Term Definition and Significance

Traditional The geographic area defined by a First Nation as the land they or/their
Territory ancestors traditionally occupied and used

Treaty - Constitutionally recognized agreements between the Crown

(Canadian government) and Indigenous people
- Most treaties describe the exchange of ancestral land for various
payments and promises from Crown officials

First Nation - Term that replaces ‘band’ or ’Indian’ which are considered outdated by
some
- Signifies the earliest cultures in Canada

Indigenous - Native to the area; peoples who have occupied a territory since time
immemorial
- Has gained international prominence as a way to recognize
original peoples in a region
- Considered by some to be most inclusive term bc it identifies
peoples in similar circumstances without respect to national
boundaries or local conventions

Aboriginal - Three peoples are recognized as “Aboriginal” in Constitution Act, 1982

- First Nation(s)
- Metis
- Inuits

- Three separate peoples with unique heritages,

languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs

Mississaugas of - People that moved into southern Ontario from their former homeland
Scugog Island north of Lake Huron around the year 1700.
First Nation - A branch of the greater Ojibwa Nation, one of the largest native groups
in Canada

Inuit - Indigenous peoples of the Arctic

- ‘Inuit’ means ‘the people’ in Inuit language of Inuktitut
- Singular of Inuit is Inuk

Metis - Descendants of First Nations women and fur traders

- Today its composed of descendants of Early Metis
- Growing # of Canadians self-identify as Metis
- Capital M: Metis- people who have direct link to the fur trade
- Lowercase M: metis- people who don’t have direct link to fur trade
Status - People who are entitled to have their names included on the Indian
Register
- Indian Register is an official list maintained by the Federal
govt.
- Only Status Indians are recognized as Indians under Indian Act and
are entitled to certain rights and benefits under the law

Non-Status - People who identify themselves as Indians but who are not entitled to
registration on the Indian Register pursuant to the Indian Act

Reserve - Land owned by federal government but that is set aside for the
exclusive use of First Nations peoples

Assimilation - Gradual process by which mainstream culture replaces unique cultures

Colonization - The action or process of settling among and establishing control over
the indigenous people of an area

Colonialism - The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over
another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it
economically.

First Contact - “First contact” describes an initial encounter between cultures that
were previously unaware of each other. In the Americas, “first contact”
almost always refers to first contact between indigenous peoples and
Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries

The Fur Trade - The fur trade was a commercial enterprise across Canada.
- At its peak for nearly 250 years, from Early 17th to the Mid-19th
centuries.
- Sustained by the trapping of beavers to satisfy the European demand
for felt hats.
- It opened the continent to exploration and settlement.

The Royal - A foundational doc

Proclamation of - ument in the relationship between First Nations people and the Crown
1763 and laid the basis for Canada's territorial evolution
- Set out the core elements of the relationship between First Nations
and the Crown,
- Established the recognition of First Nation rights in Canada
- Laid the foundation of the treaty-making process.

The Indian Act - Indian act gave federal government nearly complete control over the
lives of First Nations living on reserves

Wampum - Wampum was a typical item used or carried by First Nations in

Canada
- Consisted of beads made of shells of 2 main colours, white and purple,
that were woven into patterns on a belt.
 - Before confederation in 1876, some First Nation groups indicated their
agreement to Treaties by presenting wampum belts to the Crown.

2 Row Wampum - Kaswenhtha

- Of the Haudenosaunee symbolizes an agreement of mutual respect
and peace between themselves and European newcomers to North
America
- Like two rivers flowing together or two tribes walking together

Williams Treaty - Two agreements signed in 1923

- Involving the Mississaugas and Chippewas Nations in the
South-Eastern part of Ontario
- Covering 3 large tracts of land in Ontario, amounting to almost 13
million acres
- The First Nations received cash in exchange for formally giving up this
land. However, they lost their right to hunt, fish or trap on any of this
land
- The worst fears of many First Nations to the west had finally come
true: the government seemed to be clearly saying it was not interested
in preserving their way of life
- Not surprisingly, this treaty is often regarded as the worst of the
historic treaties where, as Curve Lake Elder Doug Williams suggests,
the First Peoples “lost our right to breathe.”

Residential - Schooling system created by government to school indigenous

School System children specifically
- Taught Christian teachings and values, government hoped to
assimilate them into the non-aboriginal world
- Forced to attend and suffered from immediate and long lasting effects

“Kill the Indian in - Thousands of children were “taken out of their communities and away
the child” from their families” and sent to schools where they were to be forcibly
“converted” or “civilized” into Canadian society.

60’s Scoop

- Government taking kids from reserves and their families and putting them into foster care
- They believed indigenous children would learn better outside their communities with
residential schools closing down

Children in Care

- Once residential schools started closing down in the 1950’s and 1960’s
- The government still thought Indigenous children (FNMI) would receive better
education outside of their communities
- In 1951, the government amended the Indian Act so that provinces could give ‘services’ to
First Nations people like ‘Child Protection’
 - They would send in social workers to look at the environment the kids lived in.
- They were not trained to learn First Nations traditions and so they thought their
environment was dangerous and unhealthy
- 70% of children were placed in non-Indigenous home

Idle No More

- Indigenous movement aiming to protect land and the water and prevent government from
passing laws will diminish treaties, indigenous rights & the rights of Canadians

Attawapiskat First Nation Crisis

- Attawapiskat is an isolated First Nation community located in northern Ontario at the mouth
of the Attawapiskat River on James Bay.
- In 2016, the community of approximately 2,000 people declared a state of emergency after
being overwhelmed with attempted suicides, over 100 attempts in a 10-month period
- Reasons for the youth were overcrowding, with 14 to 15 people living in one home; bullying at
school; residential schools; and physical, sexual and drug abuse

Truth and Reconciliation

- In Stephen Harper’s apology on June 11, 2008, he introduced the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission
- This contains 94 calls to action, only 13 of which have been completed in the past 8
years

Big Ideas

1. What were Residential Schools? How did they work? Who ran them? What were the goals of
the school? How did they go about achieving them? What were the Immediate and lasting
impacts of Residential Schools?
- Schools builts for Indigenous children to attend and learn the Christian teachings
and values and government hoped to assimilate them into the non-aboriginal world
- Indigenous children were removed from their families and forced to attend, language
and cultural practices began to die out
- The government ran the residential schools in partnership with the church. They’d
learn Christian teachings and values
- Their goals was to assimilate of native peoples into the non-aboriginal world
- They achieved this by punishing and shaming indigenous children for doing
anything related to their culture (speaking the language, dances) and pushing their
own christian values onto them
- Immediate impacts: poor living conditions, malnutrition and illness led to many
deaths in residential schools, suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse, suffered
from suicide, rape and assault, many died trying to escape, often buried in unmarked
 graves
- Lasting impacts: neglect and intergenerational trauma, language and cultural
practices began to die out, taught to be ashamed of their culture, loss of self worth
and high rates of suicide ad domestic violence

2. Define FNMI. What do these terms mean? Why?

- An acronym for First Nations, Métis and Inuit

3. What was life like for the indigenous peoples in Canada prior to contact? How did that
change after colonization?
- Indigenous peoples lived in Canada for thousands of years, they relied on materials
from nature and took only what they needed, would have treaties with other tribes
and lived in mostly peace and harmony
- At first, settlers would trade with the indigenous and they would try to maintain the
peace between the two groups of people (trading for furs, fish)
- Once the fur trading company was established, indigenous peoples were being
supplied with guns, metal, alcohol, and europeans were putting tribes on war against
each other
- Canada became a country: the government was creating special policies for
indigenous EX. Indian Act, Residential schools, 60s scoop, reserves
- Indigenous peoples have gained immense trauma, have had their rights
violated and land taken away from them time and time again by the
government

4. What was the Indian Act? How did it change the lives of the Indigenous peoples in Canada?
- Indian act gave federal government nearly complete control over the lives of First
Nations living on reserves
- Act defined who qualified for Indian status and received the promised benefits in the
treaties but took their right to govern themselves and right to vote
- Goal was to assimilate Aboriginal peoples into the Canadian society
- Negative impacts of the Indian Act..
- Banning cultural ceremonies
- Created reserve system (strict control)
- Encourage Aboriginal children in care
- Created Residential school system
- Indian agent on reserves monitoring them, punished if rules were broken
- also, leaving reserve = losing status
-
 What is the difference between a Status and Non Status Indian?
- "Non-Status Indians" - who identify themselves as Indian but not eligible for
registration under the Indian Act
- “Status Indian” - who is registered under the Indian Act and are granted certain
privileges by the government
- funded health-care, education

5. What was the 60s Scoop? How was it similar/ different from the Residential Schools
experience?
- Government would send untrained social workers to see the living conditions on
reserves -- if they deemed it unfit for children to live here, they’d remove kids from
their families and put them into foster care, most cases without the consent of their
families or community
- then advertise the kids to be adopted by euro canadian families
- attempt to remove indigenous culture and assimilate indigenous peoples
- 1950-60s, residential schools were being shut down
- however, government still believed FNMI children would receive a better
education outside their communities
- Similar to Residential Schools experience as kids were forced to leave their
communities once again and put in an unfamiliar environment, in hopes that they’d
forget their culture and adapt to the euro-canadian lifestyle
- another cultural genocide

6. What is Idle No More? Why has it been seen as such a powerful movement for Canada's
Indigenous population?
- Idle No More’s goal was to protect land and the water
- Idle; to spend time doing nothing; be idle (no more)
- Goal was to “stop the Harper government from passing more laws that will diminish
treaty, indigenous rights & the rights of Canadians”
- It was powerful because Indigenous peoples were finally taking a stand against the
government from passing bills that are negatively affecting their communities
- Their stand led to Stephan Harper agreeing to a meeting and begin talks to fix
situation
- They wanted..
- Calls for Change
- Coexistence and Mutual Respect
- Repeal Bill C-45
- Respect Aboriginal Land Rights (Development on Territory)
- Honour treaties
- National; Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women
WW1

Term Definition and Significance

M.A.I.N. - Militarism
- Using a military force to defend or promote a country’s interest
- THere was military buildup meaning arms companies were the
biggest, European countries were spending a lot of money on their
armed forces to protect themselves
- Ex. In years leading up to WW1
- Britain had largest navy
- Russia had largest army
- Germany was trying to catch up to both
- They believed that having a big army meant being influential in
world issues as they showed fear
- This created an arms race
- Guaranteed peace through preparing for war
- (Strong Nation= No enemy attack)

- Alliances
- Formed when two or more countries bond together against a
common threat
- Countries form alliances with other countries to strengthen their
position in the world
- Ex. After WW2, Canada joined NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization)
- It was agreed by all NATO members that an attack
on one of them would mean an attack on all of
them
- In late 19th and early 20th century, European countries joined
 many similar alliances to try and maintain a balance of power
(means that no single country becomes more powerful than the
rest)
- Bc of conflicting imperial ambitions and and the buildup of
military might there were two large power blocs created by 1914
- The Triple Alliance
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Italy
- The Triple Entente (Allies)
- France
- Russia
- Britain
- When the tension built up and the European powder keg exploded,
countries honoured their alliances (one attacked, all respond) and
WW1 began

- Imperialism
- Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary were
imperial powers
- Led to ides of gaining new colonies and building huge empires
- Imperialism
- The policy of extending the power of one country over
other countries through military force or economic control
- Ex. British Empire controlled more than 25% of the world’s
territory and people
- European countries imported cheap raw materials like minerals
and lumber
- Goods made in the homelands were also sold in the
colonies which made them serve as markers and gave them
economic power over colonies
- It also lead to competition for overseas colonies
- Competition for new colonies and raw material and power
- Nationalism
- excessive pride in one’s own nation
- People taking any action necessary to promote the well-being of
their home land and were prepared to go to war to defend its
honour
- It was growing in the years before WW1
- Austria-Hungary was home to
- 50 million
- Austrians
- Hungarians
- Bosnians
- Ukrainians
- These groups were often hostile to one another bc they
wanted their own countries
 - What ignited WW1 is the political assassination in Sarajevo, capital
of Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand—heir to the
Austro-Hungarian Empire—was shot to death along with his wife,
Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914

Assassination - On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian
of Franz Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo, by a Serbian Nationalist
Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip from the Black Hand. (Terrorist organization)
- Even though this was a small thing, this made a big spark bc of alliances.

The Black - Cause

Hand - Bosnia had been annexed by Austria
- Many serbians lived in Bosnia and hated Austrian rule
- So Bosnian Serbs wanted to free Bosnia and unite it with Serbia
- Consequences
- Created a terrorist group called ‘The Black Hand’

The Triple - The Triple Alliance

Alliance vs - Germany
The Triple - Austria-Hungary
Entente - Italy
- The Triple Entente (Allies)
- France
- Russia
- Britain

Schlieffen - One of the 1st plans of the war

Plan - Developed by German General, Alfred von Schlieffen
- The Plan
- Expected Russia would be slow to mobilize their troops
- Germany would mislead the French about the main point of attack
so the French would send their troops to the wrong location
- The German army would sweep through neutral Belgium and
attack France from the north and capture Paris
- This plan was estimated to take six weeks
- Because of Britain-Belgium treaty about protecting Belgium’s neutrality, as
soon as Germans stepped on Belgian soil, Britain declared war on them
- Why did it fail
- Plan was based on an old treaty guaranteeing that Belgium would
remain neutral
- Germany assumed that Britain would not object to the invasion of
Belgium
- Also
- During execution, the German army turned south too soon
and were met by French and British troops
- The Germans were stopped at the Marne River and
 trapped on the Western front
- Consequence:
- Defending Belgian neutrality, the British Empire declared
war on Germany
- Canada was also now at war
- Both sides dug in and 4 years of trench warfare began

Sam Hughes - In 1911, Sam Hughes won the militia portfolio in R. L. Borden's newly
elected government. Due to many reasons, one of which being the ‘Ross
Rifle fiasco’, he was fired in 1916.
- He is significant as he was a supporter of the Ross Rifle, a defective rifle
that led to the deaths of many in the First World War. As Canada’s minister
of Militia and Defence in the early years of the war, he insisted that
Canadian troops carry this rifle because of its superior accuracy.

Robert
Borden

Conscription - Conscription
- Prime Minister at the time, Robert Borden said, “All citizens are
liable to military service for the defence of their country…”
- French Canadians knew it was aimed at them as they were the ones who
had low levels of engagement
- They did not want to fight for French or Britain bc neither had supported
them
- English Canadians were very direct that they wanted the French to fight
- Military Service Act
- The Military Service Act conscripted young men in all of Canada
to go to war. By most, it was seen as way to get the unwilling
French to go to war on behalf of Canada. English Canada saw this
as a step that the government was taking in order to ensure that
men from French Canada went to war, and not just waited while
English Canadians gave up their lives for Canada. This made
French/ English relations more hostile than they already were.

War - War Measures Act gave Canadian Government sweeping powers to ensure
Measures Act security of the Country
- People suspected of sympathizing with enemy could be arrested and
locked up
- Over 8597 enemy aliens were held in labour camps, or lost their businesses
 - Two other times it was used was with Japanese Internment camps in WW2
and in 1970- During the FLQ Crisis in Quebec

Internment -

Enemy - Immigrants who lived in Canada, whose origin was from an enemy country
Aliens (Germany, Austria)
- 500, 000 living in Canada, who had come in Laurier Years and were fully
integrated into society
- As time went on, they were viewed as potential spies and people quickly
turned against them

Victory - “The bonds were a loan to the government that could be redeemed with
Bonds interest after 5,10, or 20 years and were released during 5 different
campaigns between 1915 and 1919. In 1915 a hundred million dollars worth
of Victory Bonds was issued and quickly purchased.”
- “During World War I (WW1), war bonds were made available to retail
investors, as well as wholesale investors, with the purpose of raising
enough capital to finance the governments' increased military
expenditures. There was a strong propaganda campaign designed to appeal
to the nation's sense of patriotism.”
- Landed Canada in a lot of debt after the war as they had to pay back all
this money

Rationing - Controlled the amount of rationed goods people could buy

- Allowed highly needed food to be available for everyone
- Allowed the wages and good prices to remain stable so that it was not an
extra variable the government had to consider when it came to the
finances of the country
- Why do you think the government was publicly harsh and threatened to
punish people who attempted to disobey the wage and price controls or
the rationing laws? Is it fair to demand that individuals sacrifice what they
might feel they rightfully earned?
- I believe that the government did this to ensure everyone followed
the rules in terms of rationing and wage and price control, and so
that everyone understood the necessity of adhering to this rule.
Since this was something that the government did not usually do,
and it was the government being extra firm in their rules, it gave
the message that it really was important to both the citizens in the
country and the soldiers at war that this rule was followed.

Ypres (Gas - Background Info

Attack) - - Who: Germans, and French and Canadians as part of the Allies
First time - What: 2nd Battle of Ypres
chlorine gas - Where: Western Front, Town of Ypres, last major Belgian town in
was used in Allied hands
ww1 - Why: The German gas attack had caused the French to retreat and
created a huge gap in the allied line
 - When: 22-25 April, 1915
- How: Canadians were “outnumbered, outgunned and outflanked”
as they fought against the Germans. Then they faced a second
chlorine gas attack in which they were directly hit on April 24,
1915.
- Canadian Contributions: They blocked Germans from entering
into a gap in the Allied front after Germans attacked the French
with chlorine gas. Due to this, the French retreated and the
Canadians were forced to fight. Their strong front also bought
Britain time to bring reinforcements.
- used to divert attention from Eastern Front and hold 3.5 km of
front line against German attack
- After this attack, other soldiers started calling Canadian soldiers,
‘storm troopers’
- The gas released affected about 10,000 soldiers, half of whom died
within ten minutes of the gas reaching the front lines.
- 5,700 canisters, 168 tonnes
- Thick, yellowish green clouds
- Historical Significance
- Germans wanted to hold Ypres, which was the last major belgium
town in the hands of the Allies, and provided them with a defensive
positive and protected French ports on the English channel
- first major engagement from the Canadians
- Germans tested their new weapon, chlorine gas, for the first time,
in this battle by releasing it on April 22
- During the battle, Germans released second batch of gas, the
Canadians were faced with a direct attack, resulting in 6,000
casualties
- the Canadians fought hard after the French retreated after being
hit with the chlorine gas attack
- This battle at Ypres earned the Canadians a reputation as tough
and dependable troops
- Canadians were the only ones who were able to hold their position
- Canada suffered 5,975 casualties, including 1000 deaths
- It is where flanders fields was written
- Results
- 6000 Canadian lives were lost
- German gas attack had created a huge gap in the allied line, several
kilometers wide
- Canada suffered 5,975 casualties, including 1000 deaths

Battle of the - Background info

Somme - Who:
- What:
- Where: Somme river
- Why:
- When: July 1, 1916 - November 18, 1816
 - How:
- Goal: To drain German forces of reserves, and territorial gain.
- Canadian Contributions:
- Canadians arrived in late summer of 1916
- Canadians met their objective at the Somme and advanced into
German territory
- British commander, general Douglais Haig believed the Allied
could stop the Germans at the Somme river
- They needed to to stop Germans from attacking the French near
Verdun
- The goal was to destroy the Germans trenches and barbed wired
but when the Canadian and British troops started moving across
No Man’s Land, the Germans were ready with intact barbed wire
and machine guns
- Newfoundland Regiment also took part, but were not yet linked to
Canadian Army as they hadn’t joined Confederation yet
- (Newfoundland Regiment) They suffered heavy losses, of the 800
men, 68 were able to report for the next day (90% were killed)
- Although Allied forces were suffered 60,000 casualties on first day,
Haig ordered to continue the attack
- for more than 4 months, the attack finally ended in November 1916
- Historical Significance
- One of the bloodiest battles in human history
- First day was most disastrous for Canadians/Allies
- By November, the front line had only advanced six miles into
German territory
- British and Canadian troops made advancements on July 1, 1916
through No Man’s Land to find out the German had been there
ready for an attack, with intact barbed wire, machine guns.
- Canadian and Allied forces suffered from terrible casualties
- Part of the battle was Newfoundland Regiment, attached to a
British division, joined but not linked to the Canadian Army as
they hadn’t joined Confederation yet
- Newfoundlanders had grave casualties too, with only 68 of the 800
able to report for duty the next day
- Within 30 minutes, the regiment suffered from 324 deaths and 386
wounded out of a total of 801 soldiers
- Results
- Allied suffered about 620,000 casualties, gained 545 km of territory
- 24,000 Canadian casualties

Trench - Trench Warfare

Warfare - A type of warfare in which opposing armies face each other in
fixed positions
- A war of attrition:
- A war where both sides suffer steady casualties without
making significant gains in territory
 - Wear the enemy down
- Trenches turn WW1 into a defensive war
- Construction
- 12 feet deep with a ledge at 6 feet
- Dug in a zigzagging pattern
- Sandbag parapets on both sides
- Duckboards on the ground
- Barbed wire
- Drainage systems
- Life in the Trenches
- Germany built trenches first, had the choice of where to dig
- They chose higher ground so they could see their enemy
better and so that their trenches did not hold too much
water
- Continuous rainfall all year round
- Waterlogged trenches were common because
- Trench foot
- Amputations
- Ethical Dimension: Living Conditions
- Extremely unsanitary living conditions + decomposing bodies led
to trench rats
- “The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded
man if he couldn’t defend himself. They went for the eyes first and
then burrowed their way right into the corpse”
- Body lice
- Diseases: infections, typhus, cholera
- Trench Raids
- Consisted of small groups
- Soldiers go ‘over the top’
- Travel through “No Man’s Land” - stretch of land in between
trenches
- Objectives: capture trench, take PoW’s, Kill enemy
- Gas Attacks
- Chlorine gas used by Germany on the French Army at Ypres in
1915
- Chlorine gas destroyed organs and led to a slow death. Made
victims severely cough
- Mustard gas is most lethal
- German army used 68, 000 tons of gas against Allied soldiers
- Gas attacks are inhumane
- Coping strategies
- Alcohol, desertion, self-inflicted wounds
- Breaking the Deadlock
- Mortar teams, artillery, gas, aircraft, tanks, snipers

Trench Foot - Bacteria and insects getting into cuts of soldiers’ feet due to water-logged
trenches\
 - There was bacteria from dead corpses and from rats and insects
- If there was an open cut, the rats would burrow into your
skin while you were alive

Vimy Ridge - Background Info

- Who:
- What:
- Where:
- Why:
- When: Monday, April 9, 1917, day after Easter Sunday
- How:
- Canadian Contributions:
- British and French forced were unsuccessful in taking Vimy Ridge
which was under German in Northern France
- French and British suffered 150,000 casualties in their previous
attacks
- The Allies then turned to Canadians that were under the Canadian
commander, General Authur Currie
- With the events that happened at the Sommes, Allied commanders
learned they needed to change their tactics
- They adopted one strategy called creepy barrage
- Much effort and planning went into this plan, to start
bombardments from behind the front line, make advances towards
the German that way
- The attack started on the Monday, and for two weeks, artillery hit
German lines
- 20,000 Canadians were part of the first wave, under pressure and
required to be at specific points at precise times to avoid risk of
being caught in their own bombardment
- By the next day, Vimy Ridge was been taken and held by
Canadians
- Historical Significance
- After the disaster at the Sommes, this important victory have the
Allies new hope and the success was a turning point in Canada’s
history as a nation
- Over four days of fighting, the Canadians took Vimy Ridge at the
cost of more than 10,600 killed and wounded
- Victory became an important symbol for Canada
- It was the first time all four divisions of the Canadian Corps fought
together in the war
- It gave Canadians a new sense of national pride and identity
- Paris newspaper referred to this as “Canada’s Easter gift to France”
- Sir Arthur Currie was a Canadian general
- Vimy was an important location because now Allies stood on the
top of the Ridge that had view for miles and miles into German
territory, so Vimy was an important position to win
- Sir Arthur Currie specifically trained and gave specific
 responsibilities to every troop as to what they were to do
- This allowed for lesser casualties and faster victory
- Canadian soldiers practiced for months to ensure success
- Canada accomplished something the French and British could not
do
- Turning point in the war
- Most important victory for Allies in 1917
- Results
- After the war, France gave the battlefield to Canada as a memorial
park
- 11,285 soldiers died in France but whose bodies were never found
- 10,600 Canadians killed and wounded

Ross Rifle - This rifle was produced in the early 20th century as a replacement to the
British rifle, Lee-Enfield. In the South African War of 1899-1902, Canada
asked Britain to supply them with the Lee-Enfield rifle. The British,
however, could not do so as the raw materials for the rifle were running
out, and as the company that made them would not license them for
production in Canada. This is why the Ross Rifle was produced as a
Canadian rifle that could be produced and used in Canada. This rifle
however, was faulty, which is why it was recalled in 1916 due to being
problematic at war and leading to the loss of many soldiers’ lives.
- This rifle is significant in history as it was what led to the deaths of many
Canadian soldiers in the early years of the war. The entire event of soldiers
being forced to use the Ross Rifle, which they disliked due to it jamming
during fire, is known as the Ross Rifle fiasco.

Propaganda - A systematic spreading of ideas trying to influence people to support a

particular cause or pov
- One important way of getting people to contribute to the war effort in
different ways
- During WW1, posters were the most effective way of getting a message to
people
- The posters were part of a major propaganda campaign to back the war
effort and to promote the Allied cause
- Newspapers and less commonly, radios were also used
- 4 Main Purposes of Propaganda during WWI
- To encourage young men to enlist
- To convince people to help finance the war
- To encourage people to reduce consumption of things like food
and fuel
- To recruit women and children to work for the war effort
- Criteria
- Inspiring
 - Bold Letters
- Make person seeing it feel guilty or like a chicken
- Powerful Images
- Patriotic statements or slogans
- Vilifying the enemy
- Memorable
- Colour
- Sense of conviction
- Problem — Solution

Lusitania - “A German U-boat torpedoed the British-owned steamship Lusitania,

killing 1,195 people including 128 Americans, on May 7, 1915. The disaster
set off a chain of events that led to the U.S. entering World War I.”

Unrestricted - “U-boats resumed unrestricted attacks against all ships in the Atlantic,
U-boat including civilian passenger carriers. Although concerned the U.S. might
warfare react with intervention, German military leaders calculated they could
defeat the allies before the U.S. could mobilize and arm troops to land in
Europe.”
- “The sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 and the resumption of unrestricted
submarine warfare on shipping, including American vessels, turned the
tide of American public opinion against Germany. Although it was not the
only reason, unrestricted submarine warfare was one of the causes of
America's entry into World War I.”

Convoys - Convoys were implemented during World War I to help defend British
merchant ships from German U-boat submarine attacks. The British model
of the convoy system was used to protect both troop convoys carrying
soldiers and cargo convoys that carried supplies.
- The convoy system, a group of ships sailing together for protection, was
designed to help protect cargo in passenger ships during the First and
Second World War. The system was created out of desperation. The
modern convoy system is most associated with the First World War, but it
has a much longer pedigree in histor
- As there were not enough warships to protect thousands of individual
merchant ships, they were grouped into convoys with naval escorts,
making them hard to find and difficult to attack.

War on the - Total War

homefront - Meant that all citizen and civilian soldiers were required to work
on the homefront, as well as give their full support to the new war
effort overseas
- What changes occurred on the homefront?
- Rationing
- Countries such as Canada were required to gather
resources, and develop industries to pump out war
supplies, as well as to increase farming output
- Canada wanted to produce as much food as
 possible, and reduce consumption, so that more
food and resources could be sent to Europe

- Alcohol was also banned (It was called prohibition)

because they wanted farmers to plant useful crops
instead of crops that made beer and different types
of alcohol
- Anyone caught hoarding or stockpiling would be
fined
- Growth and Development
- Creation of an Imperial Munitions Board (IMB) led
to the building of 7 new munitions factories,
employing over 300,000 people. ⅓ of the shells
used by the British Empire over the war were made
in Canada
- 600 factories were also built to promote business
such as Textiles, pulp and paper, and steel
- Fear of spies led to the development of security
posts on railways, bridges, and canals
- Financial Costs
- By 1918, the war was costing Canada 1 Million
dollars a day, which is like 500 million dollars now
- Government created income tax, and sold Victory
Bonds to obtain the $$ necessary for their efforts
- By the end of the war, Canada’s debt rose from
$463 million (1913) to 2.46 Billion in 1918
- Conscription
- Prime Minister at the time, Robert Borden said, “All
citizens are liable to military service for the defence
of their country…”

Armistice - The Armistice was the ceasefire that ended hostilities between the Allies
and Germany on the 11th of November 1918. The Armistice did not end the
First World War itself, but it was the agreement which stopped the fighting
on the Western Front while the terms of the permanent peace were
discussed.

Treaty of - Treaties are named by the city they are signed in

Versailles - There are many treaties of Paris, for example
- This treaty was signed in Versailles Castle
- Versailles castle was made by Louis
- It caused the French Revolution as the ‘Sun King’ was living in
luxury while the people suffered
- It was the peace agreement that ended WW1
- It was signed on June 28, 1919 at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris
- This was the first time Canada was considered a country and invited to the
signing because of their efforts in the war
 - Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden led a successful fight for separate
dominion representation at the conference
- The harsh conditions of the treaty targeted Germany
- German propaganda made it so that all Germans thought that they were
winning
- SO they went from thinking they were the best to being pressured
by conditions of the treaty, this made Germans very angry
- Conditions
- Germany would disarm and would be allowed no navy, tanks, and
air force
- Germany would be restricted to an army of no more than 100,000
men
- Germany was forced to pay $5 billion in reparations immediately
and as much as $25 billion over the next several years
- Germany would have to give all overseas territories to Britain and
France
- Germany would lose lose disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine to
France and the coal mines of the Saar region would be under
French control for 15 years
- The treaty would include a “War Guilt Clause” which stated that
Germany was responsible for starting the war, and therefore, was
responsible for all the damage caused by WW1
- The treaty created the League of Nations which was an
international organisation whose primary purpose was to prevent
war, but Germany could not join
- Pre- of United Nations
- Ended up failing bc US didn’t join it
- Long Answer Q
- WW1 has always been seen as a time of positive change in Canada,
Looking at the positive and negative sides of the War, determine
whether
-
-

War Guilt - The conditions were very rough for Germany and made them accept
Clause responsibility for damages caused by ww1 and to pay for them. Germany
also had to give up a part of their land, make their army no more than
100,000 soldiers, and they were not allowed any navy, tanks or airforce.
This sent Germany into economical chaos and poverty as Germany was
paying for the damages of ww1. The people needed to elect someone
different than what most politicians were offering, so they elected Hitler.
Hitler then started spinning his tales of Jewish inferiority and started
spreading propaganda against Jews. He also started taking back German
land and taking over new land even though it was not allowed from the
TReaty of Versailles. No countries did anything because no one wanted
war. Hitler justified his doings saying that the Jews were why Germany lost
ww1.
Roaring 20s and Dirty 30s

Term Definition and Significance

Did the 20s - Changed in the 20s

Roar? - 20s were a time of big changes and fun times for most Canadians
- Nicknamed “The ROaring TWenties”
- More and more Canadians were..
- driving cars
- moving from towns to cities
- had money to spend → more consumer goods
- More wants than needs

- New Ideas
- Rise of Department stores
- Toasters, irons, sewing machines, washing machines
- Fashionable clothing
- Rise of the radio
- Magazine’s (The Beaver, Macleans)
- Movies (Charlie Caplin, Mary Pickford)
 - Literature (Anne of Green Gables)
- Art (Group of 7)
- Jazz Music
- Roads
- Telephones
- Health care

- Flappers
- A young women dressed outrageously
- Went against common standards of woman’s behaviours
- Long hair cut short, bobbed style
- Women drank and partied

- Strict Immigration Policy

- During the war immigration had slowed down considerable
- After the war, Canada believed that more immigration was
essential in western Canada
- Wanted British Youth
- War has also made Canadians suspicious of enemy countries
immigrants
- Xenophobia - fear of foreigners
- Banned immigration of Germans, Polish, Ukrainians, and Asians.

- Economic Development
- By the mid 1920s, the economy was finally on the upswing, as the
effect of war began to wear off
- Business began to pick up and industries were growing
- Demand = more jobs
- Wheat
- Praises had huge wheat crops and Europe could buy them again
- Wheat prices and crops were at an all time high in the first half of
1929
-
- Pulp and Paper
- Newspaper had become a large industry in North America
- Canada had vast amounts of forests from Nova Scotia to British
Columbia

- Hydroelectric power
- Quebec and Ontario saw a dramatic increase in the 1920s as
hydro replaced coal for home heating and cooking
- Oil and Gas
- Large Oil reserves in Alberta used to feed large automobile
demand
- Mining
- Copper found in Canadian Shield, while Sudbury produced 80%
of the world’s nickel
 - Foreign Investment
- British Investments dropped while American investments
increased
- Branch Plants- Copies of America companies came to Canada
- America was taking greater control of Canadian industries
- Starbucks, McDonalds, walmart…

New - Rise of department stores

Technology - More use of hydroelectric power
- Newspapers became a big industry
- Toasters, irons, sewing machines, washing machines, fashionable clothing
- Rise of the radio
- Magazine’s (The Beaver, Macleans)
- Movies (Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford)
- Literature (Anne of Green Gables)
- Art (Group of 7) Jazz Music
- Roads
- Telephones
- Health Care
- Ford Model T was first mass produced car
- All inventions and developments were focused on making people’s lives
easier

Labor Unrest - Workers: They wanted the right to collective bargaining, better wages and
better working conditions. Workers staged several strikes in early May
1919.
- “The war's end, however, was accompanied by labor turmoil, as labor
demanded union recognition, shorter hours, and raises exceeding the
inflation rate. Over 4 million workers--one fifth of the nation's
workforce--participated in strikes in 1919, including 365,000 steelworkers
and 400,000 miners.”

One Big - The One Big Union (OBU) was a radical labour union formed in Western
Union Canada in 1919. It aimed to empower workers through mass organization
along industrial lines. The OBU met fierce opposition from other parts of
the labour movement, the federal government, employers and the press.

Winnipeg - “It did not immediately succeed in empowering workers and improving
General Strike job conditions. But the strike did help unite the working class in Canada
(see Labour Organization). Some of its participants helped establish what
is now the New Democratic Party. Click here for definitions of key terms
used in this article.”
- “At 11 am on Thursday, May 15, 1919, virtually the entire working
population of Winnipeg went on strike. Somewhere around 30,000
workers in the public and private sectors walked off their jobs, and the
city experienced a sudden cessation of many normal activities.”
Women’s - During ww1
Rights - Women’s Rules
- Women were not allowed to sign on as soldiers, sailors or
pilots
- But, more than 3000 Canadian women enlisted as
nurses
- They were the 1st women in to officially serve in
the Canadian Armed forces
- They took care of wounded and dying
soldiers in field hospitals, which were
often within a few kilometers of the front
lines
- They also served in hospitals in Britain
and France
- Nursing near front lines was dangerous as many
medical staff were wounded or killed when the
hospitals came under fire
- Risk of getting a disease or infection was
also high
- About 1000 women served as drivers in the air
force
- Others volunteered to drive ambulances and take
on other jobs with the Red Cross
- After women worked in ww1 while men were soldiers, they started
fighting for more freedom and rights
- Women got the federal vote in three stages: the Military Voters Act of 1917
allowed nurses and women in the armed services to vote; the Wartime
Election Act extended the vote to women who had husbands, sons or
fathers serving overseas; and all women over 21 were allowed to vote as of
January 1, 1919.
-

Alberta/ - The “Famous Five” were the women behind the Persons Case. It was a
Famous Five constitutional ruling. It established the right of women to serve in the
Senate. It ruled in 1929 that women were persons in the eyes of the law.
- The Famous Five (French: Célèbres cinq), also known as The Valiant Five,
and initially as The Alberta Five, were five prominent Canadian suffragists
who advocated for women and children: Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie
McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy, and Irene Parlby.

Persons case - Included women for the first time under ‘persons’
- It established the right of women to serve in the Senate. It ruled in 1929
that women were persons in the eyes of the law.

Prohibition - Prohibition of sale and consumption of alcohol, was mostly lifted by

1920s
- There was demand from US as they still had prohibition so that led to
alcohol smuggling
 - The ban on booze created a situation where organized crime thrived and
access to alcohol was relatively easy. Moreover, the violence, rum-running,
and smuggling continued even after the provincial bans on alcohol were
repealed because prohibition was still going on south of the border.

Stock Market - Stock Market Crash: Investors began to panic and sell their stocks,
Crash causing world market to collapse
- October 29,1929, “Black Tuesday”
- By 1928, economic indicators began to warn of an economic downturn
- People assumed the “crash” was temporary
- The Great Depression caused Canadian workers and companies great
hardship
- Prices deflated rapidly and business activity fell sharply
- There was a massive unemployment, which peaked at 27% in 1933
- Many businesses were wiped out

- The government put up high tariffs to protect their domestic

manufactures and business, but that only created weaker demand and
made the Depression worse
- The depression did not end until 1939, when the outbreak of the Second
World War created demand for war materials

Dust Bowl - The drought arrived in 1931. Because the deep-rooted prairie grasses were
gone, the bare and over-plowed farmland had no anchor to the earth,
causing soils to blow off of fields and creating massive dust storms that
had never been seen before.
- Between 1921 and 1926, 138 townships in southern Alberta, comprising
nearly 3.2 million acres (1.3 million ha), lost at least 55% of their
population; by 1926 80% of the Tilley-East country was permanently
evacuated. Farm abandonments in Alberta and the southeast in the
twenties exceeded those of the Great Depression.

Life in the - By 1933, ⅓ of the population was out of work

Depression - Bc
- No income meant no food, clothing, or other necessities
- Not everyone was affected wealthy people still kept their jobs
and decent lifestyle as prices of goods got lower
- You were good if you did not invest in the stock market
- There were a lot of makeshift things and bc the people
blamed the pm at the time, RB Bennett, they added his name
to everything makeshift or to all their problems
- Bennett Buggies
- Cars hooked up to farm animals
- Bennett Boroughs
 - Unemployed camps where the poorest people
lived
- Bennett Coffee
- Coffee made out of barley and roasted wheat
- Bennett Blankets
- Newspaper were used as blankets
- There was emergency financial assistance given to the less
fortunate but you had to prove that you had nothing
- You had to have sold off everything and tried
everything possible before applying
- Relief amount given was also minimal
- Local govts and charities contributed to help
- In order to receive relief you had to show evidence of need
and citizenship
- (In Montreal, a family of 5 received $4.58/week)

Political - New Political Parties of the 1930s Student

parties

WW2

Term Definition and Significance

Rise of - 6. The Players in the Great Conflict

dictators in
Europe
(Hitler, Benito,
Mussolini)

Germany after - Germany lost 13% of its land and 12% of its population to the Allies. This
ww1/inflation land made up 48% of Germany's iron production and a large proportion
of its coal productions limiting its economic power. The German Army
was limited to 100,000 soldiers, and the navy was limited to 15,000 sailors.
- Economic unrest in the country meant that the people were looking for a
strong leader that had something different from the rest
- Although most political parties were offering the same thing, Nazi party
was the only party that offered something different, they were far right
wing
-

Appeasement - Giving in to a request in order to avoid confrontation

- All the powerful leaders in Europe were appeasing Hitler as he
slowly started to outrageous things like invading Poland and
 breaking conditions of the Treaty of Versailles

League of - The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered

Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a
forum for resolving international disputes.
- The failures of the League in the 1930s were not only because of aggressor
nations undermining its authority, but also down to its own members.
Britain and France, the two most influential members, ignored the
League in their efforts to appease Hitler - actions that arguably led to the
outbreak of the Second World War.
- Failure of League of Nations led to ww2

“Blitzkrieg” & - Germany invades Poland, unleashing Blitzkrieg

The invasion - Blitzkrieg:
of Poland - A combined motorized force of tanks , infantry and air power
designed to overwhelm enemies
- Britain and France had promised Poland aid if they were invaded by
Germany
- This led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany

Dunkirk - Name: Operation dynamo

- Evacuation of British and allied troops from near beaches of Dunkirk,
DYNAMO France, over to England
- Nazi Germany used Blitzkrieg attack to take France
- Invading France within 6 weeks.
- Belgium surrendered
- 950 ships coming back and forth
- They were able to save a lot of soldiers
- Brought hope
- Without dunkirk, Britain would not have been able to hold out until US
came in after pearl harbor
- Canada gave boats to Royal Canadian navy
- RCN sent 7 warships

Battle of - Germany's attempt in the air to establish air dominance over england
Britain/ The before german invasion of england (sea lion operation)
Blitz] - Germans attack english channel shipping (first phase)
- attacked RAF airfields and aimed to cripple supply lines
SEALION - 71 aircrafts damaged (2nd phase)
- Faulty loss assessments germans believed they were winning air war
- concentrated on other stuff
- Shift focus to London and other cities around england “the Blitz”
- Demoralize british pop
- cause damage to britain's ability to support the war
- Canadian Contributions and significance
- 1000 aircrafts lost in battles
- Significant because it demonstrated courage and freedom
throughout the battle
 - enabled england to invade normandy
- canadians started to send troops
- used GD to recruit people as pilots
- 100 men joined RAF
- NO.1 and 242
- 29 destroyed aircrafts, 35 damaged an 8 probably
- destroyed aircrafts (canadian caused it )

Pearl Harbor - The attack occurs on December 7, 1941

- The Japanese launch a surprise attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl
Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii
- The attack was the result of growing tensions between the US and Japan
- The US had cut off oil supplies to Japan in response to a Japanese
invasion of French Indochina
- The United States declares war on Japan on December 8, 1941 following
the attack
- Germany then declares war on the United States
- Marks the end of American isolationism
- Main goal of US became Avenging Pearl Harbor attack
- Historical Significance for Canada
- Japanese Internment
- Due to fear of Japanese Spies in Canada, Japanese living
in BC were evacuated and placed in camps
- Their property was sold off at auctions
- Lived in sub par conditions

Dieppe - allies were not ready to launch a full attack but instead attacked in…
- commando-style attacks against occupied france,
JUBILEE - four simulations flank attacks before dawn, and a main attack half a hour
later
- attack failed but gained valuable info for D-Day

- summer 1942, europe almost fully occupied by germany

- 900 canadian soldiers died

- Canadian Significance and Contributions

- 4963 canadians participated but 907 dead
- 2460 wounded
- 1964 prisoners

- Operation Jubilee
- first canadian army engagement

- 2nd canadian army were on isle of wight

- west flank made by 2 canadian forces
 - Leaned that they needed heavier firepower

- need for good communication

- knowledge of ground defenses

- (significant because it taught them how to raid properly despite

losing the raid)

- wanted to use element of surprise and attack beach on night but

it was ruined
- Ships bumped into german boat and submarine
- Germans on other side heard all of this and expected Europe to
come

The Holocaust - Genocide: The systematic extermination of a nationality or group

and Final - Holocaust (Hebrew: sho’ah) Originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by
Solution fire
- The Holocaust: The annihilation of Jews and other groups of people of
Europe under the Nazi regime during WWII
- Cold Hard Facts
- 11 million people were exterminated
- 6 million Jews
- 5 million other people from various other groups
(Including Poles, Russians, Slavic People, Gypsies,
Romanians, Homosexuals, Communists)
- 63% of all Jews in Europe were killed
- 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed
- How did the Holocaust happen?
- Anti-Semitism
- German Propaganda
- The Stages of Isolation
- The Bystander versus the Collaborator
- Anti-Semitism
- Anti-Semitism: Prejudice and hatred against the Jewish race
- Germany and Europe as a whole had a history of Anti-Semitism
that dated back thousands of years
- Jews were seen as the ultimate modernizers, materialists,
capitalists and strangers
- An argument can be made that Hitler and the Nazis were the
product of a diseased society from the beginning
- Hitler’s Anti-Modern Movement
- Hitler sought to return Germany to simple values with “purity of
mind and blood”
- Movement was very anti-modern
- Hitler sought to impose a new morality for the German people
- This new morality promoted the Aryan Race (German Race) as
the ‘master’ race, with other races as inferior
- Jews, Poles, Russians, Gypsies all grouped as lesser races
- Nazi Propaganda
- The Nazis used modern technology and propaganda to convince
the German people that their policies were just-> no exception
with policy of Anti-Semitism
- Used rallies, marches, speeches and especially radio, films,
newspapers and the education system
- There were films released about Jewish people comparing them to
rats
- The Nazis essentially created a moral universe where all inferior
people must be eliminated or reduced to slavery
- The Stages of Isolation
- The Holocaust was a progression of actions leading to the
annihilation of millions of Jews by:
- 1: Stripping of Rights
- 2: Segregation
- 3: Concentration
- 4: Extermination
- Stage 1: Stripping of Rights
- 1935- Germany passed the Nuremberg Laws
- Nuremberg Laws:
- Jews were stripped of German citizenship
- Jews were fired from jobs and businesses boycotted
- Jews were banned from German schools and universities
- Marriages between Jews and Aryans became forbidden
- Jews were forced to carry ID cards
- Passports of Jews stamped with a ‘J’
- Jews were forced to wear the armband of the Yellow “Star
of David”
- Jewish synagogues destroyed
- Jews were forced to pay reparations and a special income

Stage 2: Segregation
 - Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “Ghettos” to
isolate them from the rest of society
- Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII
- Ghettos were filthy-> poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding
- Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that
many slowly starved to death
- Warsaw Ghetto- Largest ghetto-> held 500 000 people
- Stage 3: Concentration Camps
- Were essential to the Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual
mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists,
homosexuals, political opponents)
- Slave labor-> annihilation by work
- Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation
- Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars
- Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation
- Life in the Camps
- Possessions were confiscated
- Heads were shaved
- Arms tattooed
- Prison uniforms
- Men, women and children were separated
- Survival based on trade skills/ physical strength
- Unsanitary, disease ridden and lice infested barracks
- Inhumane medical experiments were conducted on prisoners
- Stage 4: Extermination
- 1939- Mobile killing units called Einsatzgruppen had begun
killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities
- 1939- The Nazis put in place a euthanasia program
- Policy to eliminated “life unworthy of life” (mentally or
physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”
- Killed thousands
- December, 1941- The Nazis began operating Death Camps
- Sole purpose of these camps was extermination
- “The Final Solution”
- 1942- Wannsee Conference was held by Nazi Officials in Berlin
- Established the “complete solution of the Jewish question”
- This “Final Solution” called for the complete and mass
annihilation and extermination of the Jews as well as other
groups
- Zyklon B gas became the agent in mass extermination
 - Gas Chambers and Crematoriums
- Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers
- Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3-15 minutes
- Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau
(largest death camp) with 4 operating gas chambers
- Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold
bars
- Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums
- Hearing the End of the War
- By 1945, the Nazis began to destroy crematoriums and camps as
Allied troops closed in
- Death Marches (Todesmarsche): Between 1944 and 1945 Nazis
ordered marches over long distances. Approx. 250 000 - 375 000
prisoners perished in Death Marches
- January 27, 1945- The Soviet army entered Auschwitz (largest
camp) and liberated more that 7 000 remaining prisoners, who
were mostly ill and dying
- Aftermath
- 1945-1949 – Nuremberg Trials: Trials for Nazi war criminals
- 1948: Nation of Israel established in part as a refuge for Jews
displaced by the Holocaust
- 1951: Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom ha-Shoah) established

Town of Ajax - Was home to the Largest Munitions plant in the British Empire
- Defence Industries Limited
- Mostly located where town hall is today on Harwood
- Over the war they filled over 40 Million shells, employed 9 000 people
- There were two farms here before and it was not called Ajax before
- Ajax was chosen bc it was in the middle of nowhere, no one would think
it was there, and most importantly it was near railway so they could ship
munitions
- 90% of employees were women bc they are more meticulous and have
smaller fingers
- Homes were built for people who worked here
- Interesting things
- People who worked here had to be careful bc they worked with
gunpowder
- People with blonde hair ended up with red hair bc the chemical
dyed their hair red
 - After the war, the govt. wanted to shut it down but the employees
protested and petitioned to the Ontario Municipal board to make
Ajax into a township
- They put in so much effort that the government. couldn’t
say no
- They had a contest to name it and it was named after the
HMS Ajax (ship that won a decisive battle). The captain
of the ship was Henry Harwood= Harwood
- First Mayor of Ajax was Bill Parish
- He was also a teacher at Pickering SS
- His son also became mayor of Ajax up until 2018

VE Day - As the countries were liberated from Nazis, the ALlies started finding
concentration camps, some were full some were empty bc of death
marches
- Hitler was hiding in a bunker as everything went down
- The longer they took to surrender, the longer it would take to
rebuild the country
- Most leaders killed themselves with cyanide and shot themselves also
- They killed their children in sleep
- May 7, 1945- V E day

Camp X - Located in Whitby, Ontario

- 1941-1944 USA and Canada created a spy training facility to develop plans
for the most secret projects in the war
- Trained agents Special Ops. Seen as first CIA
- One of the attendant became and author and wrote about James Bond
- Inspired the character of James Bond
- Trained Secret agents in many fields such as deception, intelligence
- They were paratroopers who were dropped behind enemy lines and
bombed places, once they bombed a bridge that Germans needed to
retreat and when Germans retreated they did not have a way to go back
- It was Canada’s contribution to The Special Operations Executive]
- First secret agent camp in North America
- Trained over 500 troops and ran 52 courses
- “Clenched fist” of allied secret operations in the war

War in the - Pearl Harbor

Pacific - December 7, 1941- The Japanese launched a surprise attack on the
Americans by attacking the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii
- 19 American ships were sunk or disabled
 - There were 3581 casualties
- Up until this point, the United States was not involved in the war,
US declares war on Japan; Germany declares war on the US
- Historical Significance for Canada
- Japanese Internment
- Due to fear of Japanese Spies in Canada, Japanese living
in BC were evacuated and placed in camps
- Their property was sold off at auctions
- Lived in sub par conditions
- Invasion of the Philippines
- March 11, 1942- Japanese conquer and take control of the Island
of Philippines
- American General Douglas MacArthur was evacuated from the
Philippines at the last minute
- As he was being airlifted to safety he declared, “I shall return”
- MacArthur returned to the Island after Americans liberated it
- He led the operation to liberate it
- The Battle of the Midway
- June, 1942- The Americans won the Battle of the Midway- Naval
battle
- This marked the turning point in the War of the Pacific
- Japanese lost four aircraft carriers to one lost by
Americans
- US was now able to go on the offensive
- American Offensive
- After their victory at the Battle of the Midway, the Americans
went on the Offensive
- In order to reach Japan, they had to capture and liberate every
island on the way there
- Japanese Kamikaze Pilots
- After October of 1944, the Japanese began to resort to suicide
missions by their pilots
- The pilots, called Kamikaze, ritually dedicated themselves to the
war effort by diving their planes into American ships
- The fuel from the plane acted as a bomb when it hit the ship
- Iwo Jima
- March 26, 1945- Japanese forces surrendered the Island of Iwo
Jima
- Only 200 of the 20 700 Japanese troops stationed at Iwo Jima
survived
 - Kamikaze attacks were used in an attempt to defeat the
American
- This was a huge strategic victory for the Americans
- Japanese had a radar base on the island that alerted them
of American bombing missions approaching Japan
- The Philippines and Okinawa
- After Iwo Jima, the Americans invaded both the Philippines and
Okinawa
- Bitter fighting occurred during both invasions
- June, 1945- Okinawa was captured by the Americans
- Japanese suffered 120 000 soldiers and 42 000 civilian
casualties
- The American suffered 33 769 casualties
- The American forces were now on the verge of invading the
Island of Japan

- 90 marks
- 25 multiple choice over all categories
- 8/9 are post war
- 2 parts of matching
- Events
- 10 events and descriptions
- People
- 10 people and ten descriptions, match person to description
- ID and explain significance
- Out of 20, pick 6
- Two of them are Terry fox and 2nd underground battalion
- Primary Document Analysis
- What it is, what time frame, significance, whats happening in it
- Pick 2 of 5 short answer questions
- 5 marks each
- Long answer q
-