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COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION

Centre Of Mass
Centre of mass of system of discrete particles
m r⃗ + m r⃗ + + m r⃗
R⃗ =
m +m + +m

Eg. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position vectors ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ and –3iˆ – 2ˆj  kˆ respectively.
the magnitude of position vector of centre of mass of this system will be similar to the magnitude
of vector :
(1) ˆi – 2ˆj  kˆ (2) –3iˆ – 2ˆj  kˆ (3) –2iˆ  2kˆ (4) –2iˆ – ˆj  2kˆ

Ans. (1)
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

 –2iˆ – ˆj  kˆ
( ) (– – )
Sol. r⃗ = =

2iˆ – ˆj  kˆ  (2) 2  (1) 2  (1) 2  6

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 1

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Centre of mass of continuous distribution of particles.

Treating the mass element dm at position 𝑟⃗ as a point mass and replacing summation by
integration.
R⃗ = ∫ r⃗dm
X com = ∫ xdm, Y com = ∫ ydm , Z com = ∫ zdm
Com
Equilateral triangular plate
Ycom = h

h
3

Semi-circular disc
c
Ycom = 4r

r 3

r
Semi-circular ring c
2r
Ycom = 


Cavity y

Cavity related problem we consider removed portion mass as negative mass

X com = , Y com = , Z com =

Where M actual or original mass of body X1 ,Y1 ,Z1 are position of r

centre of mass of cavity. r1

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 2

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Eg. As shown in fig. when a spherical cavity (centred at O) of radius 1 is cut out of a uniform sphere
of radius R (centred at C), the centre of mass of remaining (shaded) part of sphere is at G, i.e on
the surface of the cavity. R can be determined by the equation :
R
1
G C O

(1) (R2 –R –l) (2–R) =1

(2) (R2 + R + l) (2 – R) = l
(3) (R2 + R – l) (2 – R) = l
(4) (R2 – R + l) (2 – R) = l

Ans. (3)
Sol. from COM
4 4
 · R ·0   ·  ·13  (R  1)
(2  R)  3 3 R–1
4 3 4
 · R   ·  ·13 C O
3 3 2-R
3
(R – 1) (2 – R) = R – 1
Or (R2 + R + 1) (2 – R) = 1

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 3

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Motion Of Centre Of Mass

m a⃗ + m a⃗ + m a⃗
a⃗ =
m +m +m +
By Newton’s law of motion ∑ F⃗ = Ma⃗
Where total mass be M.
 If no external force acts on a two-particle system and its centre of mass is at rest initially, it
remain fixed even when the particles individually move and accelerate.
Which means
 
=0

Eg. Two blocks of masses 10 kg and 30 kg are placed on the same straight line with coordinates (0,
0) cm and (x, 0) cm respectively. the block of 10 kg is moved on the same line through a distance
of 6 cm towards the other block. the distance through which the block of 30 kg must be moved to
keep the position of centre of mass of the system unchanged is :
(1) 4 cm towards the 10 kg block (2) 2 cm away from the 10 kg block
(3) 2 cm towards the 10 kg block (4) 4 cm away from the 10 kg block

Ans. (3)
m1x1  m 2 x 2
Sol. x G 
m1  m 2
10  6  30  x 2 
0=
40
x2 = –2cm
Block of mass 30 kg will to move towards 10 kg.

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 4

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Momentum
If a body of mass, M moving with velocity v⃗ then its momentum is given as
Momentum, p⃗ = mv⃗
Also momentum. P = √2MK and K = where M is mass of the body and K is it’s kinetic
energy

Eg. A body of mass 8 kg and another of mass 2 kg are moving with equal kinetic energy. the ratio of
their respective momentum will be :
(1) 1:1 (2) 2:1 (3) 1:4 (4) 4:1

Ans. (2)
P2
Sol. K.E 
2m
P12 P22
K1 = ; K2 
2 8  2  2
K1 = K2
So,
4P22  P12
P1
2
P2

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 5

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Impulse - Momentum Theorem

Impulse of a force is equal to change of momentum 
F
F⃗ t = P⃗
curve of F⃗ vs time t give impulse
Area under-curve
And change in momentum  
Impulse = ∫ F⃗. dt = P⃗
dt t

Eg. Figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) show variation of force with time.

The impulse is highest in figure.

(1)Fig (c) (2)Fig (b)
(3)Fig (a) (4)Fig (d)

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 6

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Ans. (2)
Sol. Impulse = Area under F = t curve
1 1
(a)  1 0.5  N.s
2 4
(b) 0.5 × 2 = 1 N.s (maximum)
1 3
(c)  1 0.75  N.s
2 8
1 1
(d)  2  0.5  N.s
2 2

Law Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum

According to nnewton’s second law
⃗ ⃗
F⃗ = If F⃗ = O then = O⃗ i.e. P is constant

Eg. A bullet of '4g' mass is fired from a gun of mass 4kg. If the bullet moves with the muzzle speed
of 50 ms–1, the impulse imparted to the gun and velocity of recoil of gun are
(1) 0.4 kg ms–1, 0.1 ms–1 (2) 0.2 kg ms–1, 0.05 ms–1
(3) 0.2 kg ms–1, 0.1 ms–1 (4) 0.4 kg ms–1, 0.05 ms–1

Ans. (2)

Sol.

By momentum conservation
4 × 10–3 (50 – v) – 4v = 0
4  10 3  50
v= 3
 0.05ms 1
4  4  10
Impulse J = mv = 4 × .05 = 0.2 kgms–1

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 7

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Types Of Collisions

Coefficient Of Restitution (e)

e=

Head On Elastic Collision

Important Points
 If the two bodies are of equal masses : m1 = m2 = m, v1 = u2 and v2 = u1
Thus, if two bodies of equal masses undergo elastic collision in one dimension, then after the
collision, the bodies will exchange their velocities.
 If two bodies are of equal masses and second body is at rest.
m1 = m2 and initial velocity of second body u2 = 0, v1 = 0, v2 = u1
When body A collides against body B of equal mass at rest, the body A comes to rest and the
body B moves on with the velocity of the body A. in this case transfer of energy is hundred
percent e.g.. Billiard's ball, nuclear moderation.
 If the mass of a body is negligible as compared to other.
If m1 >> m2 and u2 = 0 then v1 = u1 , v2 = 2u1
When a heavy body A collides against a light body B at rest, the body A should keep on moving
with same velocity and the body B will move with velocity double that of A.
If m2 >> m1 and u2 = 0 then v2 = 0, v1 = – u1
When light body A collides against a heavy body B at rest, the body A should start moving with
same velocity just in opposite direction while the body B should practically remains at rest.

Eg. A ball of mass 0.15 kg hits the wall with its initial speed of 12 ms –1 and bounces back without
changing its initial speed. If the force applied by the wall on the ball during the contact is 100 N.
calculate the time duration of the contact of ball with the wall.
(1) 0.018 s (2) 0.036 s (3) 0.009 s (4) 0.072 s

Ans. (2)

Sol. Pi  0.15 12  ˆi 

Pf  0.15 12  ˆi 

P = 3.6 kg – m/s
3.6 = F  t
3.6 = 100  t
 t = 0.036 sec

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 8

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Eg. An alpha-particle of mass m suffers 1-dimensional elastic collision with a nucleus at rest of
unknown mass. It is scattered directly backwards losing, 64% of its initial kinetic energy. The
mass of the nucleus is :-
(1) 3.5 m (2) 2 m (3) 1.5 m (4) 4 m

Ans. (4)
Sol. Let  particle was coming with vel. v0
K' =0.36K0
1 1 2
 m(v') 2 =0.36 × mv0
2 2
 v '  0.6 v0 (In opposite direction)
Now,
KE of nucleus = 0.64 k0
1 1
 Mv 2  0.64  mv 02
2 2
 M v  0.8 m v0
By momentum conservation
 Pi = Pf
 mv0 = Mv – mv'
Solving above equations

 M = 4m

Head On Inelastic Collision Of Two Particles

Perfect Inelastic Collision
In case of inelastic collision, after collision two bodies move with same velocity (or stick
together). if two particles of masses m1 and m2, moving with velocity u1 and u2 (u2 < u1)
respectively along the same line collide 'head on ' and after collision they have same common
velocity v, then by conservation of linear momentum,
m u  m2u 2
m 1u 1 + m 2u 2 = m 1v + m 2v v= 1 1 ...(i)
(m1  m 2 )

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 9

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Eg. A bag of sand of mass 9.8 kg is suspended by a rope. A bullet of 200 g travelling with speed 10
ms–1 gets embedded in it, then loss of kinetic energy will be
(1) 4.9 J (2) 9.8 J (3) 14.7 (4) 19.6 J

Ans. (2)
Sol. Pi = Pf (no any external force)
0.2 × 10 = 10 × v
1 1
Loss in K.E. = × (0.2) × 102 – × 10 (0.2)2
2 2
1
= 10   0.2  10  0.2 = 9.8 J
2

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 10

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Oblique Collision
Oblique Impact on a Fixed Plane
velocity of separation
e=
velocity of approach u v
 e [velocity of approach] = velocity of separation   y
 e[u cos ( ˆj )] = – [v cos (  ˆj )]  v cos = e u cos  ...(i) x

Variable mass system:

Rocket propulsion: v
u
 dm 
Thrust force on the rocket = vr   
 dt  At t = 0 At t = 0
m=m
v=v

exhaust velocity = vr

Eg. A spaceship in space sweeps stationary interplanetary dust. as a result, its mass increases at a rate
dM(t)
 bv2 (t) , where v(t) is its instantaneous velocity. the instantaneous acceleration of the
dt
satellite is:
bv3 bv 3 2bv 3
(1) – (2) – (3) – (4) –bv3(t)
2M(t) M(t) M(t)

Ans. (2)
dm(t)
Sol.  bv2
dt
dm
Fthast = v
dt
dm(t)
Force on statellile =  v
dt
M(t) a = – v (bv2)
bv2
a  v
M(t)

COM, MOMENTUM, COLLISION 11