(eBook PDF) Intimate Relationships,

Marriages, and Families 9th Edition

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-intimate-relationships-marriages-and-fa
milies-9th-edition/
 .. I
I

....•..•...•....•••.•.•.•....•••..•.•••....••...••....•.•.••.•.....•.....•••....•••....•••..••.•....•.....•••....•..•••..••..••.•...•.•...•......•••....•••.•••••.....•....•......••...••••................••...•••••.•...•..•••......••..••......•.••.••••.....••...••...•..••.••••.•.••.••..•••

•
arr1a
NICK STINNETT • NANCY STINNETT
MARY KAY DEGENOVA • F. PHILIP RICE
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

•
- \
,,.
•
•
'

•
•

• -,. - --~ I
• ••

• \

' .

"-LORD ,•
UNIVERSIT Y PRESS

I
I •
Contents
Preface xx Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in
About the Authors xxv Families 20
Increased Ethnic Diversity 20
•••••••••• ••••• •• •• ••••••••• ••••••• ••••••••••• ••••• •• •• ••••••••• ••••••• ••••••••••• ••••• •• ••••••••••• ••••••• Hispanic Americans 21
Intimate Relationships,
CHAPTER 1 African Americans 21
Marriages, and Families in the CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: ETHNIC IDENTITY
Twenty-first Century 2 AND ACCULTURATION 22
• ••••••••••••• • •• •• ••••••••• •• •••••••••••••• ••••••• •••• •••••••• • •• ••••••• ••••••••••••• • •• •• ••••••••• •• •••••
Asian/Pacific Islander Americans 23
Chapter Outline 3 Native Americans 24
Learning Objectives 3
Theories to Help Explain Family
What Is a Family? 4 Behavior 25
Some Definitions 4
Structural-Functional Theory 25
Family Forms 5
Family Developmental Theory 27
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE:
COPING FEATURE: THE IMPORTANCE OF COPING 28
A LONG 15 INCHES 6
Symbolic Interaction Theory 28
Changes in Family Philosophy Systems Theory 29
and Emphasis 6 Social Learning Theory 30
From Institution to Companionship 7 Exchange Theory 30
From Patriarchy to Democracy 8 Conflict Theory 30
Feminist Theory 30
Changes in Marriage The International Family Strengths Model 31
and Parenthood 9 Critique of Family Theories 32
Marriage Rates 10
Median Age 10 The Study of Marriage, Families,
Family Size 11 and Intimate Relationships 32
Working Wives and Mothers 13 FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: QUALITIES OF
STRONG FAMILIES 32
One-Parent Families 14 A QUESTION OF POLICY: GAY AND LESBIAN
Cohabitation 14 PARENTING BY ADOPTION 34

AT ISSUE TODAY: CHILDREN NOT LIVING Summary 35

WITH MARRIED BIOLOGICAL PARENTS 16
Key Terms 36
Gay and Lesbian Families 16
Questions for Thought 36
Grandparents as Parents 17
For Further Reading 37
Changes in Life Expectancy 18
.•................................•.........................•.........•...............................•....

Changes in Divorce CHAPTER 2Gender: Identity

and Remarriage 19 and Roles 38
Divorce Rates 19
Remarriage Trends 19 Chapter Outline 39
Blended Families 20 Learning Objectives 39
•
Vl
 CONTENTS

Environmental Influences on Questions for Thought 64

Gender 40 For Further Reading 64
Societal Expectations 41
Parental Influences 41 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

AT ISSUE TODAY: WOMEN AND WEIGHT: GENDERED CHAPTER 3 Being Single 66

MESSAGES ON MAGAZINE COVERS 42 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •

The Influence of Popular Press, Chapter Outline 67

Television, and Movies 43
Learning Objectives 67
School Influences 44
Categories of Singles 69
Theories of Gender Role Voluntary Singles 70
and Identity 44 Involuntary Singles 70
Social Learning Theory 44
Cognitive Developmental Theory 45 Marital Delay 70
Gender Schema Theory 45 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: AFRICAN AMERICAN
SINGLE MOTHERS 71
Social Structure/Cultural Theories 46
Evolutionary Theories 46 Why Some People Remain
Biological Theories 47 Single 72
Deliberate Choice 72
Traditional Masculine
and Feminine Stereotypes 48 Fear of Marriage 72
Masculinity 48 Lack of Opportunity 72
Circumstances 72
Femininity 48
Problems with Gender Stereotypes 49 Advantages and Disadvantages
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: LIFE ON THE BOUNDARIES of Being Single 72
OFGENDER 50
COPING FEATURE: AVOIDING COUNTERPRODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES 73
Gender Roles and Body Image 51
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE WORD MACHISMO 54 The Health and Well-Being
of Singles 74
Race, Class, and Gender 54
Living Arrangements 75
Changing Roles of Women Shared Living Spaces 76
andMen 56 Living with Parents 76
Living Alone 76
Gender Roles in the Family 56
Roles in Marriage 57 Sexual Behavior 76
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: DO EVERYDAY Teens 76
THINGS TOGETHER 58
Adult Heterosexual Activity 77
Housework and Child-Care Roles 58
Same-sex Activity 77
COPING FEATURE: COPING WITH DEPRESSION 59
Sexual Orientation 78
Gender, Marriage, and Depression 60
Sexual Attraction 78
Androgyny 60 Selected Health Measures 78
A QUESTION OF POLICY: TITLE IX 62 AT ISSUE TODAY: FRIENDS WITH
BENEFITS 78
Summary 63
Key Terms 64 Employment and Income 79
 CONTENTS

Single Parents 79 Closeness and Distance in Relationships 97

Special Issues for Single-Parent Families 80 COPING FEATURE: COPING WITH YOUR OWN
JEALOUSY 98
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: TIME TOGETHER:
MAKING MEMORIES 81
Violence and Sexual Aggression
The Never-Married Adult 82 in Dating 99
Gender Differences in Dating
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: SINGLE FATHERHOOD 83
Violence 99
A QUESTION OF POLICY: FUNDING FOR WHICH SEX
EDUCATION PROGRAMS? 84
Psychological and Emotional Effects of Dating
Violence 99
Summary 84
Date Rape 100
Key Terms 85
AT ISSUE TODAY: DATE RAPE DRUGS 101
Questions for Thought 85
For Further Reading 85 Breaking Up a Relationship 102
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: LESSONS LEARNED FROM
........................................................................................................... BREAKING UP 103
CHAPTER 4Attraction A QUESTION OF POLICY: SEXUAL
and Dating 86 ASSAULT ON CAMPUS 104
...............................................................................................•...........
Summary 105
Chapter Outline 87 Key Terms 106
Learning Objectives 87 Questions for Thought 106
For Further Reading 106
Attraction 88
Physical Attractiveness 88
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Standards of Attractiveness 89
CHAPTER 5Love and Mate
Personality and Social Factors 89
Selection 108
Unconscious Influences 89 • • • • • • .,.. • ,. ... • • • • • ... .,..... "' • •" • • • ... • •-• • • • ·• • -. •aoo • ,. ... • . .. • • • • • • •• • . ,.. • • • • -• • • • • • • • • • • ... • ,. ... • • • • • ......... "' • •" • • • ... • • •

Chapter Outline 109

The Dating System 89
Learning Objectives 110
Courtship in Early America 90
The Emergence of Dating 90 What Is Love? 111
Dating at the End of the Twentieth Century 91
Dating Today 91 Romantic Love 111
Is Romantic Love a Sound Basis
Reasons for Dating 92 for Marriage? 111

Finding and Meeting Dates 93 Erotic Love 112

Personal Ads to Online Dating 94 Are Love and Sex the Same? 113
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: ARRANGED MARRIAGES 94 Sex as an Expression of Love 114

Gender Roles in Dating 95 Dependent Love 114

Maslow's Theory of Love as Need 115
Problems in Dating 96
Honesty and Openness 96 Friendship Love 116
Jealousy and Infidelity 96 Loving and Liking 116
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: STRENGTHS OF
RUSSIAN FAMILIES 97 Altruistic Love 116
Getting Too Serious 97 Fromm's View of Altruistic Love 117
 CONTENTS

Components of Love 117 AT ISSUE TODAY: WEDDING BILL BLUES? 139

Research on the Components of Love 117 A QUESTION OF POLICY: MARRIAGE
INCENTIVES 140
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE:
COMMITMENT 118 Summary 141
Key Terms 142
Love and Attachment 119 Questions for Thought 142
For Further Reading 143
Changes over Time 120
Theories of Mate Selection 121 ••••• ••• •• •••••••••••••••• •• ••••••••••••• ••• •• •••••••••••••••• •• ••••••••••••• ••• •• •••••••••••• •••• •• •••••••

Psychodynamic Theories 121 Qualities of a Successful

CHAPTER 6
Needs Theories 121 Marriage 144
..
········-···················· ····- ········-···································· ···················· ······
Exchange Theories 122
Chapter Outline 145
Developmental Process Theories 122
Learning Objectives 145
COPING FEATURE: HAPPINESS 123
Criteria for Evaluating Marital
Family Background Factors in Mate Success 146
Selection 126 Durability 146
Socioeconomic Class 126 Approximation of Ideals 146
Education and Intelligence 126 Fulfillment of Needs 147
Interracial and Interethnic Marriages 127 Satisfaction 147
Interfaith Marriages 128
Happy versus Unhappy
Personal Characteristics 129 Marriages 147
Individual Traits and Behavior 129 COPING FEATURE: HOW WE APPRAISE THE
SITUATION 149
Age Differentials 129
Consensus and Similarity of Attitudes Sex and a Happy Marriage 149
and Values 130
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: POLYGAMY 150
Gender Roles and Personal Habits 130

Nonmarital Cohabitation 131 Twelve Characteristics of Successful

Marriages 151
Patterns of Cohabitation 131
Communication 151
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: LIVING TOGETHER 132
Admiration and Respect 152
The Effect on the Relationship
Companionship 152
and on Marriage 133
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE:
DIGGING FOR DIAMONDS 152
The Transition to Marriage 133
Spirituality and Values 154
Why People Marry 134
Commitment 154
Marital Readiness 134
Affection 156
Marriage and the Law 134
The Ability to Deal with Crises
Preparing for Marriage 136
and Stress 157
Rites of Passage 137 Responsibility 158
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: FORGIVENESS 159
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: CHINESE WEDDING
CEREMONIES 138 Unselfishness 159
Engagement 138 Empathy and Sensitivity 160
The Wedding as a Religious and Civil Rite 138 Honesty, Trust, and Fidelity 160
 CONTENTS

Adaptability, Flexibility, and Tolerance 160 Adjustments during Late

AT ISSUE TODAY: NO TIME FOR LOVE 161 Adulthood 182
Developmental Tasks 182
Premarital Predictors of Marital FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: GO WITH THE
Quality 162 FLOW 183
Marital Satisfaction 186
The Newlywed Years as Predictors Divorce 187
of Marital Satisfaction 163 Parent-Adult Child Relationships 187
Why Some People Regret Their Widowhood 188
Choice of Mate 163
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: WIDOWHOOD 188
A QUESTION OF POLICY: COVENANT
AT ISSUE TODAY: WHO CARES FOR OLDER
MARRIAGES 164
PEOPLE? 190
Summary 165 A QUESTION OF POLICY: NATIONALIZED/UNIVERSAL
HEALTH CARE 190
Key Terms 166
Questions for Thought 166 Summary 191
For Further Reading 166 Key Terms 193
Questions for Thought 193
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
For Further Reading 193
CHAPTER 7Marital Relationships
over the Family Life Cycle 168 ••••••••••• • • • •••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Work, Family Roles,
CHAPTER 8
Chapter Outline 169 and Material Resources 194
Learning Objectives 169 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •

Marriage and Personal Chapter Outline 195

Happiness 170 Learning Objectives 195
The American Family Today 196
The Family Life Cycle 171
Work, Stress, and the Family 197
Data on Family Life Cycles 171
Positive Benefits of Dual-Earner Families 198
Changes in Marital Satisfaction 171
Needed: More Time 199
Gay and Lesbian Families 172
COPING FEATURE: TIME PRESSURE 200

Adjustments Early in Marriage 174 The Parents' Child-Care Role 200

Marital Adjustment Tasks 174 Household Labor 203
COPING FEATURE: HALF FULL OR HALF EMPTY? 175 AT ISSUE TODAY: THE FAMILY
AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT 203
Problems during Three Early Stages 175
Marital Adjustment 204
Adjustments to Parenthood 177 FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: KEEP THINGS
IN PERSPECTIVE 205
Parenthood and Stress 177
Dual-Career Families 205
Fatherhood and the Life Course 178
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUALISM Material Resources 206
VERSUS FAMILISM 179
Financial Strains on Families 206
Adjustments During Middle The Gender Wage Gap 209
Adulthood 179 Families and Debt 211
Marital Adjustments 180 PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: HOMELESS 212
The Postparental Years 181 Managing Finances 213
 CONTENTS

Poverty and Family Life 214 Power Processes 232

Measuring Poverty 214 COPING FEATURE: THE NEED FOR CONTROL 233
The Effects of Poverty on Families 215 Power Tactics That Help 233
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: RACE Power Tactics That Can Help or Harm 234
OR ECONOMICS? 216
Power Tactics That Harm 234
Homelessness 217
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: HOW DO YOU STOP
The Feminization of Poverty 218 A PSYCHOLOGICAL GAME? 236
Welfare and the Family 218
The Widening Gap between the Rich Consequences of Power
and the Poor 220 Struggles 237
A QUESTION OF POLICY: EARNED INCOME
TAX CREDIT 221
Communication 238
Summary 221 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 238
AT ISSUE TODAY: FACEBOOK, TEXT MESSAGING,
Key Terms 222 ANDBEER 239
Questions for Thought 223 Barriers to Communication 239
For Further Reading 223
Improving Communication
Skills 241
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Taking Time 241
CHAPTER gPower, Decision
Motivation and Concern 242
Making, and Communication 224
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Empathy 242
Chapter Outline 225 Content 242
Learning Objectives 225 Self-Disclosure 242
Clarity 243
The Meaning of Power 226
Listening 243
Why People Want Power 226 Feedback 243
Self-Actualization 226 Arguing Constructively 243
Social Expectations 226 FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: LISTEN 244
A QUESTION OF POLICY: THE POWER OF FEDERAL
Family-of-Origin Influences 227
JUDGES 245
Psychological Need 227
Summary 245
Sources of Power 227 Key Terms 246
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: WEARING A VEIL 228 Questions for Thought 246
Cultural Norms 228 For Further Reading 247
Gender Norms 229 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Economic Resources 229 CHAPTER 10 Sexual

Education and Knowledge 230 Relationships 248
Personality Differences 230 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •

Communication Ability 230 Chapter Outline 249

Emotional Factors 230 Learning Objectives 250
Physical Stature and Strength 231 Sexuality 250
Life Circumstances 231
Children 231 Sexual Myths 251
Myth 1: Sexual Satisfaction Increases with
Marital Power Patterns 231 Multiple Partners 251
 CONTENTS

Myth 2: Sexual Satisfaction Is Determined by Knowledge of the Sexual Response Cycle 260
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse 251 Emphasis on the Enjoyment of Each Other
Myth 3: Sex during Menstruation Should Be Rather Than Performance 260
Avoided 251 Good Mental and Physical Health 260
Myth 4: Sex during Pregnancy Should Be FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: COMMUNICATION
Avoided 251 AND SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS 261
Myth 5: Men Are Always Confident about and
Ready for Sex 252 Sexuality and Aging 261
Myth 6: Women Are Not Very Interested in The Female Climacteric 262
Sex 252 Hormone Replacement Therapy for
Myth 7: A Careful Person Will Never Get Caught Women 262
in an Extramarital Affair 252 The Male Climacteric 262
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: A CROSS-CULTURAL VIEW PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: AN AFFAIR? CONSIDER THE
OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 253 CONSEQUENCES 263
Hormone Replacement Therapy for Men 263
Negative Consequences of Sexual
Activity 253 Getting through the Change-of-Life Period
More Successfully 264
Unplanned Pregnancy 253
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 254 Sexual Disorders 264
Confusing Sex with Love 254 Sexual Addiction 264
Staying in a Relationship Longer Than Hypoactive Sexual Desire 265
Desirable 254 Vaginismus 266
COPING FEATURE: ATTACHMENT STYLES AND SEXUAL
RELATIONSHIPS 255
Female Orgasmic Disorder 266
Male Orgasmic Disorder 267
Emotional Vulnerability 255
Manipulation and Power Games 256 Dyspareunia 267
Erectile Disorder 267
Sexual Response 256 Premature Ejaculation 269
The Masters and Johnson Sexual Response
Model 256 Alcohol and Drugs 269
The Kaplan Sexual Response Model 257
Sexually Transmitted
Gender Differences in Sexual Diseases 270
Response 258 Chlamydia 271
Sexual Desire 258 Gonorrhea 271
Sexual Arousal 258 AT ISSUE TODAY: UNSAFE SEX PRACTICES:
WHY SO PREVALENT? 272
Proceeding through Sexual Response Stages
at Different Speeds 258 Syphilis 273
Resolution Stage 258 Human Papillomavirus 274
Orgasm 259 Herpes 275
Hepatitis 276
Factors Contributing to a Fulfilling Human Immunodeficiency Virus 277
Sexual Relationship 259 Vaginitis 279
Intimacy 259 Pediculosis 279
Commitment 259 A QUESTION OF POLICY: INTERNET
Psychological Comfort 260 PORNOGRAPHY 280

Good Communication 260 Summary 280

 CONTENTS

Key Terms 282 Psychological and Personal

Questions for Thought 282 Considerations 303
For Further Reading 282
Infertility 303
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Causes of Infertility 303
CHAPTER 11 Family
Planning CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: A PREFERENCE FOR
MALES 304
and Parenthood 284 COPING FEATURE: COPING WITH INFERTILITY 305
• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••

Chapter Outline 285 Infertility and Subjective Well-Being 305

Learning Objectives 286 Treatment of Infertility 305
Alternative Means of Conception 306
The Importance of Family The Adoption Option 307
Planning 287
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: REASONS FOR HAVING
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: WHAT IS A CHILDREN 308
STRONG FAMILY? 288
The Foster Care Option 309
Hormonal Control 288
To Parent or Not to Parent 310
Oral Contraceptives 289
Delayed Parenthood 310
Other Forms of Hormonal Contraceptives 291
Choosing a Child-Free Marriage 311
AT ISSUE TODAY: THE ABORTION PILL 292
A QUESTION OF POLICY: EMBRYOS 312

Vaginal Spermicides 293 Summary 313

Key Terms 314
Intrauterine Devices 293 Questions for Thought 314
Barrier Methods 294 For Further Reading 315
Condoms 294 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Diaphragm 295 CHAPTER 12 Pregnancy

Cervical Cap 295 and Childbirth 316
Contraceptive Sponge 295 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••• •

Chapter Outline 317

Sterilization 295 Learning Objectives 317
Vasectomy 296
Female Sterilization 296
Pregnancy 318
Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy 318
Fertility Awareness 297 Tests for Pregnancy 318
Calendar Method 297 Calculating the Expected Date of Birth 319
Withdrawal 299 Emotional Reactions to Pregnancy 319
Noncoital Stimulation (Outercourse) 300
Prenatal Care 320
Choosing a Method of Importance of Prenatal Care 320
Contraception 300 Nutrition during Pregnancy 321
General Health Care during Pregnancy 321
Abortion 301 Environmental Hazards 321
Legal Considerations 301 Minor Side Effects of Pregnancy 322
Moral Considerations 302
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE USE OF
Social and Realistic Considerations 302 ULTRASOUNDS 323
 CONTENTS

Major Complications of Pregnancy 323 FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: BOTHO 345

Sexual Relations during Pregnancy 325 Life Circumstances 345
Mental Health 325 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: CULTURAL CONFLICT
AND ACCULTURATION 346
Prenatal Development 326 Differences in Children 347
The Germinal Period 327
The Embryonic Period 327
Stress and Children 348
The Fetal Period 327 Fostering Cognitive and Intellectual
Growth 349
Prepared Childbirth 328
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: SERENDIPITY 349
AT ISSUE TODAY: OPTIONS FOR DELIVERY 328
Parental Contributions 350
The Lamaze Method 329
Language Development and Cultivation 350
Labor and Delivery 329 Educational Goals 350
Stages of Labor 330
Meeting Emotional Needs 350
The Postpartum Period 330 Emotional Attachments 351
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: BONDING
Autonomy 353
WITH BABY 331 Connectedness 353
Care of the Newborn 331 Identity 354
Parent-Infant Contact and Bonding 331 AT ISSUE TODAY: FAMILY HAPPINESS
AND MATERIAL WEALTH 354
Rooming-In 332
Postpartum Adjustments 332
Child Care 355
Returning to Work 333
COPING FEATURE: BECOMING A PARENT 334 Social Competence, Socialization,
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: POSTPARTUM and Discipline 356
DEPRESSION 335
Meaning and Goals of Discipline 356
Sexual Relations after Childbirth 335
Principles of Discipline 357
A QUESTION OF POLICY: SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY
PREGNANT WOMEN 336 COPING FEATURE: THE STRESS OF DISCIPLINE 358

Summary 337 Discipline Styles 359

Corporal Punishment 359
Key Terms 337
A QUESTION OF POLICY: FAMILY-FRIENDLY
Questions for Thought 338 POLICIES 360
For Further Reading 338 Summary 361
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Key Terms 362
CHAPTER 13Parent-Child Questions for Thought 362
Relationships 340 For Further Reading 363
••••••••• ••• ••••••••••••• • • • • • • •• • • ••••••• •• •• ••• •••• • •••••••• •••• •••••••••••• • • • ••• • • • •••••••••••• ••• •••••

• •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••• •

Chapter Outline 341
CHAPTER 14 Parentsand Extended
Learning Objectives 341 Family Relationships 364
Philosophies of Childrearing 342 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •

Parental Differences 342 Chapter Outline 365

Value Differences 343 Learning Objectives 365
Parent-Child Differences 343 Parent-Adult Child
Cultural Differences 344 Relationships 366
 CONTENTS

When Parents Disapprove of Choice of The Family Environment 389

Partner 366 Interparent Conflict 389
Children's Identification with Parents 368 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: THE PLIGHT OF IMMIGRANT
Interdependence between Generations 368 FAMILIES 390

CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: EMERGING ADULTHOOD 370

Parent-Adult Child Relationships and
Sources of Conflict 390
Psychological Functioning 371 Personal Sources 391
Elder Care 371 Physical Sources 391
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: MOTHER-DAUGHTER
Interpersonal Sources 391
RELATIONSHIPS 372 Situational or Environmental Sources 392
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO
In-Laws 373 CHANGE ABOUT THE WAY YOU DEAL WITH
CONFLICT? 393
Successful In-Law Relationships 373
The Roots of Conflict 374
Methods of Dealing with
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: FAMILY Conflict 393
REUNION 375
Avoidance 393
Living with Parents or In-Laws 375 Ventilation and Catharsis 394
Effects of Co-residence 376 Constructive and Destructive Conflicts 395
COPING FEATURE: REFRAMING 376 Levels of Marital Conflict Model 396
Sources of Stress 377
Family Crises 397
Grandparents 377 Stage 1: Onset 398
AT ISSUE TODAY: FICTIVE KINSHIP 378
Stage 2: Disorganization 398
What Grandparents Can Do for Stage 3: Reorganization 398
Grandchildren 379 COPING FEATURE: SEARCH FOR MEANING
IN TOUGH TIMES 399
Grandparents Who Parent Their
Grandchildren 380
The Crisis of Infidelity 400
Adolescents, Young Adults,
and Grandparents 381 Reasons for Infidelity 400
What Grandchildren Can Do for FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: AFFAIR-PROOFING
YOUR MARRIAGE 400
Grandparents 382
AT ISSUE TODAY: CHEATING IN CYBERSPACE 401

Adult Sibling Relationships 382 Affairs as Crises for Married People 402
A QUESTION OF POLICY: GRANDPARENTS' RIGHTS 383
The Crisis of Economic
Summary 384 Distress 403
Key Terms 385 Types of Economic Distress 403
Questions for Thought 385 Effects on Individuals and on Family
For Further Reading 385 Relationships 403
Coping with Economic Distress 404
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

CHAPTER 15Conflict, Family Crises, The Crisis of Addictions 405

and Crisis Management 386 Characteristics of Addiction 405
• •••••••• • • • ••••••••••••••••• • •• • ••••••••••• • ••••••• • ••••••••••• • ••••••••••• • ••••• • •• • ••••••••••••••••••• ••

Reasons for Addiction 405

Chapter Outline 387
Effects on the Family 405
Learning Objectives 388
Overcoming Addiction: The Addicted
Conflict and Children 389 Person 406
 CONTENTS

Overcoming Addiction: The Family and the Separation 434

Addicted Person Working Together 406 AT ISSUE TODAY: WHY MARRIAGE COUNSELING
SOMETIMES DOES NOT SUCCEED 435
The Crisis of Violence
and Abuse 408 No-Fault Divorce and Mediation 436
Factors Related to Violence 410 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: ADJUSTMENT TO
Child Maltreatment 412 DIVORCE 437

Treatment for Spouse and Child Abuse 415

Adult Adjustments after Divorce 438
Detecting Child Maltreatment 415
Emotional Trauma 438
Elder Abuse 416
Societal Attitudes toward Divorce 439
The Crisis of Death and Grief 417 Loneliness and Social Readjustment 439
A QUESTION OF POLICY: ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Adjustments to Custody Arrangements 440
CHILDREN 419 Finances 441
Summary 419 Realignment of Responsibilities and Work
Key Terms 421 Roles 441
Contacts with the Ex-Spouse 442
Questions for Thought 421
Kinship Interaction 442
For Further Reading 421
COPING FEATURE: ANGER 442

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Children and Divorce 444
CHAPTER 16 The
Family Child Custody 444
and Divorce 422
•••••••••••••••• • •• • ••••••••••••••••• • • •••••••••••••• •• ••• • ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• • •• •• •••••••••••••• • FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: FORGIVENESS AND
CONFLICT-RESOLUTION SKILLS 444
Chapter Outline 423
Child Support 445
Learning Objectives 423
Visitation Rights 447
Probability of Divorce: Social Reactions of Children 447
and Demographic Factors 424 Adjustments of Children 449
Marital Age 425 A QUESTION OF POLICY: DIVORCE AND THE
Religion 425 SINGLE-MOTHER FAMILY 451
Socioeconomic Status 425 Summary 451
Geographic Area 426 Key Terms 453
Parental Divorce 426 Questions for Thought 453
The Presence of Children 428 For Further Reading 453
Quality of Marriage and Parent-Child
Relationships 428
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Causes of Marital Breakup 429 CHAPTER 17 Coming

Spouses' Perceptions 429 Together: Remarriage
The Marital Disaffection Process 430 and Stepparenting 454
•••••••• ••• • • • •• • •••••••••• •• ••••••••• ••••••••••• •• •••••••••• ••• • •• •• • •••••••••• •• ••••••• • • ••••••••••• • • • • •

The Divorce Decision 431 Chapter Outline 455

Learning Objectives 455
Alternatives to Divorce 433 Remarriage 456
Marriage Counseling 433 Divorce or Success in Remarriage? 456
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: GETTING DIVORCED 433
FAMILY STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE: HAPPY VERSUS
Marriage Enrichment 434 UNHAPPY STEPCOUPLES 457
 CONTENTS

Courtship and Mate Selection in Stepparent-Stepchild

Remarriage 458
Preparing for Remarriage 458
Facets of Remarriage 459
Challenges of Remarriage 460
Complex Relationships 460
Ambiguous Family Boundaries 460
Ambiguous Cultural Norms 461
Carrying Expectations from One Marriage
to Another 461
AT ISSUE TODAY: MERGING FAMILIES
AND FINANCES 462
Finances 463
Relationships 469
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: STEPFAMILIES IN CULTURAL
CONTEXT 470
Child Well-Being in Stepfamilies 470
Facilitating Bonds between Stepparents
and Stepchildren 472
Coparents and Parenting Coalitions 473
Stepsibling Relationships 474
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: BEING A STEPMOM 475
A QUESTION OF POLICY: STEPFAMILY RIGHTS 476
Summary 476
Key Terms 478

Relationships with the Ex-Spouse 464 Questions for Thought 478

Family Relationships from a Previous For Further Reading 478
Marriage 464
COPING FEATURE: HUMOR 465
Glossary 479
References 487
Stepfamilies 466
Stepfathers 468 Image Credits 534
Stepfamily Turning Points 468 Index 536
 oxe
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Polygamy 150
At Issue Today Individualism versus Familism 179
• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Children Not Living with Married Race or Economics? 216

Biological Parents 16
Wearing a Veil 228
Women and Weight: Gendered Messages
on Magazine Covers 42 A Cross-Cultural View of Sexual
Behavior 253
Friends with Benefits 78
A Preference for Males 304
Date Rape Drugs 101
The Use of Ultrasounds 323
Wedding Bill Blues? 139
Cultural Conflict and Acculturation 346
No Time for Love 161
Emerging Adulthood 370
Who Cares for Older People? 190
The Plight of Immigrant Families 390
The Family and Medical Leave Act 203
Adjustment to Divorce 437
Facebook, Text Messaging, and Beer 239
Stepfamilies in Cultural Context 476
Unsafe Sex Practices: Why So
Prevalent? 272 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

The Abortion Pill 292

A Question of Policy
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Options for Delivery 328 Gay and Lesbian Parenting by

Adoption 34
Family Happiness and Material
Wealth 354 Title IX 62
Fictive Kinship 378 Funding for Which Sex Education
Programs? 84
Cheating in Cyberspace 401
Why Marriage Counseling Sometimes Sexual Assault on Campus 104
Does Not Succeed 435 Marriage Incentives 140
Merging Families and Finances 462 Covenant Marriages 164
Nationalized/Universal Health Care 190
••••••••• • •••••••••••• •••••••••• ••• •••••••••••••••• •• ••••••••• ••• ••••••••• • •••••••••• ••• •••••••• ••• ••••• •• •

• Earned Income Tax Credit 221

Cultural Perspective
•••• •••• •••• •••• ••••• ••• •••• •• ••••• •••• ••••• •• ••••• ••• •••• •••• ••• •••• ••••• ••• •••• •• ••••• •••• ••••• •• •••••• •• The Power of Federal Judges 245
Ethnic Identity and Acculturation 22
Internet Pornography 280
The Word Machismo 54
Embryos 312
African American Single Mothers 71
Substance Abuse by Pregnant
Arranged Marriages 94 Women 336
Chinese Wedding Ceremonies 138 Family-Friendly Policies 360
•••
XVlll
 BOXED FEATURES

Grandparents' Rights 383 Digging for Diamonds 152

Abused and Neglected Children 419 Go with the Flow 183
Divorce and the Single-Mother Keep Things in Perspective 205
Family 451 Listen 244
Stepfamily Rights 476 Communication and Sexual
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Relationships 261
Personal Perspective What Is a Strong Family? 288
.•......•..•• ....... ·····-······ ....... ... ...•......•••...••••.....••••....••.....•••.•..•••.•.
Bonding with Baby 331
A Long 15 Inches 6
Life on the Boundaries of Gender 50 Botha 345
Single Fatherhood 83 Family Reunion 375
Lessons Learned from Breaking Up 103 Affair-Proofing Your Marriage 400
Living Together 132 Forgiveness and Conflict-Resolution
Skills 444
Forgiveness 159
Happy versus Unhappy Stepcouples 457
Widowhood 188
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Homeless 212
How Do You Stop a Psychological
Coping Feature
••••••••••••• ••• •••••• • •••••• •• ••••••••••••••••••• ••• ••••••••••••• • • • •••••••••••••• • •••••• •••••••••••• •••••

Game? 236 The Importance of Coping 28

An Affair? Consider the Coping with Depression 59
Consequences 263
Avoiding Counterproductive
Reasons for Having Children 308 Strategies 73
Postpartum Depression 335 Coping with Your Own Jealousy 99
Serendipity 349 Happiness 123
Mother-Daughter Relationships 372 How We Appraise the Situation 149
What Would You Like to Change about Half Full or Half Empty? 175
the Way You Deal with Conflict? 393
Time Pressure 200
Getting Divorced 433
The Need for Control 233
Being a Stepmom 475
Attachment Styles and Sexual
• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Relationships 255
Family Strengths Coping with Infertility 305
Perspective Becoming a Parent 334
• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Qualities of Strong Families 32 The Stress of Discipline 358

Do Everyday Things Together 58 Reframing 376
Time Together: Making Memories 81 Search for Meaning in Tough Times 399
Strengths of Russian Families 97 Anger 442
Commitment 118 Humor 465
In the ninth edition of Intimate Relationships, Mar-
riages, and Families, various theoretical perspectives
(such as symbolic interaction theory, structural
functional theory, conflict theory, and develop-
mental theory) are utilized to help understand
marriage and family dynamics and to interpret
changes taking place in families. Systems theory
is integrated throughout the text to illustrate the
interdependence of marriage and family mem-
bers and to provide insights concerning how mar-
riage and family interactions are influenced by
culture, law and policy, work, economics, coping
and interpersonal skills, and the degree of family
strengths.
All people share a fundamental drive to form
intimate relationships with other human beings, al-
though these relationships may take a variety of
forms. As you go through life, your needs for inti-
macy constantly change. An infant needs to be fed
and cuddled; a school-age child needs to have
friends; an adolescent begins exploring sexuality;
most adult men and women seek a partner, marry,
and have children; and many elderly people need
assistance from family in the later years of life.
When people are in relationships, it is almost
inevitable that there will be challenges. Few
long-term intimate relationships exist without
some degree of friction. For most people, it takes
considerable effort to create and maintain healthy,
fulfilling relationships; for others, it is a constant
struggle. And although relationships can be a
source of pain, they also can be our biggest source
of joy in life, bringing happiness, satisfaction, and
even exhilaration. In the end, most people would
agree that experiencing intimate and family rela-
tionships is the true essence of life and the abiding
force that sustains and transforms them. The goal
of this textbook- and likely your course overall-
is to help you learn to develop the skills to achieve
relationships that are warm, close, and enriching.
Each of you has tremendous capacity to grow
and change; and the choices in regard to relation-
ships are abundant today. To choose wisely and in
ways that are best for you, you need a cognitive
xx
understanding of what is involved, what choices
you have, and what the consequences of these
choices may be. It is here that the information pro-
vided by the social and behavioral sciences can
help. As a student using this text, you will have the
opportunity to learn from thousands of research
studies examining many facets of relationships. Ob-
jectively studying many different kinds of relation-
ships can help you understand and make better
choices in your own relationships and clarify your
own personal attitudes and values.
The more you understand about the vast array of
relationships and different kinds of challenges they
present, the better able you are to be objective and
tolerant of others. You will learn from this text that
marriage and family patterns are tremendously di-
verse and that no one way is ideal for everyone.
Also, as we study different relationship patterns, we
learn that some of our own behavior patterns actu-
ally may be more widespread than we would have
imagined.
It also is important to understand how your ac-
tions as a citizen impact intimate relationships and
families on a societal level. When you vote, you
elect officials who write laws and policies that de-
termine such things as who can get married or how
much funding after-school programs receive. Many
public policy issues such as these directly affect
families. Each chapter in this book explores a
public policy issue and its relationship to families.
These issues, like so many family issues, are often
controversial. This text adopts neither a liberal nor
a conservative view, but it presents different sides
of an issue and challenges you to find your own
individual values and answers to these important
questions.
As you examine relationships over the life course,
you will see that they are dynamic. One thing for
sure is that change, although it is some people's big-
gest fear, is inevitable in life. People change, situa-
tions change, relationships change. The love you feel
today may not be exactly the same as the love you
will feel 10 years from now. The person you were in
high school changed into the person you are today.
 PREFACE

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
At the same time, there is also continuity to life,
and what happens now greatly influences tomor- Ne,M to the Ninth Edition
row. What happened in your families when you •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

were children impacts what will happen in your All chapters were carefully revised and updated to
families when you are adults. This book illustrates incorporate current research and statistics and newly
that there is similarity in the ways humans develop emerging topics. Careful attention is given to the
and cope with changes, but there is also diversity. coverage of cultural diversity, which is not set aside
An important aim of this book is to show students in a separate chapter but integrated throughout the
what may be expected at a particular life stage, text. Research studies that included a culturally di-
how others have responded, and how those re- verse sample are discussed wherever possible.
sponses have affected the quality of their intimate Recent trends in marriage and families are ex-
relationships. amined using current U.S. statistics. Among the
topics discussed are the following:
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• The increase in cohabitation

Organization
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • Grandparents raising their grandchildren
The text begins with an examination of the trends • Marital delay and lifelong singlehood
and changes taking place in marriage and family • Gay and lesbian families
today and how different theoretical perspectives in-
• Cultural diversity in the United States
terpret those changes (Chapter 1). The concepts of
gender and gender roles are examined and some of • Attachment styles
the influences on their development are described • Addiction and the effect on families
in Chapter 2. • Violence in dating relationships
Chapters 3 through 5 explore relationships
• Internet dating services
before marriage ranging from singlehood to dating
to partner selection. Marriage brings with it a new • The influence of technology and media on
set of demands for growth and change. Chapter 6 gender roles and families
considers first the qualities essential to happy and • The increase in single parenthood
successful marriages, and Chapter 7 discusses • The increase in interracial, interethnic and in-
changes in marital relationships over the life cycle. terfaith marriages
Chapters 8 and 9 explore work and family roles
and the effect of economic status and power, deci- • Elder care and elder abuse
sion making, and communication. The nature of A careful review of literature that focused on pos-
sexuality, sexual relationships, sexually transmit- itive aspects of family life and qualities of fulfilling
ted diseases, and sexual disorders are discussed in and satisfying intimate relationships was conducted.
Chapter 10. Among the topics covered are the following:
Chapters 11 to 14 focus on parenthood. The de-
cisions involved in parenthood and family plan- • Characteristics of strong families
ning are discussed in Chapter 11, and Chapter 12 • The importance of couples' rituals and family
follows from conception through pregnancy and time
the preparations made by the family for a new baby. • Qualities of a successful marriage
Chapter 13 examines parent-child relationships,
• Sex and a happy marriage
whereas Chapter 14 considers relationships among
members of the extended family, especially aging • The impact of premarital education
relatives. • The need for families to have more time
Most families at one time or another experience together
some conflict or face a period of crisis. The text ex- • Family happiness and material wealth
plores conflict and family crises in Chapter 15, the
• Healthy and happy stepfamilies
causes and effects of divorce in Chapter 16, and the
special challenges of remarriage and stepparenting The ninth edition expands and updates infor-
in Chapter 17. mation on the relationship between family life and
 PREFACE
economics, and it also deals with the increase in the
number of families struggling financially. The fi-
nancial burden of and misconceptions about stu-
dent loans are new additions. Some of the subjects
included are as follows:
• The increase in family and consumer debt
• Student loans
• The shrinking dollar
• Poverty, the working poor, and family life
• The widening gap between rich and poor
• Work, stress, and the family
• Characteristics of dual-earner families
• Household labor
• Financial needs of families
• Homelessness
• The rising cost of health care
• Family-friendly policies in the workplace
• Financial management
New to the eighth edition were the following two
features, which have been retained and, where nec-
essary, updated:
Coping Feature is a unique box that provides
helpful information in each chapter concerning ef-
fective coping strategies and how coping patterns
impact relationships. The Coping Feature is consis-
tent with one of the text's major premises- that
change happens and requires us to cope.
Family Strengths Perspective is also a distinctive
perspective throughout the book that provides stu-
dents with a model for understanding positive func-
tioning in families. It is based on research from
thousands of strong families in diverse cultures.
Chapter-by-chapter changes:
Chapter 1
The section "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in
Families" has been updated.
Chapter 2
The Coping Feature "Coping with Depression"
has been expanded and updated. Substantially
more updated material has been added to the
discussion of gender identity and roles.
Chapter4
The section "Attraction and Dating" has been
updated to address date rape on campus and
the relationship of this issue to Title IX. In addi-
tion, this section includes new material on the
brain chemistry of attraction as well as the bio-
logical basis for mate selection.
Chapter 5
This chapter includes expanded emphasis and
current research on attachment styles.
Chapter 8
A substantially expanded treatment of financial
management provides practical suggestions and
insights. Three new sections, "Student Loan
Debt," "General Debt," and the "Shrinking
Dollar," address the economic challenges that
contemporary families face.
Chapter 9
Expanded information on communication and
material on psychological games are included.
Chapter 10
A discussion on models of sexual response, a
discussion of factors contributing to fulfilling
sexual relationships, insights into aging and
sexuality, information about sexual disorders
and sexually transmitted diseases, and a discus-
sion of the effects of alcohol and drugs on
sexual response are included. The newly devel-
oped second vaccine for human papillomavirus
is also discussed.
Chapter 11
Expanded and updated material concerning
contraceptive methods is included.
Chapter 12
The section on prenatal care is updated and in-
cludes information on teratogens, including
new research on the impact of addictive drugs
as neonatal abstinence syndrome. The discus-
sion of fetal alcohol syndrome disorders is ex-
panded and updated.
Chapter 13
A new section, "Stress and Children," has been
added, and the discussion of discipline styles
has been expanded.
Chapter 14
Practical suggestions for improving in-law rela-
tionships and an exploration of the issue of
grandparents' rights are discussed.
 PREFACE

Chapter 15 topics such as cultural conflict and accultura-

A levels-of-conflict model provides insights into tion, racism, family strengths across cultures,
managing conflict. The "Crisis of Addictions" and more.
section is extensive and timely. The topic of • Personal Perspective- In each chapter, a piece
overcoming addiction has been expanded into titled "Personal Perspective" presents an inter-
two parts: "Overcoming Addiction: The Ad- view or comments from individuals on a par-
dicted Person" and "Overcoming Addiction: ticular topic of discussion. These are designed
The Family and Addicted Person Working To- to help students connect real lives, and possibly
gether." In addition, the "Crisis of Violence and their own, to issues.
Abuse" section is extensively expanded and up- • At Issue Today-Another thought-provoking box
dated to include discussion of child maltreat- type, these focus student attention on some of
ment and elder abuse. today's most pressing challenges-date rape
Chapter 16 drugs, the rising cost of health care, grandpar-
ents who parent their grandchildren, and more.
The topic of emotional trauma for adults in
response to divorce is expanded. The discussion • Coping Feature-This unique feature provides
of children who experience the divorce of their helpful information in each of the chapters
parents has been expanded and reorganized. concerning effective coping strategies. This fea-
ture helps students understand that the ways
Chapter 17 they choose to address problems, deal with
A major section on the challenges of remarriage stress, and appraise situations have great impact
is thoroughly developed. The section "Divorce on the quality of their intimate relationships.
or Success in Remarriage?" provides a family Change is inevitable; how we cope with it
strengths perspective for developing success makes all the difference.
and resilience in remarried families. This re- • Family Strengths Perspective-Throughout the
flects a fresh, positive focus on the strengths of book, this distinctive perspective provides a
remarried families rather than emphasis on positive model and insights for understanding
their challenges. the characteristics of strong families and practi-
cal, real-life suggestions for implementing them
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
in students' own intimate relationships. This
Pedagogical Aids feature is based on many research studies over
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 decades with thousands of families from all
In addition to the changes already mentioned, we over the world.
include plentiful, current photographs to make the •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

book inviting and relevant for students. Carefully

updated tables and figures highlight and amplify Supplements
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
the text coverage. Chapter outlines, objectives, mar-
ginal definitions, and review sections combine with Ensuring Student Success
a comprehensive glossary to help students master Oxford University Press offers students and instruc-
the material. And to maintain student interest and tors a comprehensive ancillary package for Intimate
spotlight important current issues, we also include Relationships, Marriages, and Families.
a number of innovative features in this edition: •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• A Question of Policy-This end-of-chapter sec-

tion, designed to foster debate and develop stu-
For Students
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

dents' critical thinking abilities, introduces the Companion Website

public or social policy implications of an Intimate Relationships, Marriages, and Families is
emerging, often controversial family issue. accompanied by an extensive companion website
• Cultural Perspectives-In keeping with the text's (www.oup.com/us/stinnett), which includes ma-
emphasis on diversity, these boxes illuminates terials to help students with every aspect of the
diversity research and issues-highlighting course. For each chapter, you will find:
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
received a dorsally-placed accessory gland, open to the exterior by a
median aperture placed ventrally a little way behind the mouth.
Life-history.—The egg undergoes a large portion of its
development within the body of the mother. In Linguatula
taenioides, which lives in the nasal cavities of the dog, the eggs pass
away with the nasal excretions. If these, scattered about in the grass,
etc., be eaten by a rabbit, the egg-shell is dissolved in the stomach of
the second host and a small larva is set free. In Porocephalus
proboscideus and others, which inhabit the lungs of snakes, the eggs
pass along the alimentary canal and leave the body with the faeces.
They also must be eaten by a second host if development is to
proceed.
The larva which emerges when
the egg-shell is dissolved has a
rounded body provided with two
pairs of hooked appendages, and
a tail which is more or less
prominent in different species
(Figs. 259, 260). Each appendage
bears a claw, and is strengthened
by a supporting rod or skeleton.
Anteriorly the head bears a
boring apparatus of several
chitinous stylets. The various
internal organs are in this stage
already formed, though in a Fig. 259.—A late larval stage of
somewhat rudimentary state, and Porocephalus proboscideus, seen from
the side. Highly magnified. (From
it is doubtful if the anus has yet Stiles.) 1, primordium of first pair of
appeared. chitinous processes; 2, primordium of
By means of its boring second pair of chitinous processes; 3,
apparatus, and aided by its mouth; 4, ventral ganglion; 5,
hooked limbs, the larva now receptaculum seminis; 6, oviduct; 7,
ovary; 8, anus; 9, vagina.
works its way through the
stomach-walls of its second host,
and comes to rest in the liver or in some other viscus. Its presence in
the tissues of its second host causes the formation of a cyst, and
within this the larva rests and develops. In man, at least, the cysts
often undergo a calcareous degeneration, and Virchow states “dass
 beim Menschen das
Pentastomum am häufigsten von
allen Entozoen zu
Verwechselungen mit echten
Tuberkeln Veranlassungen giebt.”
The larva moults several times,
and loses its limbs, which seem to
have no connexion with the
paired hooks in the adult (Fig.
256). The internal organs slowly
assume the form they possess in
the adult. The larva is at first
quite smooth, but as it grows the
annulations make their
appearance, arising in the middle
and spreading forward and
Fig. 260.—Larva of Porocephalus backward (Fig. 259). In this
proboscideus, seen from below. Highly encysted condition the larva
magnified. (From Stiles.) 1, Boring, remains coiled up for some
anterior end; 2, first pair of chitinous months, according to Leuckart;
processes seen between the forks of the
second pair; 3, ventral nerve-ganglion;
six in the case of L. taenioides,
4, alimentary canal; 5, mouth; 6 and 7, and a somewhat shorter
[385]
period,
gland-cells. according to Stiles, in the case
of P. proboscideus.
The frequency of what used to
be called Pentastoma denticulatum (= the larval form of L.
taenioides) in the body of man depends on the familiarity of man
with dogs. Klebs and Zaeslin found one larva in 900 and two in 1914
autopsies. Laenger[386] found the larva fifteen times in about 400
dissections, once in the mesentery, seven times in the liver, and
seven times in the wall of the intestine. After remaining encysted for
some time it may escape, and begins wandering through the tissues,
aided by its hooks and annulations, a proceeding not unaccompanied
by danger to its host. Should the latter be eaten by some carnivorous
animal, the larva makes its way into the nasal cavities or sinuses, or
into the lungs of the flesh-eating creature, and there after another
ecdysis it becomes adult. If, however, the second host escapes this
fate, the larvae re-encyst themselves, and then if swallowed they are
said to bore through the intestine
of the flesh-eater, and so make
their way to their adult abode.
Systematic.[387]—The
Pentastomida are a group much
modified by parasitism, which
has so deeply moulded their
structure as to obscure to a great
extent their origin and affinities.
The larva, with its clawed limbs,
recalls the Tardigrades and
certain Mites, e.g. Phytoptus,
where only two pairs of limbs
persist, and where the abdomen Fig. 261.—Encysted form of
is elongated and forms a large Porocephalus protelis, × 1, lying in the
proportion of the body. The mesentery of its host. (From Hoyle.)
resemblances to a single and
somewhat aberrant genus must
not, however, be pressed too far. The striated muscles, the ring-like
nature of the reproductive organs and their ducts, perhaps even the
disproportion both in size and number of the females to the males,
are also characters common to many Arachnids.
The Pentastomida include three genera, Linguatula, Fröhlich,
Porocephalus, Humboldt, and Reighardia, Ward.[388] The first two
were regarded by Leuckart as but sub-genera, but Railliet[389] and
Hoyle[390] have raised them to the rank of genera. They are
characterised as follows:—
Linguatula, body flattened, but dorsal surface arched; the edges of
the fluke-like body crenelated; the body-cavity extends as diverticula
into the edges of the body.
Porocephalus, body cylindrical, with no diverticula of the body-
cavity.
Reighardia, devoid of annulations, transparent, with poorly
developed hooks and a mouth-armature.
The following is a list of the species with their primary and
secondary or larval hosts:—
i. Linguatula pusilla, Diesing, found in the intestine of the fresh-
water fish Acara, a South American genus of the Cichlidae. This
is possibly the immature form of L. subtriquetra.
ii. L. recurvata, Diesing, found in the frontal sinuses and the
trachea of Felis onca.
iii. L. subtriquetra, Diesing, found in the throat of Caiman
latirostris and C. sclerops, perhaps the mature form of L. pusilla.
iv. L. taenioides, Lamarck, found in the frontal sinuses and nasal
chambers of the dog and ounce, and in the nasal cavities of the
wolf, fox, goat, horse, mule, sheep, and man, and in the trachea
of the ounce. The immature form has been found in or on the
liver of the cat, guinea-pig, and horse; in the lungs of the ox, cat,
guinea-pig, porcupine, hare, and rabbit; in the liver and
connective tissue of the small intestine of man; and in the
mesenteric glands of the ox, camel, goat, sheep, antelope, fallow-
deer, and mouse.
v. Porocephalus annulatus, Baird, found in the lungs of the
Egyptian cobra, Naja haje; the immature form is thought to live
encapsuled in a species of Porphyrio[391] and in the Numidian
Crane.
vi. P. aonycis, Macalister, from the lungs of an Indian otter taken
in the Indus.
vii. P. armillatus, Wyman, found in the adult state in the lungs of
certain African pythons, and in the lion; in the larval form it
occurs encysted in the abdomen of the Aard-wolf, the mandril,
and man—usually in negroes. Its migrations in the body of its
second host sometimes cause fatal results.
viii. P. bifurcatus, Diesing, found in the body-cavity of certain
snakes, and in the lungs of boa-constrictors and the legless
lizard, Amphisbaena alba. Possibly an immature form.
ix. P. clavatus, Lohrmann, found in the lungs of the Monitor lizard.
x. P. crocidura, Parona, found in the peritoneum of the “musk-rat”
Crocidura in Burmah. Probably a larval form.
xi. P. crotali, Humboldt, found in the lungs, body-cavity, kidneys,
spleen, and mesentery of many snakes and lizards, and of the
lion and leopard. The immature forms occur in the liver and
abdominal cavity of species of opossum, armadillo, mouse,
raccoon, bat, and marmoset.
xii. P. geckonis, Dujardin, found in the lungs of a Siamese gecko.
xiii. P. gracilis, Diesing, found free in the body-cavity or
encapsuled on the viscera and mesenteries of South American
fishes, snakes, and lizards,
xiv. P. heterodontis; Leuckart, found encapsuled in the abdominal
muscles and mesentery of a species of Heterodon.
xv. P. indicus,[392] v. Linst., found in the trachea and lungs of
Gavialis gangeticus.
xvi. P. lari, Mégnin, found in the air-sacs of the Burgomaster or
Glaucous gull, Larus glaucus of the Polar seas.
xvii. P. megacephalus, Baird, found embedded in the flesh of the
head of an Indian crocodile, C. palustris, the “Mugger.” Probably
a larval form.
xviii. P. megastomus, Diesing, found in the lungs of a fresh-water
tortoise, Hydraspis geoffroyana.
xix. P. moniliformis, Diesing, found in the lungs of pythons.
xx. P. najae sputatricis, Leuckart, found encapsuled in the
abdominal muscles and peritoneum of the cobra, Naja
tripudians. Probably a larval form.
xxi. P. oxycephalus, Diesing, found in the lungs of crocodiles and
alligators.
xxii. P. platycephalus, Lohrmann, habitat unknown.
xxiii. P. subuliferus, Leuckart, in the lungs of the cobra Naja haje.
xxiv. P. teretiusculus, Baird, found in the lungs and mouth of
certain Australian snakes.
xxv. P. tortus, Shipley, found in the body-cavity of a snake,
Dipsadomorphus irregularis, taken in New Britain.
xxvi. Reighardia, sp., Ward, found in the air-sacs of Bonaparte’s
gull and the common North American tern.
 PYCNOGONIDA

BY

D’ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A. Trinity College

Professor of Natural History in University College, Dundee
 CHAPTER XXI
[393]
PYCNOGONIDA

Remote, so far as we at present see, from all other Arthropods, while yet
manifesting the most patent features of the Arthropod type, the Pycnogons
constitute a little group, easily recognised and characterised, abundant and
omnipresent in the sea. The student of the foreshore finds few species and seldom
many individuals, but the dredger in deep waters meets at times with prodigious
numbers, lending a character to the fauna over great areas.
The commonest of our native species,
or that at least which we find the oftenest,
is Pycnogonum littorale (Phalangium
littorale, Ström, 1762). We find it under
stones near low water, or often clinging
louse-like to a large Anemone. The squat
segmented trunk carries, on four pairs of
strong lateral processes, as many legs,
long, robust, eight-jointed, furnished each
with a sharp terminal claw. In front the
trunk bears a long, stout, tubular
proboscis, at the apex of which is the
mouth, suctorial, devoid of jaws; the body
terminates in a narrow, limbless,
unsegmented process, the so-called
“abdomen,” at the end of which is the
anal orifice. The body-ring to which is
attached the first pair of legs, bears a
tubercle carrying four eye-spots; and Fig. 262.—Pycnogonum littorale, Ström, × 2.
below, it carries, in the male sex, a pair of
small limbs, whose function is to grasp
and hold the eggs, of which the male animal assumes the burden, carrying them
beneath his body in a flattened coherent mass. In either sex a pair of sexual
apertures open on the second joints of the last pair of legs. The integument of body
and limbs is very strongly chitinised, brown in colour, and raised into strong bosses
or tubercles along the middle line of the back, over the lateral processes, and from
joint to joint of the limbs. The whole animal has a singular likeness to the Whale-
louse, Cyamus mysticeti (well described by Fr. Martins in 1675), that clings to the
skin of the Greenland Whale as does Pycnogonum to the Anemone, a resemblance
close enough to mislead some of the older naturalists, and so close that Linnaeus,
though in no way misled thereby, named it Phalangium balaenarum. The substance
of the above account, and the perplexity attending the classification of the animal,
are all included in Linnaeus’s short description:[394] “Simillimus Onisco Ceti, sed
pedes omnes pluribus articulis, omnes perfecti, nec plures quam octo. Dorsum
rubrum, pluribus segmentis; singulis tribus mucronibus. Cauda cylindrica,
brevissima, truncata. Rostrum membranaceum, subsubulatum, longitudine pedum.
Genus dubium, facie Onisci ceti; rostro a reliquis diversum. Cum solo rostro absque
maxillis sit forte aptius Acaris aut proprio generi subjiciendum.... Habitat in mari
norvegico sub lapidibus.”[395]
The common Pycnogonum is, by
reason of the suppression of certain
limbs, rather an outlying member than a
typical representative of the Order, whose
common characters are more strikingly
and more perfectly shown in species, for
instance, of Nymphon. Of this multiform
genus we have many British species, some
of the smaller being common below tide-
marks, creeping among weeds or clinging
like Caprellae with skeleton limbs to the
branches of Zoophytes, where their
slender forms are not easily seen. In
contrast to the stouter body and limbs of
Pycnogonum, the whole fabric of
Nymphon tends to elongation; the body is
drawn out so that the successive lateral
processes stand far apart, and a slender
neck intervenes between the oculiferous
tubercle and the proboscis; the legs are
produced to an amazing length and an
extreme degree of attenuation: “mirum
tam parvum corpus regere tam magnos
pedes,” says Linnaeus. Above the base of
the proboscis are a pair of three-jointed
appendages, the two terminal joints of
which compose a forcipate claw; below
Fig. 263.—Dorsal view of Nymphon brevirostre, and behind these come a pair of delicate,
Hodge, × 6. Britain. palp-like limbs of five joints; and lastly,
on the ventral side, some little way
behind these, we find the ovigerous legs
that we have already seen in the male Pycnogonum, but which are present in both
sexes in the case of Nymphon. At the base of the claw which terminates each of the
eight long ambulatory legs stands a pair of smaller accessory or “auxiliary” claws.
The generative orifices are on the second joint of the legs as in Pycnogonum, but as
a rule they are present on all the eight legs in the female sex, and on the two
hindmost pairs in the male. One of the Antarctic Nymphonidae (Pentanymphon)
and one other Antarctic genus less closely related (Decolopoda) have an extra pair of
legs. No other Pycnogon, save these, exhibits a greater number of appendages than
Nymphon nor a less number than Pycnogonum, nor are any other conspicuous
organs to be discovered in other genera that are not represented in these two: within
so narrow limits lie the varying characters of the group.
In framing a terminology for the parts and members of the body, we encounter an
initial difficulty due to the ease with which terms seem applicable, that are used of
more or less analogous parts in the Insect
or the Crustacean, without warrant of
homology. Thus the first two pairs of
appendages in Nymphon have been
commonly called, since Latreille’s time,
the mandibles and the palps (Linnaeus
had called them the palps and the
antennae), though the comparison that
Latreille intended to denote is long
abandoned; or, by those who leaned, with
Kröyer and Milne-Edwards, to the
Crustacean analogy, mandibles and
maxillae. Dohrn eludes the difficulty by
denominating the appendages by simple
numbers, I., II., III., ... VII., and this
method has its own advantages; but it is
better to frame, as Sars has done, a new
nomenclature. With him we shall speak of
the Pycnogon’s body as constituted of a
trunk, whose first (composite) segment is
the cephalic segment or head, better
perhaps the cephalothorax, and which Fig. 264.—Nymphon brevirostre, Hodge. Head,
terminates in a caudal segment or from below, showing chelophores, palps, and
abdomen; the “head” bears the proboscis, ovigerous leg.
the first appendages or “chelophores,” the
second or “palps,” the third, the false or
“ovigerous” legs, and the first of the four pairs of “ambulatory” legs. The chelophores
bear their chela, or “hand,” on a stalk or scape; the ambulatory legs are constituted
of three coxal joints, a femur, two tibial joints, a tarsus, and a propodus, with its
claws, and with or without auxiliary claws.
The Body.—The trunk with its lateral processes may be still more compact than
in Pycnogonum, still more attenuated than in Nymphon.
In a few forms (e.g. Pallene, Ammothea, Tanystylum, Colossendeis) the last two,
or even more, segments of the trunk are more or less coalescent. In Rhynchothorax
the cephalic segment is produced into a sharp-pointed rostrum that juts forward
over the base of the proboscis. The whole body and limbs may be smooth,
tuberculated, furnished with scattered hairs, or sometimes densely hispid.
 Fig. 265.—A, Colossendeis proboscidea, Sabine, Britain; B, Ammothea echinata,
Hodge, Britain; C, Phoxichilus spinosus, Mont., Arctic Ocean. (The legs omitted.)

The proboscis varies much in shape and size. It may be much longer or much
shorter than the body, cylindrical or tumid, blunt or pointed, straight or (e.g.
Decolopoda) decurved; usually firmly affixed to the head and pointing straight
forwards; sometimes (Eurycide, Ascorhynchus) articulated on a mobile stalk and
borne deflexed beneath the body.
Chelophores.—The first pair of appendages or chelophores are wanting in the
adult Pycnogonum, Phoxichilus, Rhynchothorax, and Colossendeis.[396]
In Ammothea and its allies they are extremely rudimentary in the adult, being
reduced to tiny knobs in Tanystylum and Trygaeus, and present as small two-
jointed appendages in Ammothea; in this last, if not in the others also, they are
present in complete chelate form in the later larval stages.
 Fig. 266.—A, B, Chelophores of Ascorhynchus abyssi, G.O.S. A, Young; B, adult.
(After Sars.) C, Anterior portion of Ammothea hispida, Hodge, Jersey: late larval
stage (= Achelia longipes, Hodge), showing complete chelae. D, Chela of
Eurycide hispida, Kr.

In Eurycide, Ascorhynchus, and Barana they are usually less atrophied, but yet
comparatively small and with imperfect chelae, while in some Ascorhynchi (A.
minutus, Hoek) they are reduced to stumps.

Fig. 267.—Chelae of species of Nymphonidae: A, Nymphon brevirostre, Hodge;

B, Boreonymphon robustum, Bell; C, Chaetonymphon macronyx, G.O.S.; D,
Nymphon elegans, Hansen.

In Pallenopsis the scape of the chelophore consists of two joints, as also in

Decolopoda and some Ascorhynchus: in Nymphon, Phoxichilidium, Pallene, and
Cordylochele of one only; in all these the terminal portion or “hand” forms a
forcipate “chela,” of which the ultimate joint forms the “movable finger.” In some
species of Nymphon the chela is greatly produced and attenuated, and armed with
formidable serrate teeth on its opposing edges; in others it is shortened, with blunter
teeth; in Boreonymphon robustum the
claws are greatly curved, with a wide gap
between. In this last, and in
Phoxichilidium, the opposing edges are
smooth and toothless. In Cordylochele
the hand is almost globular, the movable
finger being shortened down, and half
enclosed by the other.
Palpi.—The second pair of
appendages, or palps, are absent, or all
but absent, in the adult Pycnogonum,
Phoxichilus, Phoxichilidium, Pallene, and
their allies. In certain of these cases, e.g.
Phoxichilidium, a knob remains to mark
their place; in others, e.g. Pallenopsis, a
single joint remains; in a few Pallenidae a
sexual difference is manifested, reduction
of the appendage being carried further in
the female than in the male. The Fig. 268.—Proboscis and chelophores of
composition of the palps varies in the Cordylochele longicollis, G.O.S. (After Sars.)
genera that possess them. In Nymphon
there are five joints, and their relative
lengths (especially of the terminal ones) are much used by Sars in defining the many
species of the genus. The recently described Paranymphon, Caullery, has palps of
six or seven joints. In the Ammotheidae the number of joints ranges from five or six
in Tanystylum to nine (as a rule) in Ammothea and Oorhynchus, or ten, according
to Dohrn, in certain species of Ammothea. Colossendeis and the Eurycididae have a
ten-jointed palp, which in this last family is very long and bent in zigzag fashion, as
it is, by the way, also in Ammothea. The terminal joints of the palp are in all cases
more or less setose, and their function is conjecturally tactile.
Ovigerous Legs.—Custom sanctions for these organs an inappropriate name,
inasmuch as it is only in the males that they perform the function which the name
connotes.[397] They probably also take some part, as Hodgson suggests, in the act of
feeding.
Fig. 269.—Eurycide hispida, Kr., showing
stalked proboscis and zigzag palps.

Fig. 270.—Ovigerous legs of A, Phoxichilus spinosus, Mont.; B, Phoxichilidium

femoratum, Rathke; C, Anoplodactylus petiolatus, Kr.; D, Colossendeis
proboscideus, Sab.
 In Pycnogonum, Phoxichilus,
Phoxichilidium, and their immediate
allies they are absent in the female; in all
the rest they are alike present in both
sexes, though often somewhat smaller in
the female than in the male. They are
always turned towards the lower side of
the body, and in many cases even their
Fig. 271.—Terminal joints of ovigerous leg of point of origin is wholly ventral. The
Rhynchothorax mediterraneus, Costa. number of joints varies: in

Phoxichilidium five, Anoplodactylus six,

Phoxichilus seven; in Paranymphon
eight; in Pycnogonum nine, with, in
addition, a terminal claw; in the
Ammotheidae from seven (Trygaeus) to
ten, without a claw; in Pallenidae ten,
with or without a claw; in
Rhynchothorax, Colossendeis, Eurycide,
Ascorhynchus, Nymphon, ten and a claw.
The appendage, especially when long, is
apt to be wound towards its extremity
into a spiral, and its last four joints
usually possess a peculiar armature. In
Rhynchothorax this takes the form of a
stout toothed tubercle on each joint; in
Colossendeis of several rows of small Fig. 272.—Nymphon brevirostre, Hodge.
Terminal joints of ovigerous leg, with magnified
imbricated denticles; in Nymphon and “tooth.”
Pallene of a single row of curious serrate
and pointed spines, each set in a little
membranous socket.
 Fig. 273.—Nymphon strömii, Kr. Male carrying egg-masses on his ovigerous
legs.

Fig. 274.—Terminal joints (tarsus and propodus) of legs. 1, Chaetonymphon

hirtum, Fabr.; 2, N. strömii, Kr.; 3, Nymphon brevirostre, Hodge; 4, Ammothea
echinata, Hodge; 5, Ascorhynchus abyssi, G.O.S. (All after Sars.)

Legs.—The four pairs of ambulatory legs are composed, in all cases without
exception, of eight joints if we exclude, or nine if we include, the terminal claw. They
vary from a length about equal to that of the body (Pycnogonum, Rhynchothorax,
Ammothea) to six or seven times as much, perhaps more, in Nymphon and
Colossendeis, the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints being those that suffer the greatest
elongation. The seventh joint, or tarsus, is usually short, but in some Nymphonidae
is much elongated; the eighth, or propodus, is usually somewhat curved, and usually
possesses a special armature of simple or serrate spines. The auxiliary claws,
sometimes large, sometimes small, lie at the base of the terminal claw in
Ammotheidae, Phoxichilidae, in Phoxichilidium, in most Pallenidae, in nearly all
Nymphonidae. Their presence or absence is often used as a generic character,
helping to separate, e.g., Pallene from Pseudopallene and Pallenopsis, and
Phoxichilidium from Anoplodactylus; nevertheless they may often be detected in a
rudimentary state when apparently absent. The legs are smooth or hirsute as the
body may happen to be.
Fig. 275.—Legs of A, Pallene brevirostris, Johnston; B, Anoplodactylus
petiolatus, Kr.; C, Phoxichilus spinosus, Mont.; D, Colossendeis proboscidea,
Sabine; E, Ammothea echinata, Hodge, ♂.
 Fig. 276.—Boreonymphon robustum, Bell. Male with young, slightly enlarged.
Faeroe Channel.

Glands.—In some or all of the appendages of the Pycnogonida may be found

special glands with varying and sometimes obscure functions. The glands of the
chelophores (Fig. 280, p. 522) are present in the larval stages only. They consist of a
number of flask-shaped cells[398] lying within the basal joint of the appendage, and
generally opening at the extremity of a long, conspicuous, often mobile, spine (e.g.
Ammothea (Dohrn), Pallene, Tanystylum (Morgan), Nymphon brevicollum and N.
gracile (Hoek)). They secrete a sticky thread, by means of which the larvae attach
themselves to one another and to the ovigerous legs of the male parent. In Nymphon
hamatum, Hoek, the several filaments secreted by the separate sacculi of the gland
issue separately. In Pycnogonum the spine on which the gland opens is itself
prolonged into a long fine filament, and here, according to Hoek, the gland is in all
probability functionless and rudimentary. Hoek has failed to find the gland in
Ascorhynchus, and also in certain Nymphonidae (e.g. Boreonymphon robustum,
Bell), in which the young are more than usually advanced at the time of hatching.
The gland has also been described by Lendenfeld and others in Phoxichilidium,
whose larvae do not cling together but live a parasitic life; in this genus the long
spine or tubercle is absent on which the orifice is usually situated, and, according to
Lendenfeld, the secretion issues from many small orifices set along the opposing
edges of the chela. Of the two species described by Dohrn as Barana castelli and B.
arenicola, the former has the spine of inordinate length, more than twice as long as
the whole body, chelophore and all; while in the latter (which species rather
resembles Ascorhynchus) the spine is altogether absent.
In the palps and ovigerous legs of the adult are found glandular bodies of a hollow
vesicular form with a simple lining of cells, the vesicle being divided within by a
septum with a central orifice, the outer and smaller half opening to the exterior.
These glands are probably of general occurrence, but they have been but little
investigated. They lie usually in the fourth and fifth joints of the palp, and the third
and fourth joints of the ovigerous leg. Hoek describes them in Discoarachne
(Tanystylum) as lying within the elongated third joint of the palp, and opening by a
sieve-plate at the end of the second joint. In Ammothea (Dohrn) and Ascorhynchus
(Hoek) they open on a small tubercle situated on the fifth joint of the palp. In
Nymphon, Hoek describes them as opening by a small pore on the fourth joint of the
ovigerous leg. Dohrn failed to find them in Pycnogonum, but in Phoxichilus,
Phoxichilidium and Pallene he discovered the glands appertaining to the palps,
though the palps themselves have disappeared in those genera; he has found the
glands also in Ammothea, in larvae that have not yet attained their full complement
of legs.
The males in nearly all cases are known to possess glands in the fourth joints or
thighs of all the ambulatory legs, and these glands without doubt act as cement-
glands, emitting, like the chelophoral glands of the larvae, a sticky thread or threads
by which the eggs and young are anchored to the ovigerous legs. In some species of
Nymphon and of Colossendeis Hoek could not find these, and he conjectures them
to be conspicuous only in the breeding season. While in most cases these glands
open by a single orifice or by a few pores grouped closely together, in Barana,
according to Dohrn, and especially in B. arenicola, the pores are distributed over a
wide area of the femoral joint.[399] In Discoarachne (Loman) and Trygaeus they
open into a wide chitinised sac with tubular orifice. While the function of these last
glands and of the larval glands seems plain enough, that of those which occur in the
palps and ovigerous legs of both sexes remains doubtful.
In their morphological nature the two groups of glands are likewise in contrast,
the former being unicellular glands, such as occur in various parts of the integument
of the body and limbs of many Crustacea; while the latter are segmentally arranged
and doubtless mesoblastic in origin, like the many other segmental excretory organs
(or coelomoducts) of various Arthropods.
By adding colouring matters (acid-fuchsin, etc.) to the water in which the animals
were living, Kowalevsky demonstrated the presence of what he believed to be
excretory organs in Phoxichilus, Ammothea, and Pallene. These are small groups of
cells, lying symmetrically near the posterior borders of the first three body-
segments, and also near the bases of the first joints of the legs, dorsal to the
alimentary canal.[400]
Alimentary System.—The proboscis is a very complicated organ, and has been
elaborately described by Dohrn.[401] It is a prolongation of the oral cavity, containing
a highly developed stomodaeum, but showing no sign of being built up of limbs or
gnathites. The mouth, situated at its apex, is a three-sided orifice, formed by a
dorsal[402] and two lateral lobes; and hence the proboscis has been assumed by some,