Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Become Other-Oriented 24
■ aPPLYing an othEr-oriEntation
to Being a Competent interpersonal
Part 1 Communicator 26
Interpersonal STUDY GUIDE: Review, Apply, and Assess 27
Communication
Foundation 1 2 Interpersonal Communication
and Self 29
1 Introduction to Interpersonal Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are 30
Communication 1 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values Reflect Your Self-Concept 31
Mindfulness: Being Consciously Aware 32
Interpersonal Communication Defined 2
One or Many Selves? 34
Interpersonal Communication Is a Distinctive
Form of Communication 3 How Your Self-Concept Develops 35
Interpersonal Communication Involves Mutual Self-Esteem: Your Self-Worth 41
Influence Between Individuals 4 Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others 43
Interpersonal Communication Helps Individuals Projecting Your Face 43
Manage Their Relationships 5 Protecting Others’ Face 44
Interpersonal Communication’s Importance How to Improve Your Self-Esteem 46
to Your Life 5 Engage in Self-Talk 46
Improved Relationships with Family 6 Visualize a Positive Image of Yourself 46
Improved Relationships with Friends and Avoid Comparing Yourself with Others 47
Romantic Partners 6
Reframe Appropriately 47
Improved Relationships with Colleagues 6
Develop Honest Relationships 47
Improved Physical and Emotional Health 6
Let Go of the Past 47
Interpersonal Communication and the Communication
Seek Support 48
Process 7
Self and Interpersonal Relationships 49
Elements of the Communication Process 7
Self and Interaction with Others 49
Models of the Communication Process 8
Self and Your Future 50
Interpersonal Communication Principles 10
Self and Interpretation of Messages 50
Interpersonal Communication Connects
Self and Interpersonal Needs 51
Us to Others 10
Self and Disclosure to Others 52
Interpersonal Communication Is Irreversible 11
Self and Communication Social Style 54
Interpersonal Communication Is Complicated 12
Interpersonal Communication Is Governed ■ aPPLYing an othEr-oriEntation
by Rules 13 to Self and interpersonal Communication 57
Interpersonal Communication Involves STUDY GUIDE: Review, Apply, and Assess 57
Both Content and Relationship Dimensions 13
Interpersonal Communication and Social Media 15 3 Interpersonal Communication
Differences Between EMC and Face-to-Face and Perception 60
Communication 17
Understanding Interpersonal Perception 61
Understanding EMC 19
Stage 1: Selecting 62
Interpersonal Communication Competence 23
Stage 2: Organizing 63
Become Knowledgeable, Skilled, and Motivated 23
Stage 3: Interpreting 65
vii
viii Contents
4
Relational Listening Style 119
Interpersonal Communication Analytical Listening Style 119
and Diversity: Adapting Critical Listening Style 120
to Others 83 Task-Oriented Listening Style 120
Understanding Diversity: Describing Our Differences 84 Understanding Your Listening Style 120
Sex and Gender 85 Listening Barriers 121
Sexual Orientation 87 Being Self-Absorbed 122
Race and Ethnicity 87 Unchecked Emotions 123
Age 88 Criticizing the Speaker 124
Social Class 90 Differing Speech Rate and Thought Rate 124
Understanding Culture: Dimensions of Our Information Overload 124
Mental Software 91 External Noise 124
Individualism: One and Many 92 Listener Apprehension 125
Context: High and Low 93 Improving Your Listening Skills 126
Gender: Masculine and Feminine 93 How to Improve Listening Comprehension
Uncertainty: High and Low Tolerance 93 Skills 126
Contents ix
8
Starting a Conversation 170
Sustaining a Conversation 171
Conflict Management Skills 209
How to Apologize 172 Conflict Defined 210
How to Be Assertive 173 Conflict Elements 210
Describe 173 Conflict Triggers 211
Disclose 175 Conflict as a Process 212
Identify Effects 175 Conflict Myths 215
x Contents
Myth 1: Conflict Is Always a Sign of a Poor Stages of Interpersonal Relationship Development 250
Interpersonal Relationship 216 Relational Escalation 250
Myth 2: Conflict Can Always Be Avoided 216 Relational De-Escalation 252
Myth 3: Conflict Always Occurs Because Principles Underlying Relational Stages 253
of Misunderstandings 216
Theories of Interpersonal Relationship Development 255
Myth 4: Conflict Can Always Be Resolved 216
Social Exchange Theory 255
Conflict Types 216 Relational Dialectics Theory 257
Pseudoconflict: Misunderstandings 217 Self-Disclosure and Social Penetration Theory 259
Simple Conflict: Different Stands on the Issues 217
■ aPPLYing an othEr-oriEntation
Ego Conflict: Conflict Gets Personal 218 to Understanding interpersonal relationships 264
Conflict and Power 219
STUDY GUIDE: Review, Apply, and Assess 265
Power Principles 220
Power Sources 221 10 Managing Relationship
Power to Persuade 221 Challenges 267
Power Negotiation 222
Conflict Management Styles 222 Relationship and Communication Challenges 268
Avoidance 223 Violating Expectations 268
Accommodation 224 Challenging Communication: Addressing Grief
and Delivering Bad News 273
Competition 225
Maintaining Long-Distance Relationships
Compromise 226
(LDRs) 274
Collaboration 226
Relationships That Challenge Social Norms 275
Conflict Management Skills 228
The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication and
Manage Your Emotions 229 Relationships 276
Manage Information 232 Deception 277
Manage Goals 234 Communication That Hurts Feelings 280
Manage the Problem 234 Jealousy 281
■ aPPLYing an othEr-oriEntation Unwanted Attention 282
to Conflict Management 237 Relational Violence 283
STUDY GUIDE: Review, Apply, and Assess 238 Relationship De-Escalation and Termination 285
Signs of Relationship Problems 286
Repair and Rejuvenation 287
The Decision to End a Relationship 287
How Relationships End 288
Reasons for De-Escalating and Terminating 289
Part 3 The Relational Dissolution Process 290
Strategies for Ending Relationships 292
Interpersonal
Recovery Strategies 293
Communication
■ aPPLYing an othEr-oriEntation
in Relationships 241 to relationship Challenges 295
Relationships 241
11 Interpersonal Relationships:
Interpersonal Relationships Defined 242
Friendship and Romance 297
Shared Perception 242
Ongoing Interdependent Connection 243 Friendship 298
Relational Expectations 243 Making Friends 300
Interpersonal Intimacy 244 Friendships at Different Stages in Life 300
Circumstance or Choice 244 Same-Sex Friendships 302
Power 245 Cross-Sex Friendships 303
Genesis of Interpersonal Relationships: Attraction 246 Diverse Friendships 304
Sources of Initial Attraction 247 Romantic Relationships 307
Sources of Both Initial and Long-Term Qualities of Romantic Relationships 309
Attraction 248 From Friendship to Romance 313
Contents xi
#communicationandtechnology
Always On 22
Comparing Your “Cyber Self” and Your “Realspace Self” 38
The SIDE Model: Forming Stereotypes Online 74
Relating to Others Online in Intercultural Relationships 96
Being “Listened to” by Our Facebook Friends 130
Relating to Others Online 175
Saying It Without Saying It Online 196
Conflict Happens 227
Do Cell Phones Threaten Your Autonomy? 258
Cyberstalking, Cyberbullying, and Partner Surveillance 284
Friendship, Romance, and the Internet 317
Networked Families 342
Networked Workers 353
Preface
T
he world does not revolve around you. This the concepts that matter most. For example, in Chapter 5,
un-profound observation has profound implications students are presented with a self-assessment that scores
for the study of interpersonal communication: At the their skill in empathizing with others, allowing them to
heart of quality interpersonal relationships is an empha- examine their level of empathy and consider how they
sis on others. A focus on others rather than on oneself has could improve on it. Interactive text and figures on top-
been the hallmark of most volunteer, community, and faith ics like “What You Do with Your Communication Time”
movements in the world for millennia. Yet this book is not are designed to capture student’s attention and engage
about religion or philosophy. It’s about how to enhance the them in the text. In addition, students are presented with
quality of your interpersonal communication with others. video examples throughout the book on topics like listen-
The importance of being other-oriented was the foun- ing styles, social media, nonverbal communication, percep-
dation of the first seven well-received editions of Interper- tion barriers, and personal space. A wealth of student and
sonal Communication: Relating to Others, and it continues to instructor resources and interactive materials can be found
be the central theme of the eighth edition. within REVEL. Some of our favorites include the following:
• Audio Excerpts
What’s New in the Eighth Edition Students can listen to audio clips while they read,
bringing examples to life in a way that a printed text
REVEL™ cannot. Throughout the book, dialogue excerpts high-
light effective as well as ineffective ways to communi-
Educational technology designed cate. These audio examples reinforce learning and add
for the way today’s students read, dimension to the printed text.
think, and learn • Self-Assessments
When students are engaged deeply, they learn more Self-assessment instruments allow students to analyze
effectively and perform better in their courses. This simple their own communication styles, enabling them to
fact inspired the creation of REVEL: an immersive learn- learn and grow over the duration of the course. A vari-
ing experience designed for the way today’s students read, ety of self-assessments are offered, including ones on
think, and learn. Built in collaboration with educators and topics such as testing your empathy and strategies for
students nationwide, REVEL is the newest, fully digital improving intercultural competence.
way to deliver respected Pearson content. • Videos and Video Self-Checks
REVEL enlivens course content with media interac- Video clips appear throughout the narrative to boost
tives and assessments—integrated directly within the au- mastery, and many videos are bundled with cor-
thors’ narrative—that provide opportunities for students relating self-checks, enabling students to test their
to read about and practice course material in tandem. This knowledge.
immersive educational technology boosts student engage-
ment, which leads to better understanding of concepts and • Interactive Figures
improved performance throughout the course. Animated figures help students understand hard-to-
grasp concepts, such as the model of relational devel-
Learn more about REVEL opment, through interactive visualizations.
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/revel/ • Integrated Writing opportunities
To help students connect chapter content with personal
SPECIAL FEAtuRES FoR CoMMunICAtIon StuDEntS meaning, each chapter offers two varieties of writing
REVEL is a dynamic learning experience that offers students prompts: the Journal prompt, which elicits free-form,
a way to study the content and topics relevant to communi- topic-specific responses addressing content at the mod-
cation in a whole new way. Rather than simply offering op- ule level, and the Shared Writing prompt, which encour-
portunities to read about and study interpersonal commu- ages students to share and respond to each other’s brief
nication, REVEL facilitates deep, engaging interactions with responses to high-interest topics in the chapter.`
xiv
Preface xv
For more information about all the tools and resources A Relating to Diverse others box also explores the
in REVEL and access to your own REVEL account for updated topic, “Who Listens Better: Men or Women?”
Interpersonal Communication: Relating to Others, Eighth • Chapter 6, “Verbal Communication Skills,” features a
Edition go to www.pearsonhighered.com/revel. new section on how to have a conversation with others.
The chapter also includes a new discussion on online
Chapter Updates relationships.
In addition to the abundance of in-chapter interactive and • Chapter 7, “ Nonverbal Communication Skills,”
media materials you’ll find in REVEL, we have worked includes new research on how our vocal cues provide
to retain the strengths of the text that readers seem to clues about our relationships and how physical appear-
value most—an easily accessible style, our other-oriented ance can influence perception.
approach, and a balance of theory and skills. This new edi- • Chapter 8, “Conflict Management Skills,” has been
tion adds fresh examples and new research throughout. reorganized so that the content on conflict triggers
Here are some reasons to give this new edition a close look: appears before the discussion of conflict as a process.
• Chapter 1, “Introduction to Interpersonal Commu- A new Communication and Emotion box covering
nication,” includes additional discussion, research, “hot button” issues has also been added. The discussion
and examples about social media. In addition, newly of power negotiation has been streamlined.
titled #communicationandtechnology boxes, which are • Chapter 9, “Understanding Interpersonal Relationships,”
included in each chapter, discuss the influence of new contains new research on how intimate relationships
technology on interpersonal communication. enhance our self-esteem and confidence, and how our use
• Chapter 2, “Interpersonal Communication and Self,” of Facebook changes as relationships escalate. Additional
presents additional research on the material self, examples about online dating and speed dating have also
attachment styles, and self-disclosure, among other been added to the chapter.
topics. More social media examples have also been • Chapter 10, “Managing Relationship Challenges,”
added to the chapter. features a new discussion on addressing grief and deliv-
• Chapter 3, “Interpersonal Communication and Percep- ering bad news. Coverage of cyberbullying has been
tion,” contains a new discussion on active and passive increased, and Facebook surveillance has been added.
perception. New research on stereotyping and fun- • Chapter 11, “Interpersonal Relationships: Friendship
damental attribution error has also been added to the and Romance,” includes more social media examples
chapter. and research. The discussion on romantic relationships,
• Chapter 4, “Interpersonal Communication and including dating, has been expanded with new exam-
Diversity: Adapting to Others,” includes an expanded ples and research.
discussion on discrimination and new content on the • Chapter 12, “Interpersonal Relationships: Family and
cultural dimensions of happiness. Workplace,” has additional coverage on the dark side
• Chapter 5, “Listening and Responding Skills,” contains of workplace communication, nontraditional families,
new research on social media and listening goals. The and the adoption of communication technology in the
chapter features a new #communicationandtechnology workplace. New studies, data, and examples have been
box about being “listened to” by our Facebook friends. added throughout the chapter.
xvi Preface
Unique Features
An Other-Oriented Approach
Becoming other-oriented is a collection of skills and principles that are designed
to increase your sensitivity to and understanding of others. Being other-oriented
doesn’t mean you abandon your own thoughts, ignore your feelings, and change
your behavior only to please others; that would not only be unethical, it would also
be an ineffective approach to developing genuine, honest relationships with others.
An other-oriented person is self-aware in addition to being aware of others. True em-
BEING Other-ORIENTED pathy, emotional intelligence, and sensitivity are possible only when we feel secure
It’s important to know your own about our own identities.
preferred listening style, but it’s
also important to understand the Becoming other-oriented is a mindful process of considering the thoughts, needs,
listening style of your communi- feelings, and values of others, rather than focusing exclusively on oneself. This process
cation partner. How can you do
this? Look for clues that help you involves all the classic principles and skills typically taught in interpersonal communi-
identify your partner’s listening cation courses—listening, feedback, conflict management skills, and verbal and non-
style. Relational listeners want to
hear stories and anecdotes about
verbal skills—and places additional emphasis on the importance of the perceptions,
others. Analytical listeners will be thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, values, and emotions of others.
interested in facts. Critical listeners
will be more focused on errors,
inconsistencies, and discrepan- BEIng othER-oRIEntED Being other-oriented boxes appear throughout the
cies when listening. Task-oriented
listeners will be focused on verbs; book and connect the other-orientation theme to specific discussions, often present-
they want to know what to do with ing thought-provoking questions to get students thinking about how other-oriented
the information they hear.
their own communication is.
An Emphasis on Diversity
Inherent in our other-oriented approach is the understanding that people differ in
significant ways, such as culture, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, political
perspectives, and other points of view. It is because of these differences that we need
skills and principles that allow us to develop links to other people and encourage us
to establish meaningful interpersonal relationships with them.
Communication occurs when people find commonalities in meaning that transcend
their differences. Using a competency-based approach, this book presents practical,
Preface xvii
research-based strategies for increasing understanding when interacting with those who
are different from us. Using examples, illustrations, and research conclusions woven
throughout each chapter, we identify ways to become other-oriented despite differences
we encounter in people of the other gender or of other cultures, ethnicities, or ideologies.
An Emphasis on Technology
The line between face-to-face and electronically mediated communication has become
increasingly blurred as we text, e-mail, and Skype with our friends and share the lat-
est news and views via Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and blogs. This text explores the
ever-increasing role of technology in interpersonal communication and the implica-
tions of technology for our daily communication and our relationships with others.
Throughout the book we have included the latest research findings about how our
electronic connections affect our face-to-face interactions.
changing how we relate to and interact with others our affection toward them, especially if the other person is
having a difficult time. When we have a difficult day or have
feel at risk disclosing something personal that would invite
a detailed response, we may turn to Facebook to seek sup-
had a disappointment, research suggests that we expect our port in the form of a quick “like”—enough for us to know
and offers practical applications relating to the impact friends to be there for us and support us. that someone “hears” us and that we don’t have to provide
There is evidence that we increasingly turn to Facebook lengthy explanations.59
of such technologies as Skype, Instagram, Facebook, and other social media to seek a “listening ear” when life gets
tough.58 Although we may have many close friends in whom
How do you enhance your empathic listening skills?
First, think about what the other person may be thinking
and Twitter on establishing and maintaining interper- we can confide, Facebook provides us with a broader audi-
ence of acquaintances as well as good, close friends who can
by socially decentering; second, focus on the feelings and
emotions of your partner, truly empathizing with the other
listen to our concerns and life challenges. Research suggests person.60
sonal relationships.
An Emphasis on Relationships
As the book’s subtitle Relating to Others suggests, we highlight the importance of enhanc-
ing interpersonal relationships by developing an increased awareness of and sensitivity
to how we relate to others. Relationship chapters focus first on fundamental interper-
sonal theory and skills directly related to relationships and on theories of the stages of
relationship development. While we emphasize the positive nature of relationships, we
also provide a glimpse into the challenging “dark side” of relating to others, including
such issues as deception, jealousy, and the influence
of technology on our interactions and communica- Communication and Emotion
tion. A wide range of relationship types is then ex- 9JCVoU;QWT'OQVKQPCN+PVGNNKIGPEG.GXGNCPF9J[&QGU+V/CVVGT!
plored in detail, including relationships with friends, You’ve undoubtedly heard about emotional
intelligence, perhaps on TV or in the media.
voices and paying attention to facial expres- emotions, but also the emotions of others.
sions, posture, and other cues. A skilled public speaker, for example,
Researchers have found it is an important knows how to use motivational appeals to
romantic partners, family members, and coworkers, factor in how you relate to others. EI Helps You Think and Work More
Effectively
persuade or motivate others. Of course,
using one’s emotional intelligence to
CoMMunICAtIon AnD EMotIon Revised to manage their own emotions. It has been
almost twenty-five years since Daniel Gole-
tasks (such as writing) that require focused
concentration.
gence on duping their victims. Emotional
intelligence, like cognitive intelligence, is a
gift that can be used for either good or bad
Communication and Emotion boxes through- man’s book Emotional Intelligence: Why It
Can Matter More than IQ was published. EI Helps You Express Emotions purposes.
That book, along with a Time magazine An emotionally intelligent person is able Research has documented that peo-
out help students see how emotions affect their cover story about emotional intelligence
(sometimes referred to as EQ, for “emo-
to express his or her own emotions—to
use words accurately to describe feelings,
ple who are emotionally intelligent are bet-
ter listeners and are overall more socially
relationships with others. tion quotient”) helped to popularize the moods and emotions skilled than people who are not emotionally
xviii Preface
Communication Studies at Texas State, continues to be an Iowa State colleagues Denise Vrchota, Tina Coffelt, Stacy
invaluable assistant and friend. Bob Hanna and Chelsea Tye-Williams, Racheal Ruble, Todd Jenks, and David Vogel
Stockton are also valued colleagues and staff members who continue to provide their support, encouragement, and
provided skilled support. We thank our good friend Kosta friendship. I would also like to acknowledge and thank a
Tovstiadi for his skillful research assistance in helping us group of colleagues I met years ago when we were all grad-
secure the most contemporary research we could find about uate students at the University of Denver and with whom
interpersonal communication. I have developed lifelong treasured friendships: Rich
We want especially to thank our parents, Russell and Arthur, John Masterson, Diane Ritzdorf, Marc Routhier, the
Muriel Beebe, who are beginning their seventy-fifth year of late Jim Tolhuizen, and especially Phil Backlund at Central
marriage, and Jane and the late Herb Dye, who were mar- Washington University.
ried for more than sixty years. These humble, loving, and I am particularly thankful to my parents, the late
dedicated parental mentors were our first and finest teach- Jack and Alice Redmond; my brother, Jack; and my sis-
ers of interpersonal communication. We also thank our son ters, Ruthann, Mary Lynn, and Tina, who helped shape a
Mark, who continues to teach us that the power of love can family environment that planted the seeds for studying and
overcome life’s challenges, and our son Matt, who teaches appreciating interpersonal communication. Those seeds
us about the importance of finding music and beauty in have been nurtured into a full-grown fascination with how
days filled with both sunshine and clouds. communication shapes our lives and personal development
From Mark: I have used the textbook for many years by my wife, Peggy; my daughter, Beth; my son Nicholas
in teaching the introduction to interpersonal communica- and his wife, Kimberlee; and my son Eric and his wife, Amy.
tion course at Iowa State and I owe a debt to hundreds of On a practical level, I owe a lot of my understanding of the
students, both for their feedback on the text and for teach- Internet and Facebook to my kids.
ing me through their own interpersonal experiences. For Steven A. Beebe
example, it was my students who first introduced me to Susan J. Beebe
the term and meaning of “friends with benefits.” My Mark V. Redmond
About the Authors
Steven A. Beebe is Regents’ and Uni- eleven years, Sue retired in 2014 from the Department of
versity Distinguished Professor in the English at Texas State. An active volunteer in the commu-
Department of Communication Studies nity of San Marcos, Texas, Sue was the founding coordina-
at Texas State University. He served as tor of the San Marcos Volunteers in Public Schools Program
Chair of his department at Texas State and has served on the San Marcos School Board and the
for twenty-eight years and concur- Education Foundation Board. In 1993 she was named the
rently as Associate Dean for twenty-five statewide Friend of Education by the Texas Classroom
years. Steve is the author or co-author of Teachers’ Association; in 2000 the San Marcos school dis-
twelve widely used communication books, most of which trict presented her with its Lifetime Achievement Award.
have been through multiple editions (including Russian Sue enjoys reading, traveling, and caring for the Beebe
and Chinese editions), as well as numerous articles, book family cats, Luke and Bouncer. Sue and Steve have two
chapters, and conference presentations. He has been a sons: Mark, a graduate of Rice University; and Matt, a
Visiting Scholar at both Oxford University and Cambridge graduate of Southwestern University and a middle school
University in England. He made international headlines teacher in nearby Austin.
when conducting research at Oxford; he discovered a
manuscript that was the partial opening chapter of a book Mark V. Redmond is an Associate
that was to be co-authored with J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Professor of Communication Studies
Lewis called Language and Human Nature. Steve has traveled at Iowa State University. In 2012 he
widely in Europe and Asia, and has played a leadership role received the College of Liberal Arts
in establishing new communication curricula in Russian and Sciences award for Outstanding
universities. He has received his university’s highest awards Achievement in Teaching. Besides this
for research and twice for service, has been recognized as book, Mark has authored an introduc-
Honors Professor of the year, and was named Outstanding tory text on communication theory and research, edited
Communication Professor by the National Speaker ’s an upper-level text in interpersonal communication, and
Association. In 2013 he served as President of the National co-authored a public speaking text. His research focuses
Communication Association, the largest professional com- on social decentering (taking into account another person’s
munication association in the world. His passions include thoughts, feelings, perspectives, etc.), one of the themes
his family and a lifelong love of music; he is a pianist and incorporated in this text. His research studies include
organist and a struggling cellist. expectations associated with male–female relationships,
social decentering’s impact in marriage, initial interactions
Susan J. Beebe’s professional interests between strangers, adaptation in interpersonal interac-
and expertise encompass both oral tions, and intercultural communication competence. He is a
and written communication. Sue has Cyclone sports fan with an avocation for playing basketball
co-authored three books and has pub- at least three times a week (despite an aging hook shot). An
lished a number of articles and teaching unaccomplished piano and guitar player, he loves compos-
materials in both English and com- ing and writing songs and vows to someday complete the
munication studies. She has received musical he’s been working on for twenty years. Mark and
the Texas State University Presidential his wife Peggy have three children: Beth, a graduate of the
Awards for Excellence in Teaching and in Service and the University of Iowa and Mount Mercy University; Nicholas,
College of Liberal Arts Awards for Excellence in Scholarly/ a graduate of Iowa State University and McCormick
Creative Activities, in Teaching, and in Service. After serv- Theological Seminary; and Eric, a graduate of Iowa State
ing as Director of Lower-Division Studies in English for University and Northwest Missouri State University.
xxii
Part 1 Interpersonal Communication Foundation
Chapter 1
Introduction to Interpersonal
Communication
1.3 Describe the key components of the communication process, including Interpersonal Communica-
communication as action, interaction, and transaction. tion and the Communication
Process
1.4 Discuss five principles of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal Communication
Principles
1.5 Discuss the role of electronically mediated communication in developing Interpersonal Communication
and maintaining interpersonal relationships. and Social Media
1.6 Identify strategies that can improve your communication competence. Interpersonal Communication
Competence
1
2 Chapter 1
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