1 Description of the use case

1.1 Name of use case

Use case identification
ID Area Domain(s)/ Name of use case
Zone(s)
ICCS_NTUA_ex. Zones: ?? Optimal centralized coordinated voltage control
1 Domains:
Electric Power, control

1.2 Version management

Version management
Version Date Name of author(s) Changes Approval status
No.
1.0 06-06-2016 Marios Maniatopoulos, initial setup of the use case Draft, Work in
Panos Kotsampopoulos Progress

1.3 Scope and objectives of use case

Scope and objectives of use case
Scope Optimally control the voltages of a distribution network, while simultaneously minimizing power losses and
tap change operations of the transformer's on-load tap changer (OLTC).

Objective(s)
Related Higher-level use
case(s)
Control Domain Reference
This is accomplished with a central controller that receives real-time measurements from key nodes of the
network, solves an optimization problem, and dispatches set-points to controllable devices located in the
network, such as the OLTC, inverters of DER units and storage systems.
O1: Minimize voltage deviations from the nominal value
O2: Minimize power losses
O3: Minimize tap change operations of the OLTC
Voltage Control
Distribution network
1.4 Narrative of use case
Narrative of use case
Short description
A central controller receives real-time measurements from key nodes of the distribution grid via a communication network and solves an
optimization problem with the aim to minimize voltage deviation from the nominal value, power losses, and tap change operations of the
transformer’s OLTC. The outputs of the optimization are set-points that are transmitted via the communication network to flexible devices
located in the distribution grid, such as the OLTC, inverters of DER units and storage systems.
Complete description
A central controller is installed at substation level and is initialized with all the necessary static data of the network: network topology,
admittance of lines and transformer, nominal power of DER units and storage systems, operating limits of DER units, storage systems and
OLTC.

While it operates, it requests and receives real-time power measurements from the smart meters of loads and DER units, as well as the state
of charge (SOC) of the storage systems and the current tap position of the OLTC, in discrete iterations (e.g. every 10 minutes). Using this
dynamic data, it formulates an optimal power flow problem, whose objective function involves the minimization of voltage deviation of critical
nodes from the nominal value, power losses of the lines and transformer, and tap change operations of the OLTC.

The outputs that result from the solution of this optimization are set-points for all controllable devices located in the network. Specifically, the
controller calculates a set-point for the tap position of the OLTC, reactive power set-points for the inverters of DER units, as well as active and
reactive power set-points for the storage systems.

The reception of measurements and transmission of set-points is carried out through a communication network.

1.5 Optimality Criteria

(Directly associated with objectives. E.g. by what metric to 'minimise' something)
Optimality Criteria
ID Name Description Reference to mentioned use case
objectives
1 Voltage deviation Maintain critical node voltages close to the nominal O1
2 Power losses Minimize power losses on the lines and transformer O2
3 Tap change operations Minimize the number of tap change operations of the O3
OLTC
1.6 Use case conditions
Use case conditions
Assumptions
The central controlled is assumed to be located at substation level and it is operated by the controlled network's DSO. The controller has
direct communication with the DMS (Distribution Management System), through which it receives and transmits data.

Prerequisites
-Smart meters must be installed at every load and DER unit
-Smart meters must be able to transmit power data in real-time
-A communication network must exist between the DMS, the Smart Meters and the local controller of each device.
-The inverters of the DER units and storage systems must be controllable and able to operate at power factors <1 (both leading and lagging)

1.7 Further information to the use case for classification / mapping

Classification Information
Relation to other use cases
(identify all related use cases and relationship)
Level of depth
(depth as identifed in use case ID)<BC/TC>; <HLUC>; <Control_Topology_Level>
Prioritisation
(TBD)
Generic, regional or national relation
(ignore)
Control Mechanism (from Taxonomy)
Centralized
Further keywords for classification
Voltage Control, Centralized Control, Coordinated Control

1.8 General remarks

General remarks
The central controller in this use case receives dynamic data through a communication network, solves an optimal power flow problem
(minimization of an objective function), and dispatches set-points to all controllable devices of the distribution network.

2 Diagrams of use case

Diagram(s) of use case
3 Technical details
3.1 Actors
Actors
Grouping Group description
Operation actor Actors that take part in this use case
Actor name Actor type Actor description Further information
specific to this use case
DSCC Central controller Central controller The central controller
responsible for solving the
optimal power flow and
dispatching the controllable
devices of the network
DMS Distribution Management The management system of the network's DSO
System
DER units Distributed energy resource units (PVs, Wind
DERGen
Turbines, etc.)
DERStorage Storage systems Storage systems (batteries, flywheels, etc.)
Local controller Control of DER units A local controlling device for
each DER unit responsible
for receiving the reactive
DERGen Controller
power set-point from the
central controller and
applying it
Local controller Control of Storage systems A local controlling device for
each storage system
responsible for receiving the
DERStorage Controller
active and reactive power
set-points from the central
controller and applying them
On-Load Tap Changer The On-Load Tap Changer mechanism of the
OLTC
substation's transformer
OLTC Controller Local controller Control of OLTC A local controlling device for
the OLTC responsible for
 receiving the tap position
set-point from the central
controller and applying it
Smart Meter A smart meter installed at each load and DER
Smart Meter
unit that is capable of transmitting power data
Data concentrator Device responsible for concentrating Smart
Data Concentrator
Meter measurements

3.2 References
References
No. References Reference Status Impact on use case Originator / Link
type organisation

4 Step by step analysis of use case

4.1 Overview of scenarios
Identify all relevant scenarios; rel. e.g. to Sequence Diagram or Use Case diagram
Scenario conditions
No. Scenario name Scenario Primary actor Triggering event Pre-condition Post-condition
description
1 Controller The controller is DSCC Controller -Controller installed and -The controller has
Initialization initialized with all installation/Network running acquired all
the necessary infrastructure update -Communications necessary static
static data of the established data
network that it will
control
2 Measuring Real-time power Smart Meter Periodical (discrete -Controller initialized with The central
measurements iterations) the network's static data controller has
from Smart -Communications received power
Meters are established measurements from
transmitted to the -OLTC Controller up and loads and DER
DSCC, as well as running units, the state of
the state of -DERStorage Controller up charge of storage
charge of storage and running systems and the tap
 systems and the position of the OLTC
tap position of the
OLTC
3 Optimal power The central DSCC Reception of dynamic -Controller up and running The controller has
flow controller uses data complete -Reception of dynamic solved the optimal
the received data complete power flow problem
dynamic data to and has calculated
formulate and the set-points for the
solve the optimal controllable devices
power flow of the network
problem
4 Set-point dispatch The central DSCC Optimal power flow -Controller up and running All controllable
controller solution achieved -Communications devices of the
transmits the established network have
calculated -OLTC Controller up and received and applied
optimal set-points running the set-points sent
to all the -DERStorage Controller up by the central
controllable and running controller
devices of the -DERGen Controller up
network and running

4.2 Steps – Scenarios

Alternative / complementary to sequence diagrams.
Scenario
Scenario name : Controller Initialization
Step Event Name of Description of Service Information Information Information Requirements
No. process/ process/ producer receiver exchanged R-ID
activity activity (actor) (actor) (IDs)
1 DSCC requests
Request the distribution
Initialization topology system topology DSCC DMS 1
matrix matrix from
DMS
2 Request Reply topology DMS transmits DMS DSCC 5
received matrix the topology
matrix of the
 distribution
system to DSCC
3 Topology Admittance DSCC forms the DSCC DSCC
Matrix matrix admittance
received formation matrix of the
distribution
system
4 Initialization Request DSCC requests DSCC DERGen 1
system all constant Controllers,
parameters system DERStorage
parameters from Controller,
DMS, DERGen, OLTC
DERStorage Controller
and OLTC
Controllers
5 Request Reply system DMS transmits DMS DSCC
received parameters the maximum
and minimum
allowable 8
voltage limits of
the distribution
system
6 Request Reply system DERGen DERGen DSCC
received parameters Controllers Controllers
transmit the
minimum
allowable power 8
factor and
nominal
apparent power
of each DER
unit to DSCC
7 Request Reply system DERGen DERStorage DSCC 8
received parameters Controllers Controller
transmit the
minimum
allowable power
factor and
 nominal
apparent power
of each DER
unit to DSCC
8 Request Reply system OLTC Controller OLTC DSCC
received parameters transmits the Controller
total number of
available tap
positions and 8
the step value to
DSCC

Scenario
Scenario name : Measuring
Step Event Name of Description of Service Information Information Information Requirements
No. process/ process/ producer receiver exchanged R-ID
activity activity (actor) (actor) (IDs)
9 Smart meter
Active power acquires active
Periodical DERGen Smart Meter 2
measurement power
measurements
10 Periodical Transmission Smart meter
of transmits active Data
Smart Meter 2
measurement power Concentrator
measurements
11 Periodical Transmission Data
of concentrator
Data
measurement transmits active DMS 2
Concentrator
power
measurements
12 Periodical Active and Smart meter
reactive power acquires active
measurements and reactive Loads Smart Meter 2
power
measurements
13 Periodical Transmission Smart meter Smart Meter Data 2
of transmits active Concentrator
 measurements and reactive
power
measurements
14 Periodical Transmission Data DMS
of concentrator
measurements transmits active Data
2
and reactive Concentrator
power
measurements
15 Periodical Transmission DMS collects all DMS DSCC
of real-time data
measurements received from
the Smart 2
Meters and
transmits it to
DCSS
16 Periodical Request state The DSCC DSCC DERStorage
of charge requests the Controller
state of charge 1
of the storage
systems
17 Periodical Reply state of The DERStorage DSCC
charge DERStorage Controller
Controller
transmits the 6
state of charge
of the storage
system
18 Periodical Request The DSCC DSCC OLTC
current tap requests the Controller
position current tap 1
position of the
OLTC
19 Periodical Reply current The OLTC OLTC DSCC 7
tap position Controller Controller
transmits the
current tap
position of the
 OLTC

Scenario
Scenario name : Optimal
power flow
Step Event Name of Description of Service Information Information Information Requirements
No. process/ process/ producer receiver exchanged R-ID
activity activity (actor) (actor) (IDs)
20 The DSCC
formulates and
Measurement Optimal power
solves the DSCC DSCC
s received flow
optimal power
flow problem

Scenario
Scenario name : Set-point dispatch
Step Event Name of Description of Service Information Information Information Requirements
No. process/ process/ producer receiver exchanged R-ID
activity activity (actor) (actor) (IDs)
21 The DSCC
Optimal transmits the
Reactive
power flow reactive power DERGen
power set- DSCC 3
solution set-points to the Controllers
point dispatch
achieved DERGen
Controllers
22 Set-point Application of The DERGen DERGen DERGen 4
received the reactive Controllers Controllers
power set- update the
point operating
parameters of
the DER units
by applying the
received set-
 points
23 Optimal Active and The DSCC DERStorage 3
power flow reactive power transmits the Controllers
solution set-points active and
achieved dispatch reactive power DSCC
set-points to the
DERStorage
Controllers
24 Application of The DERStorage DERStorage
the active and DERStorage Controllers
reactive power Controllers
set-points update the
operating
Set-point
parameters of 4
received
the storage
systems by
applying the
received set-
points
25 Optimal Tap position The DSCC OLTC 3
power flow set-point transmits the tap Controller
solution dispatch position set- DSCC
achieved point to the
OLTC Controller
26 Application of The OLTC OLTC OLTC
the tap Controller Controller
position set- updates the tap
Set-point point position of the
4
received OLTC by
applying the
received set-
point
5 Information exchanged
(Information layer details can possibly be ignored for now).
Information Exchanged
Information Name of Description of information exchanged Requirements IDs
exchanged information
ID exchanged
1 Request Request for data
2 Power Measurement of active and/or reactive power
measurement
3 Set-point Set-point transmitted by the DSCC to the controllable devices
4 Operating Updated operating parameters of a component
parameters
5 Static data Static data of the network
6 State of The state of charge of the storage systems
charge
7 Tap position The current tap position of the oltc
8 Component The nominal operating limits (e.g. nominal power, minimum
nominal power factor, etc.) of all components of the network
operating
limits

6 Requirements
If in doubt use PAS 62559 Annexes A.6.2
Requirements
Categories ID Category name for requirements Category description
Control Time Scale Time scale of control actions, as defined for control triples (CTS_0 - CTS_3)

??
Communication Reliability… Communication requirements (endpoints, data rate, reliability, latency) of the
 controller, in particular in case of a distributed control scheme.
Requirement ID Requirement name Requirement description

7 Common Terms and Definitions

Common terms and definitions
Term Definition

8 Custom information (optional)

Custom information (optional)
Key Value Refers to section

9 Controller Conflicts and Misuse cases

Controller conflict is an undesired change of an intended control action as a response to another control action; ref. to R6.1 Chapt. 5.
Controller conflict cases
id Case Description Conflict Related Related Use Related Related Recommended
Name References Actors Cases Requirements Objective mitigation
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