Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preface ×× iv
Acknowledgements ××vii
PART I Introduction 1
........................................................................................
2 Globalization 22
2.1 Introd uctio 门 22
2.2 What is globalization? 23
2.3 Wo 「Id income and trade since 1960 25
2.4 World trade and income per capita si 门ce 1960 28
2.5 A longer-term perspective: the past 2,000 years 31
2.6 Globalization in history 33
2.7 丁he price wedge and trade flows 36
2.8 More waves: capital a门d m igrat io 门 fl ows 40
2.9 Globalization and income inequality 42
2.10 Within-country income inequality 47
2.11 Conclusions 49
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3.1 Introduction
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References 471
lnde× 479
List of Figures
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1.1 Land area and agricultural land area, 2014.
1.2 Total population, 20 14.
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1.3 Gross national income and gross domestic product , 2014.
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GDP e×change rate and GDP PP 引 2014 .
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1.5 Ta×es on internati onal trade: per cent of government revenue, 20 13.
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1.6 E× ports and imports of goods, 2014.
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1.7 E×ports of goods and services: per cent of GDP, 20 13.
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2.1 Angus Maddison (1926 - 2010).
2.2 Wo rl d income and trade since 1960, log scal巳
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2.3 Wo rl d income and trade growth rates since 1960, per cent.
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2.4 Wo rl d income and trade per capita growth rates since 1960, per cent.
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2.5 Traditional and fragmented production processes.
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2.6 Development of wo rl d income per capi ta, 0-20 14, log scal 巳
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2.7 Leaders and laggards in income per capita: a w idening perspect ive.
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2.8 Carrying capacity of European merchant fleets, 1470-1780, metric tons.
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2.9 Two waves of global izat ion: merchandise e×ports』 per cent of GDP
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2.10 Internatio nal trade and market integration.
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2.11 Value-added distribution fo r an Apple iPad, 2011.
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2.12 London external bond spread, 1870-1940, 14 co re and empire countries.
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2.13 Foreign capital stocks: assets I world in come, 1860-2000.
2.14 Relat ive m igration flows: western Europe and western offshoots, 1870-2010.
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2.15 BRIC(S) countries: income and income per capi ta, 1990- 20 14.
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2.16 Global Gin i coefficient 1970-2050 base scenario.
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2.17 Projection of world distribution of in come, 2010-2050.
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3.4 Current accou nt balance (per cent of GDP); selected count ries, 2005- 2014.
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3.5 The Lou isiana territory relative to the present continental USA.
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4.7 Global Balassa inde× d istribution; two-digit Harr丁1on ized System sectors, 2013.
4.8 Income per capita and services value added: per cent of GD 引 2014.
4.9 Income per capita and agricu lture value added: per cent of GDP, 2014.
4.10 Labour productivity and income per capita.
15.16 Grubel-Lloyd inde× per country: trade-weighted average』 five-digit level. 398
15.17 Grubel-Lloyd index by income group: trade-weighted, five-d igit level. 398
15.18 Organizational sorting in Spain. 402
15.19 Share of imports in parts and components, 1988-2012 (per cen t). 404
17.1 Pau1Romer(1955-). 44 1
17.2 Ordering of real income per capita. 442
17.3 Income per capita: USA 』 1850-2010. 442
17.4 Ordering of hours worked per year. 444
17.5 Income per capita and number of hou rs worked per year. 445
17.6 Cap ital accumulation in the neoclassical model. 446
17.7 Physical and human capital accumu lation. 447
17.8 Gross savings rates: high, low, and volatilit弘 per cent of income. 449
17.9 Econom ic growth and forward- looking behaviour. 450
17.10 Decomposition of economic growth, 1990-2014. 454
17.11 Ordering of share of labour compensation in income. 455
17.12 Manufacturin g and income per capita. 457
17.13 The Dupuit triangl 巳 460
17.14 Dynamic costs of t rade restrict ions. 46 1
17.15 Economic development in China, 1960- 2015 . 463
17.16 China: FDI inflows and outflows (per cent of GDP), 1982-2014. 464
17.17 Stages of development and sub-inde× weights in global competitiveness. 466
17.18 Global competitiveness in 12 pi llars fo r fo ur countries, 2015. 467
17.19 Real income per capita in North and South Korea; 1950- 2010 (Maddison Project). 469
List of Tables
4681470
1.1 Overview of t he World Bank regions
1.2 Top ten countries in land area and agricultural land area, 2014
1.3 Top 15 countries by population, 2014
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1.4 Top ten countries by GDP and GDP PP 有 2014
1.5 Top ten rich and poor countries by income per capita, 2014
1.6 Top l Se×portin g countries: goods and services, 2013
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Number of hou rs to produce one unit
1.8 Indonesian sawnwood e×ports to ma扣 r t rad ing partners in thousand m3
according to Indonesian statistics (e×port) and statistics of importers (import) 21
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2.1 Trend analysis of world income per capita and t rade per capita since 1960
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2.2 Price convergence and declin ing transport costs, 1870- 1913
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2.3 Tariffs on manufactures imposed by selected countries: 1820-2010, per cent
2.4 First and last quintile information and associated Gini coefficients
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3.1 Cou ntry GDP compared to firm sales and profits (USD b illio n)
3.2 The Feldstei n-Horio ka test -
4.1 Prod uctivity table: labour req uired to produce one un it of output 74
4.2 Total labour available and ma×im um production levels 76
4.3 Sectors wi t h highest Balassa inde× in 2013: two-d igit Harmonized System level,
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selected countries
4.4 Units of labou r needed for the production of one un it
4.5 Number of man-hours needed to produce one un it
4.6 Number of labou r units required to produce one unit of output
6.1 Sector 71 e×ports: pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc 』 2014 127
6.2 Sector 85 e×ports: electrical, electronic equipment, 2014 129
6.3 Human capital per wo rker: selected countries, 2011 144
9.1 Countries with largest absolute and relative FOi stocks, 2013 211
9.2 Regional d istri bution of FDI stock and FOi intensi t机 2013 213
9.3 Top ten cross-border M&As, 2014 217
9.4 Top 20 non-financial multinationals, ranked by fo reign assets 218
9.5 Distri bution of Syrian refugees in Europe, August 2015 226
9.6 Global migration flows in the past five centuries 23 1
14.1 Pro×im ity-concentration empirics for American multi nationals, 2009 369
17.1 Income, inputs, and total facto r productivity (per cent growth): averages, 1990-2014 453
17.2 Available in formation, TFP estimates, and contribution to growth, 1990-2014 455
List of Boxes
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3.1 James Meade
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3.2 Internation al financing of the Louisiana Purchase
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3.3 Basic econometrics
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4.1 David Ricardo
4.2 Constant returns to scale and perfect competition
4.3 The production possibility frontier
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4.4 Comparative advantage and the organization of firms
4.5 Comparative costs, absolute costs, and international wages
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9.1 Adam Sm ith
9.2 UNHCR, refugees, and internally displaced persons
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9.3 Syrian refugees in Europe
咀1e objective of this book is to give a succinct yet fairly complete, up-to-date, and thorough intro-
duction to the study of international trade. It is the result of about three decades of experience in
analysing and teaching international economics at the undergraduate and postgraduate level in four
different countries (Australia, China, the Netherlands, and the USA).咀1e target audience includes
first- and second-year university and college students in economics, management, and business with
a working knowledge of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Elementary comprehension of math-
ematics for economists (simple functions and differentiation) is recommended. Additional support
and learning material is available on the online resources (www.oup.com/uk/vanmarrew斗k_it/),
which provides review questions, data-based empirical questions, user-friendly simulations, all
figures and tables, and additional resources for instructors (indicative answers to questions and pres-
entations of chapters).
I briefly discuss the main features of the book below.
• Part I Introduction. 古1is part consists of three chapters. In Chapter 1 we provide a brief overview
of the international world economy as it is today. In Chapter 2 we discuss some historical
information on international economic developments over time from a broader ‘ globalization’
perspective. Chapter 3 concludes with some information necessary for the rest of this book on
the principles of national income accounting and the balance of payments.
• Part II Comparative advantage. The three chapters in this part of the book analyse comparative
advantage in perfectly competitive economies. Such advantages may explain international trade
flows and are based either on the classical theory of technology differences, ana忖sed in Chapter
4, or on the neoclassical theory of differences in factor abundance, analysed in Chapters 5 and 6.
• Part III Competitive advantage. 吐1is part of the book, which consists of three chapters,
moves away from the classical and neoclassical world of perfect competition into the world
of competitive advantages. We start in Chapter 7 with an overview of imperfect competition
(monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition) and its main consequences for
international trade flows. Chapter 8 provides empirical information on intra-industηtrade and
how to measure this, as well as theoretical explanations for such trade flows. Chapter 9 analyses
international capital and labour mobility, with a focus on empirical information. The theoretical
foundations for these flows, leading to foreign direct investments and multinational firms, are
analysed in Part V of the book, which is on international firms.
• Part IV Trade policy. 吐1is part of the book, on international trade policy, consists of three
chapters. We start in Chapter 10 by providing a brief overview of the international economic
order (the World Trade Organization- WTO- and so on) before analysing the main
possib过ities and implications of trade restrictions (tariffs, quotas, and so on) under perfect
competition. Chapter 11 analyses different types of 飞NTO trade disputes and the possibilities and
limitations of strategic trade policy under imperfect competition. Chapter 12 concludes with an
overview of different 可pes of regional trade agreements (which are becoming more popular)
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