns to increase rapid n d g ra d
e' ~ i
u al ly d ra w s th nver
isla n d round th e is la
n ea r a pitched ou r ·begins to form
de ep sc
the re su lt th at

J
i1
o 10m
~

;:4,1stand
(a) Plan of a pi tc

1415 m., .
I

\ _. ·.:/;;/}/l/i/·. t=L, <' ,

i ,;,, Sh~o
g!~~~
2f ~~~~~~~~~~§~!~;~bj~~;~:t~:c~:: :~:n~::,·=~~·: : ~w=:l~:=: ~:=~=:~-~;s: =.~'~::~:~:';t·s:~r·~:~m;::~~~·~~~i~i~iiii
.
CHED ISLAN D.
FIG. 20.12. PIT
!
 r,Jii Firi , 8$37
rJOl
~~i . If and ulti mat ely hold
. . .
s it pe
rrnanently A
~· 1 tse
p1tc hmg and apro n hav e to be d.es1g s deep scour occurs into I.ts
illto bot1 Jder ned fi
oiieI pe .
2 R == 2. 70 (q2 /1) . _ or maximum scour_
cJi~ jt,Y t :rv1a:x11num scq tlr = 113

1
111
d for the following pur pos es .. · 1/
1' (
·s tlse .
rt·.--- ;frgl.iling of the nve r to hav e an ax· . Ia1 OW.
fl
.
t•fication of adv erse curv atur, e fo r effiective sand
1
(i ) I .
') gee 1 l for nav igat ion. exc us10n .
(ii roving cha nne
.'i) llilP•ce is not 1-1·ke1Y t o be successful in sh 11 h
(1.i
deVI · / a ow and wide ·
. . nve rs w ere obstruction
r111-,
- tf is ;;o-·sma ll tha/t .se'our can not
fi ·
J!Pe • -ian
• orm. 81milarly
. , m case of very flashy
· -1:5v-.iB
our form ed wh1Le~ smg is filled q . kl
5e~ J •
__./ u1c y dun ng falling stage
cBtl tbe sc ------~ ·
rivers J\NK-PROTECTION
ection work th . . . .
includes any prot
.2 . broad sen se ban k pro tect ionacti
inst the on of wat er. at rums at mam tam mg
In~ . f Jan d aga. .
~ b1hty o
we sta osi' of Ban k Pro tect ion .
purJJ from furie.)5 of flood. The
urpo se of ban k protect10_n is to save the banks
The P g points
thus can be bro ugh t out m the followin
--'-""' ="'=-

urPose
P (i) . To check eros ion of ban k
by curr ent 0 ; waves.
ion.
(ii) To check slid ing of slope due
to its gradual steepening because of eros
es,
(iii) To prev ent m;1dermining of the
__ toe of the lower ban k by currents, wav
-
swirls or edd ies. .
(iv) To prev ent slou ghin g or slid
ing of slopeI when satu rate d with water.
(v) To prev ent pip ing due to
various causes.
(vi) To check slid ing due - to draw
down of the flood.

Met hod s of Ban k Pro tect ion ·

are in general practice ·:-
The following met hod s of ban k protection
1. Protection of ban k by veg etal cover,
eith er by turf ing or sodding. Low growth
d
. of shrubs and willows is by far the mos
t effective cover. The method · should be use
if the slope is not sub ject ed to stro ng
current.
erial which can resi st quick erosion. _
2. Pavement of ban k slopes. .by such mat ber
Along with pav eme nt the slop e is given a
temporary covering with rush wood or lum
if the
mattress weighed down by ston es for
energy purposes. The met hod i~ utilized
current is strong.
ection is provided bf stone reve tme nt
3. When the cur ren t is very strong, prot
lumber or asp halt or artlL't tlnte d concrete.
or various tYPes of mat tres ses suc h as willow,
20 27 . .
· • ',P!TC~ED BA NK
par~ or full / to attr act the flow and hold
1

the ..A- pitched ban k may be crea ted in

of pitched ban k has .to b~ d~termined
With~~:r at _a des_ired place. The positioning
trea m and dow nstr eam . An art1fic1al control
-Point consideration of rive r mea nde rs ups
such a8 groyne ups trea m of pitched ban k may be nec essa ry to mak e the mea sure
/