8 More About Graphs of Functions: Review Exercise 8 (P. 8.5)

8 More about Graphs of Functions
8 More about Graphs of

Functions
Review Exercise 8 (p. 8.5)
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
2. (a) ∵
∴
(b) From (a), we have
3. (a) ∵
(b) From (a), we have
4. (a)
(b)
5. (a)
(b)
71
NSS Mathematics in Action 5B Full Solutions
6. (a) Coordinates of Q Activity 8.2 (p. 8.40)

(b) Coordinates of R
1.
7. Let P1 be the image of P when P is translated upwards by
2 units.
∴ Coordinates of P1
∵ P′ is the image of P1 when P1 is translated to the left
by 3 units. 2. x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
g(x) 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
∴ Coordinates of P′
3.
8. (a) Let P′ be the image of P when P is translated to the
right by 2 units.
∴ Coordinates of
∵ Q is the image of P′ when P′ is translated
downwards by 3 units.
∴ Coordinates of Q
(b) Let P″ be the image of P when P is translated

downwards by 3 units.
∴ Coordinates of P″
4. Yes
∵ R is the image of P″ when P″ is translated to the
right by 2 units. 5. The graph of can be obtained by translating
∴ Coordinates of R the graph of leftwards by 2 units.
i.e. The coordinates of R are also (0, 2). 6. The graph of can be obtained by translating
∴ Mary’s claim is true. the graph of rightwards by 2 units.
9. (a) Coordinates of Q
Let’s Discuss
(b) ∵ Coordinates of Q
Let’s Discuss (p. 8.11)
∴
1. Angel sketches the graph of in the
following steps:
Step 1: Find the y-intercept of the graph, i.e. 3.
Activity Step 2: Find the x-intercepts of the graph by solving
.
Activity 8.1 (p. 8.37)
1. Yes
2. (a)
∴ The x-intercepts are 1 and 3.
Step 3: Determine the direction of opening of the graph.
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1 ( > 0), the graph
opens upwards.
Ken sketches the graph of in the
following steps:
Step 1: Find the y-intercept and the direction of opening
of the graph (see Angel’s method).
Step 2: Convert into the form
.
(b) Yes
3. The graph of can be obtained by

∴ For its graph, the coordinates of the vertex
translating the graph of upwards by 3 units. are (2, 1), the axis of symmetry is x = 2.
2. Consider Angel’s method.

∵ The discriminant of is less than 0.
∴ The graph of has no x-intercepts.
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∴ The position of the graph is not known. Therefore, it is not possible to sketch the graph of
by Angel’s method.
Consider Ken’s method.
∵ can be converted into the form
.
∴ For its graph, the coordinates of the vertex and the
axis of symmetry can be obtained.
Therefore, it is possible to sketch the graph of
by Ken’s method.
Classwork
Classwork (p. 8.7)

(a)
(b)
Classwork (p. 8.12)

(a)
(b)
Classwork (p. 8.13)
73
(a) (b)
Classwork (p. 8.15)

(a)
(b)
(c)
Classwork (p. 8.16)

1. Function Domain
All real numbers
All real numbers
All real numbers
Function Domain
All positive numbers
All real numbers

All real numbers

2. and
3. , and
4. II and VI
74
Classwork (p. 8.38) (b)

(a) h(x)  f(x)  2
(b)
Classwork (p. 8.42)

The graph of y x2 x 1is translated to the right by 3 units.
Classwork (p. 8.45)

(a)
(b)
Classwork (p. 8.49)

(a)
75
(c) ∴ The required graph is:
(d)
(b) By substituting x  0 into y 2(x 3)2  8, we have

y 2(0  3)2  8 10
∴ The y-intercept is 10.
For y 2(x  3)2  8,
coefficient of x2 2 < 0
∴ The graph opens downwards.
The coordinates of the vertex: (3, 8)
Quick Practice The axis of symmetry: x 3
∴ The required graph is:
Quick Practice 8.1 (p. 8.8)
By substituting y = 0 into , we have
∴ The x-intercept is 2
By substituting x = 0 into , we have

Draw the straight line y 1 on the graph of y x 2 3x 2.
∴ The y-intercept is 1.
The required graph is:
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 3.8 and x 0.8.

∴ The solutions of x2 3x  2 1 are x 3.8 or 0.8.

Quick Practice 8.2 (p. 8.10) Draw the straight line y 1.2 on the graph of y x3 x2  1.
(a) By substituting x  0 into y  (x + 1)2  3, we have
y  (0  1)2  3  4
∵ Coefficient of x2  1 > 0
∴ The graph opens upwards.
The coordinates of the vertex: (1, 3)
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1.7.
The axis of symmetry: x 1
∴ The solution of x3 x2  1 1.2 is x 1.7.
76
Quick Practice 8.5 (p. 8.23) Quick Practice 8.8 (p. 8.30)
Draw the straight line y 5 on the graph of
(a) y  2x3  3x2  4x  2.
(b) Draw the straight line y  0.6 on the graph of y = f(x).
The two graphs intersect at x 1.5.

When x ≥ 1.5, the corresponding portion of the graph of
y  2x3  3x2  4x  2 lies on or above the straight line y 5.
∴ The solutions of 2x3  3x2  4x  2 ≥ 5 are x ≥ 1.5.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1.9, x 0.6, x 0.6
and x 1.9. Quick Practice 8.9 (p. 8.31)
∴ The solutions of 5f(x) 3 = 0are x 1.9, 0.6, 0.6 (a)
or 1.9.
∴
Draw the straight line y 9 on the graph of y 2x2 x  3. (b) Draw the straight line y 0.5 on the graph of y  sin x.
The two graphs intersect at x  210 and x  330.

When 210 < x < 330, the corresponding portion of the
The two graphs intersect at x 3 and x 1. graph of y  sin x lies below the straight line y 0.5.
When 3 < x < 1, the corresponding portion of the graph of ∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of 2 sin x  1 < 0 are
y 2x2 x  3 lies above the straight line y 9. 210 < x < 330.
∴ The solutions of x2 x 3 > 9 are 3 < x < 1.
Quick Practice 8.7 (p. 8.29) The graph of y  cos x  1 is obtained by translating the graph
of y  cos x downwards by 1 unit.
Draw the straight line y 16 on the graph of .
The two graphs intersect at x 4.

When x ≥ 4, the corresponding portion of the graph of
lies on or below the straight line y 16. ∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated upwards by 8 units.
∴ The solutions of are x  4.
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The graph of y  sin (x – 180) is obtained by translating the
graph of y  sin x rightwards by 180. ∴
(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y  g(x) are

(8, 3).
Quick Practice 8.13 (p.8.44) Further Practice
(a) Further Practice (p. 8.11)

1. (a) By substituting y  0 into , we
have
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated leftwards by
2 units.
(b) From (a), the graph of y  g(x) can be obtained by
translating the graph of y  f(x) leftwards by 2 units.
The graph of y  g(x)  2 can be obtained by translating
the graph of y  g(x) downwards by 2 units.
∴ The x-intercept is 3.
By substituting x  0 into , we have

Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by reflecting the
graph of y  f(x) about the x-axis.
∴
(b) By substituting y  0 into y  3x  4, we have
The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating the graph of

y  h(x) downwards by 5 units.
∴
∴ The x-intercept is .
By substituting x  0 into y  3x  4, we have

(a) Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by
enlarging the graph of y  f(x) along the x-axis to 2 times ∴ The y-intercept is 4.
the original. ∴ The required graph is:
∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating the

graph of y  h(x) downwards by 3 units.
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2. (a) By substituting x  0 into y  2(3  x)2  8, we have

y  2(3  0)2  8  10
∵ Coefficient of x2  2 > 0
The coordinates of the vertex: (3, 8)
The axis of symmetry: x  3
(b) By substituting x  0 into y  9  (x  4)2, we have

y  9  (0  4)2 7
∵ Coefficient of x2  1 < 0
The coordinates of the vertex: (4, 9)
The axis of symmetry: x 4
Further Practice (p. 8.23)

1. Draw the straight line y  0.1 on the graph of y  3x.
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∵ The two graphs intersect at x 2.1. Further Practice (p. 8.32)

∴ The solution of 3x  0.1 is x 2.1. 1. Draw the straight line y 1 on the graph of y  log2 x.
2. Draw the straight line y 2 on the graph of y  g(x).
The two graphs intersect at x  0.5.

When x > 0.5, the corresponding portion of the graph of
y  log2 x lies above the straight line y 1.
∴ The solutions of log2 x > 1 are x > 0.5.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1.4, x  0 and 2. Draw the straight line y  0.6 on the graph of y  tan x.
x  1.4.
∴ The solutions of g(x) 2 are x 1.4, 0 or 1.4.
3.
Draw the straight line y  0.25 on the graph of y  sin x.
The two graphs intersect at x  31.

When 0 ≤ x ≤ 31, the corresponding portion of the graph
of y  tan x lies on or below the straight line y 0.6.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 45, the solutions of tan x ≤ 0.6 are
0 ≤ x ≤ 31.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  12 and x  168. 3. (a)

∴ The solutions of 2 sin x  0.5 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 are
x  12 or 168.
4. ∴
(b) Draw the straight line y  16 on the graph of y  x3.

Draw the straight line y  1.6 on the graph of y  log2 x.
The two graphs intersect at x = 2.5.

∵ The two graphs intersect at x  3. When x  2.5, the corresponding portion of the graph
∴ The solution of 5log2 x  8 is x  3. of y  x3 lies on or above the straight line y  16.
∴ The solutions of are x  2.5.
Further Practice (p. 8.51)

1. (a)
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated upwards by

9 units.
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2. (a) The domains of both functions are the collection of

(b) all real numbers.
(b) Both y  sin 2x and y  cos x are periodic. Their
periods are 180 and 360 respectively.
(c) Both y  sin 2x and y  cos x have maximum and
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated leftwards by minimum values.
1 unit. The maximum value and the minimum value of both
functions are 1 and 1 respectively.
(d) Graph of y  cos x has reflectional symmetry about
2. the y-axis.
3. (a) By substituting y  0 into , we have
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is first reflected about the y-axis

and then enlarged along the y-axis to 2 times the
original.
3. (a) Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by

reflecting the graph of y  f(x) about the x-axis.
∴ ∴ The x-intercept is 8.
The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by translating the

graph of y = h(x) leftwards by 2 units.
∴
(b) The required graph is:
(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y  g(x)
are (4, 5).
4. (a) (iii)
(b) (i)
The graph of y  cos x + 1 is obtained by translating
the graph of y  cos x upwards by 1 unit.
(c) (iv)
The graph of y  2cos x is obtained by enlarging the
graph of y  cos x along the y-axis to 2 times the
4. By substituting y  0 into y  4x  6, we have
original.
(d) (ii)
The graph of is obtained by enlarging
the graph of y  cos x along the x-axis to 2 times the

original. ∴ The x-intercept is .
By substituting x  0 into y  4x  6, we have

Exercise
Exercise 8A (p. 8.17)

Level 1 ∴ The y-intercept is 6.
1. (a) The domains of both functions are the collection of The required graph is:
all real numbers.
(b) Graph of y  x2  4x  5 has reflectional symmetry.
∴ The axis of symmetry is x 2.

(c) Graph of y  x2  4x  5 has a maximum point.
The coordinates of the maximum point are (2, 9).
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5. (a) By substituting y  0 into y x  2, we have
By substituting x  0 into y  x  2, we have
6. (a)
(i) The axis of symmetry: x 2

(ii) The coordinates of the vertex: (2, 16)
(iii) ∵ Coefficient of x2 1 < 0
(iv) By substituting x  0 into y  16  (x  2)2, we
have
y  16  (0  2)2  12
7. (a) (i) The axis of symmetry: x  2

(ii) The coordinates of the vertex: (2, 12)
(iii) ∵ Coefficient of x2  3 > 0
(iv) By substituting x  0 into y  3(x  2)2  12 , we
have
y  3(0  2)2  12 = 0
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8. (a)
(b)
(c)
Level 2
9. (a) By substituting x  0 into , we have
By substituting y  0 into , we have
(b) By substituting x  0 into , we have
By substituting y  0 into , we have
83
The required graphs are:
10. (a) By substituting y  2 into , we have
∴ A(2, 2) and B(2, 2) lie on the graph of
(b) The axis of symmetry: x  0

∵ Coefficient of

11. (a) By substituting   0 into y  cos , we have

y  cos 0  1
(b) By substituting   45 into y  tan , we have
y  tan 45  1
By substituting   45 into y  tan , we have
y  tan (45)  1
The required graphs are:
84
12. (a) 2. Draw the straight line y  0 on the graph of

y x3  x2  5x  3.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1 and x 3.

(b) Yes, the two graphs in (a) are symmetric about the ∴ The solutions of x3  x2  5x  3 = 0 are x 1 or 3.
straight line y  x.
3. Draw the straight line y  3 on the graph of .

13.
∴ The solution of is x 1.6.
4. Draw the straight line y 0.5 on the graph of y  log3 x.
Exercise 8B (p. 8.24) ∵ The two graphs intersect at x 0.6.

Level 1 ∴ The solution of log3 x 0.5 is x 0.6.
1. Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of y  x2  4x  4.
5. (a) Draw the straight line y 1 on the graph of
y  sin x.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 270.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solution of sin x 1 is
x  270.
(b) Draw the straight line y  1.5 on the graph of y sin x.
∵ The two graphs do not intersect.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, there are no real solutions.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 3 and x 1.

∴ The solutions of x2  4x  4  1 are x 3 or 1.
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∵ The two graphs intersect at x  0.5.

∴ The solution of is x  0.5.
9.
6. (a)
Draw the straight line y 0.25 on the graph of y  tan 3x.
∴
(b) Draw the straight line y  1.5 on the graph of
y  2x3  4x2  x  2.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  55, x  115,

x  175, x  235, x  295 and x  355.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of 4 tan 3x  1  0
are x  55, 115, 175, 235, 295 or 355.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 0.2, x  0.7 and

10. (a)
x  1.6.
∴ The solutions of 4x3  8x2  2x  4  3 are
x 0.2, 0.7 or 1.6. Draw the straight line y  2 on the graph of y  f(x).
∴ The solution of 3f(x)  6 is x  0.75.
7.
(b)
Draw the straight line y  2.6 on the graph of

y  2 sin x  3 cos x. Draw the straight line y 0.5 on the graph of y  f(x).
∴ The solution of 2f(x)  1  0 is x 0.8.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 260, x 170,

x 100 and x  190.
∴ For 360 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of
10 sin x  15 cos x  13 are x 260, 170, 100 or 11.
190.
Level 2 Draw the straight line y 2 on the graph of

y  4x2  4x  8.
8.
Draw the straight line y  2.8 on the graph of y  8x.
86
∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1 and x  1.

∵ The two graphs intersect at x 1.8 and x  0.8.
∴ The solutions of 4x2  4x  6  0 are x 1.8 or 0.8. ∴ The solutions of are x 1 or 1.
Exercise 8C (p. 8.32)

12. (a) Level 1
1. Draw the straight line y  7 on the graph of y  2x2  4x  1.
(b)
Draw the straight line y  0.9 on the graph of

y  log x.
The two graphs intersect at x 1 and x  3.

When x < 1 or x > 3, the corresponding portions of the
graph of y  2x2  4x  1 lie above the straight line y  7.
∴ The solutions of 2x2  4x  1 > 7 are x < 1 or x > 3.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  8. 2. Draw the straight line y 1 on the graph of y  1  2x2.
∴ The solution of is x  8.
13. (a) ∵ The graph of passes through (0,
4).
∴ By substituting (0, 4) into , we
have
When x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 1, the corresponding portions of the
graph of y  1  2x2 lie on or below the straight line y 1.
∴ The solutions of 1  2x2 ≤ 1 are x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 1.
3. Draw the straight line y  3 on the graph of y  2x  1.

(b)
Draw the straight line y  3 on the graph of
. (∵ k = 12)
87
The two graphs intersect at x  2.

When x < 2, the corresponding portion of the graph of
7. (a)
y  2x  1 lies below the straight line y  3.
∴ The solutions of 2x  1 < 3 are x < 2.
4. Draw the straight line y  21 on the graph of (b) Draw the straight line y 0.75 on the graph of
. .
The two graphs intersect at x  276.

The two graphs intersect at x  4. When 276 ≤ x ≤ 360, the corresponding portion of
When x ≤ 4, the corresponding portion of the graph of
the graph of lies on or below the
lies on or above the straight line y  21. straight line y 0.75.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of
∴ The solutions of are x ≤ 4. are 276 ≤ x ≤ 360.
5. Draw the straight line y  4 on the graph of y  f(x).

8.
Draw the straight line y  0.5 on the graph of y  sin x.
The two graphs intersect at x  0, x  1 and x  3.

When x ≤ 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, the corresponding portions of the
graph of y  f(x) lie on or below the straight line y  4.
∴ The solutions of f(x) ≤ 4 are x ≤ 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.
6. Draw the straight line y  0.5 on the graph of y  sin 2x.

When 30 ≤ x ≤ 150, the corresponding portion of the
graph of y  sin x lies on or above the straight line y  0.5.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of 2 sin x ≤ 1 are
30 ≤ x ≤ 150.
9.
The two graphs intersect at x  15, x  75, x  195 and

x  255.
When 15 < x < 75 or 195 < x < 255, the corresponding
portions of the graph of y  sin 2x lie above the straight
line y  0.5.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of sin 2x > 0.5 are The graphs of y  2x2 and y = 2 intersect at x 1 and
15 < x < 75 or 195< x < 255. x  1.
∵ The solutions of 2x2 ≤ 2 are 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
∴ g(x)  2x2 is one of the possible functions.
(or any other reasonable answers)
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Level 2
(b)
10.
Draw the straight line y  0.3 on the graph of y  log x. From (a), the solutions of x3  2x  2 ≥ 6 are x ≥ 2.3.
∴ The smallest integer x that satisfies x3 ≥ 2(x  4)
is 3.
13. (a)
Draw the straight line y  4 on the graph of y  2x  x2.

When 0 < x ≤ 2, the corresponding portion of the graph of
y  log x lies on or below the straight line y  0.3.
∴ The solutions of 10 log x  3 ≤ 0 are 0 < x ≤ 2.
11.

When x ≥ 4.7, the corresponding portion of the graph
Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of y  tan x.
of y  2x  x2 lies on or above the straight line y  4.
∴ The solutions of 2x  x2  4 ≥ 0 are x ≥ 4.7.
(b)
From (a), the solutions of 2x  x2  4 ≥ 0 are x ≥ 4.7.

∴ The smallest integer x that satisfies
2x  4x ≥ (x  2)2 is 5.
The two graphs intersect at x  45 and x  225. 14.

When 0 ≤ x < 45, 90 < x < 225 or 270 < x ≤ 360, the
corresponding portions of the graph of y  tan x lie below Draw the straight line y  5 on the graph of y  x2  x  7.
the straight line y  1.
∴ For 0 ≤ x ≤ 360, the solutions of 2 tan x  2 < 0 are
0 ≤ x < 45, 90 < x < 225 or 270 < x ≤ 360.
12. (a) Draw the straight line y  6 on the graph of

y  x3  2x  2.

When x ≤ 4 or x ≥ 3, the corresponding portions of the
graph of y  x2  x  7 lie on or above the straight line y  5.
∴ The solutions of x2  x  12 ≥ 0 are x ≤ 4 or x ≥ 3.
15.
When x ≥ 2.3, the corresponding portion of the graph Draw the straight line y  4 on the graph of y  x2  2x  3.
of y  x3  2x  2 lies on or above the straight line
y  6.
∴ The solutions of x3  2x  2 ≥ 6 are x ≥ 2.3.
89
Exercise 8D (p. 8.52)

The two graphs intersect at x 0.4 and x  2.4. Level 1
When 0.4 < x < 2.4, the corresponding portion of the graph 1. The graph of y  f(x) is translated rightwards by 3 units.
of y  x2  2x  3 lies below the straight line y  4.
∴ The solutions of x2  2x  1 < 0 are 0.4 < x < 2.4. 2. The graph of y  f(x) is translated downwards by 1 unit.
3. The graph of y  f(x) is reflected about the y-axis.

16. (a)
4. The graph of y  f(x) is enlarged along the y-axis to 2
times the original.
(b)
5. The graph of y  f(x) is reduced along the y-axis to
times the original.

Draw the straight line y 0.5 on the graph of
y  log x.
6. The graph of y  f(x) is reduced along the x-axis to
times the original.
7. ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating the

graph of y  x2 upwards by 3 units.
∴ g(x)  x2  3

The two graphs intersect at x  0.3. graph of y  x2 leftwards by 4 units.
When x > 0.3, the corresponding portion of the graph ∴ g(x)  (x  4)2
of y  log x lies above the straight line y 0.5.
∴ The solutions of log (1000x2) > 2 are x > 0.3. 9. ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by reflecting the
graph of y  x2 about the x-axis.
∴ g(x)  x2
17.
10. ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by enlarging the
Draw the straight line y  0 on the graph of graph of y  x2 along the x-axis to 5 times the
y  (x  1)5  2x  1. original.
The two graphs intersect at x  0, x  0.5 and x  2.3.
When x < 0 or 0.5 < x < 2.3, the corresponding portions of ∴
the graph of y  (x  1)5  2x + 1 lie below the straight line
y  0.
11. (a) x 0 1 2 3 4
∴ The solutions of (x  1)5  2x < 1 are x < 0 or
g(x) 1 0 3 5 5
0.5 < x < 2.3.
Draw the straight line y 2 on the graph of
(b) x 0 1 2 3 4
y  (x  1)5  2x  1.
q(x) 12 9 0 6 6
The two graphs intersect at x 0.3, x  1.5 and x  2.
When 0.3 < x < 1.5 or x > 2, the corresponding portions
12. (a) x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
of the graph of y  (x  1)5  2x  1 lie above the straight
h(x) 10 11 4 1 2 5 16
line y 2.
∴ The solutions of (x  1)5  2x > 3 are 0.3 < x < 1.5
(b) x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
or x > 2.
∴ The solutions of 3 < (x  1)5  2x < 1 are g(x) 16 5 2 1 4 11 10
0.3 < x < 0, 0.5 < x < 1.5 or 2 < x < 2.3.
13.
90
∴ The graph of y = f(x) is translated upwards by 4 units.
14.

5 units.
15.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is reflected about the x-axis.
16.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is reduced along the y-axis to
times the original.
17.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is enlarged along the x-axis to

2 times the original.

graph of y  3x2  4x  2 downwards by 3 units.
19. (a) ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating

the graph of y  2x upwards by 3 units.
∴ g(x)  2x  3
(b)
20. (a), (b) Let
and .
91
∴ The graph of y = g(x) is obtained by Level 2

reducing the graph of y = f(x) along the y-
23.
axis to times the original.
∴ The graph of y = h(x) is obtained by

translating the graph of y = f(x) rightwards ∴ g(x)  f(x  3)
by 1 unit. ∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated rightwards by
3 units.
24.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is first translated leftwards by

3 units and then upwards by 2 units.
25. (a) ∵ From the table, we can observe that

, where k = 1, 0, 1, 2 and
21. (a) ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating
the graph of y  x2  4x  3 leftwards by 3 units. 3.
∴ The graph of y  s(x) is obtained by translating
∴ the graph of y  r(x) rightwards by 2 units.
(b) x 1 0 1 2 3
t(x) 7 3 1 1 3
When g(x) = 0,
(c) (i)
∴ The x-intercepts of the graph of y  g(x) are 2

and 0.
(b) ∵ The graph of y  h(x) is obtained by reducing the (ii)
graph of y  g(x) along the x-axis to times
the original.
∴ enlarging the graph of y  (x  3)2  5 along the y-
axis to 2 times the original.
∴
When h(x)  0,
∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating
the graph of y  h(x) leftwards by 1 unit.
∴ The x-intercepts of the graph of y  h(x) are 1 ∴

and 0.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = g(x)

22. (a) are (2, 10).

reducing the graph of y  cos x along the x-axis to
(b) The graph of y  f(x) is reduced along the x-axis to times the original.
times the original. ∴ h(x)  cos 3x

the graph of y  h(x) upwards by 3 units.
∴
92
(b) From (a),

∵
∴ The maximum value of g(x)
The minimum value of g(x)
∵ The graph of repeats itself every

120.
∴ The period of g(x) is 120.
28. (a) The graph of y  cos x  sin x is first reflected about

the x-axis and then reduced along the y-axis to
times the original.
(b) Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by

reflecting the graph of y  cos x  sin x about the x-
axis.
∴
∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by reducing the
graph of y  h(x) along the y-axis to times
the original.
29. (a)
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated downwards by

2 units.
translating the graph of y  f(x) downwards by
2 units.
The graph of y  g(x) can be obtained by reflecting
the graph of y  g(x) about the x-axis.
30. (a)
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated rightwards by

1 unit.
93
(b) From (a), the graph of y  g(x) can be obtained by (b) The required graph is:
translating the graph of y  f(x) rightwards by 1 unit.
The graph of can be obtained by
enlarging the graph of y  g(x) along the y-axis to
times the original.
2. The axis of symmetry: x  3

31. (a) ∴ The required graph is:
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is reflected about the y-

axis.
Alternative Solution

2 units.
reflecting the graph of y  f(x) about the y-axis or by 3.
translating the graph of y  f(x) leftwards by 2 units.
The graph of can be obtained by
enlarging the graph of y = g(x) along the x-axis to The axis of symmetry:
The coordinates of the vertex:
Revision Exercise 8 (p. 8.61)
Level 1
1. (a) By substituting y  0 into y  2x  5, we have
∴ The x-intercept is 2.5.

By substituting x  0 into y  2x  5, we have
94
4. Draw the straight line y  6 on the graph of

8.
.
Draw the straight line y  0.9 on the graph of y  tan x.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  5 and x  2.

∴ The solutions of are or
2. ∵ The two graphs intersect at x  138 and x  318.
∴ The solutions of tan x + 0.9  0 are x  138 or 318
5. Draw the straight line y 2 on the graph of . for 0  x  360.
9.
Draw the straight line y  0.8 on the graph of y  f(x).

∴ The solution of is x  0.6.
6. Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of ∵ The two graphs intersect at x  0.6 and x 1.7.
. ∴ The solutions of 5f(x)  4 are x  0.6 or 1.7.
10. Draw the straight line y  10 on the graph of y  3x + 1.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  0, x  1 and x  2.

∴ The solutions of are x  0, The two graphs intersect at x  2.
1 or 2. When x > 2, the corresponding portion of the graph of
lies above the straight line y  10.
7. Draw the straight line y  1.5 on the graph of
∴ The solutions of are x > 2.
11. Draw the straight line y  7 on the graph of
∵ The two graphs do not intersect.

∴ For 0  x  360, there are no real solutions.
95
The two graphs intersect at x  3. The two graphs intersect at x  78 and x  282.
When x  3, the corresponding portion of the graph of When 78 < x < 282, the corresponding portion of
lies on or above the straight line the graph of y = cos x lies below the straight line
y = 0.25.
y  7.
∴ For 0  x  360, the solutions of 4cos x < 1 are
∴ The solutions of are x  3. 78 < x < 282.
12. Draw the straight line y  0.6 on the graph of y  f(x).

15.
Draw the straight line y  1.8 on the graph of y  log3 x.
The two graphs intersect at x  100, x  170, x  280

and x  350. The two graphs intersect at x 7.2.
When 100 < x < 170 or 280 < x < 350, the When 0 < x  7.2, the corresponding portion of the graph
corresponding portions of the graph of y  f(x) lie above of lies on or below the straight line y  1.8.
the straight line y  0.6.
∴ The solutions of are 0 < x 
∴ For 0  x  360, the solutions of f(x) > 0.6 are
100 < x < 170 or 280 < x < 350. 7.2.
13. Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of y  tan x. 16.
Draw the straight line y  3.5 on the graph of

When 90 < x  135 or 270 < x  315, the
corresponding portions of the graph of y  tan x lie on or
below the straight line y 1.
∴ For 0  x  360, the solutions of tan x  1 are The two graphs intersect at x  1.2 and x  0.1.
90 < x  135 or 270 < x  315. When x < 1.2 or x > 0.1, the corresponding portions of
the graph of lie above the straight
14. (a) line
y  3.5.
(b) Draw the straight line y  0.25 on the graph of
∴ The solutions of are x <
y  cos x.
1.2 or x > 0.1.
17.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated downwards by

1 unit.
96
18.
19.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is reflected about the x-axis.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is enlarged along the x-axis to

20.
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is enlarged along the y-axis to

21. x 2 1 0 1 2
g(x) 7 0 1 2 9
22. ∵ From the table, we can observe that r(k)  h(k) + 9,

where k = 2, 1, 0, 1 and 2.
∴ The graph of y  r(x) is obtained by translating the
graph of y  h(x) upwards by 9 units.

graph of y  f(x) rightwards by 3 units.
∴
24. ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by reflecting the

graph of y  f(x) about the y-axis.

graph of leftwards by 2 units.
∴
26. The graph of y  cos x is obtained by enlarging the graph

of y  cos 2x along the x-axis to 2 times the original.
97
Level 2 ∵ The two graphs intersect at x  1.6 and x  1.

27. (a), (b) The required graphs are: ∴ The solutions of are x  1.6
or 1.
28. (a) The required graphs are:
(b) The graph of can be transformed to the
graph of by reflecting about the line
y = x.
Then, the graph of can be
transformed to the graph of by

reflecting about the x-axis.
Therefore, Mary’s assertion is correct.
Alternative Solution
The graph of can be transformed to the
graph of by reflecting about the y-axis.

Then, the graph of can be transformed to
the graph of by reflecting about the
line
y = x.
Therefore, Mary’s assertion is correct.
29.
Draw the straight line y  2 on the graph of

.
98
30.
Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of

.

When 35 < x < 325, the corresponding portion of the
graph of y  cos x lies below the straight line y  0.8.
∴ For 0  x  360, the solutions of 2 cos x  1.6 < 0
are 35 < x < 325.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  2.4, x  1 and 33.

x  0.4.
∴ The solutions of Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of
are y  2x2  x  2.
x  2.4, 1 or 0.4.
31. (a)

y = cos 2x.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  90 and x  270.
∴ For , the solutions of
are x  90 or 270. The two graphs intersect at x  1 and x  1.5.
When x < 1 or x > 1.5, the corresponding portions of the
(b)
graph of y  2x2  x  2 lie above the straight line y  1.
∴ The solutions of 2x2  x  3 > 0 are x < 1 or x > 1.5.
Draw the straight line y  0.5 on the graph of 34. (a) Draw the straight line y  3 on the graph of
y = cos 2x.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  30, x  150, .
x 210 and x  330.
∴ For , the solutions of
are x  30, 150, 210
or 330.
The two graphs intersect at x  2.2 and x  2.2.

When 2.2  x  2.2, the corresponding portion of
the graph of lies on or below

32.
the straight line y  3.
Draw the straight line y  0.8 on the graph of y  cos x. ∴ The solutions of are
2.2  x  2.2.
99
∴ The solutions of are x  2 or x > 0.
(b)
From (a), the solutions of are
.
∴ The possible integers x that satisfies
are 2, 1, 0, 1 or 2.
35.

.
The two graphs intersect at x  2.

When x  2, the corresponding portion of the graph of
lies on or below the straight line
y  1.
∴ The solutions of are x 
2.
36.
Draw the straight line y  1 on the graph of .
The two graphs intersect at x  2.

When x  2 or x > 0, the corresponding portions of the
graph of lie on or below the straight line y  1.
100
37.
(a) Draw the straight line y  2 on the graph of y  f(x).

The two graphs intersect at x  1 and x  2.
When x  1 or x  2, the corresponding portions of
the graph of y  f(x) lie on or above the straight line
y  2.
∴ The solutions of f(x)  2 are x  1 or x  2.
(b) (i) The graph of y  f(x  1) is obtained by
translating the graph of y  f(x) rightwards by
1 unit.
(ii) The y-intercept of the graph of y  f(x  1) is 2.
38. (a) (i)
(ii)
∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated

rightwards by 1 unit.
(b) From (a)(ii), the graph of y  g(x) can be obtained by
translating y  f(x) rightwards by 1 unit.
The graph of y  g(2x) can be obtained by reducing
the graph of y  g(x) along the x-axis to times
the original.
39. (a) Let the graph of y  H(x) be the graph obtained by

reflecting the graph of y  f(x) about the x-axis.

the graph of y  H(x) downwards by 3 units.
101
(b) Let the graph of y  p(x) be the graph obtained by 42. (a) By substituting y  0 into y  x2  8x  15, we have
3 units.
∴
∴ The required x-intercepts are 3 and 5.
(b) (i) The graph of y = f(x) is translated rightwards by
1 unit.
Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by
(ii) The graph of y  g(x) is reflected about the y-
reflecting the graph of y  p(x) about the x-axis.
axis.
∴ (c)
From (a), the x-intercepts of the graph of y  f(x) are

∴ Mary’s claim is not correct. 3 and 5.
∴
enlarging the graph of y  f(x) along the x-axis to
43. (a) Let and
.
∴

the graph of y  h(x) downwards by 2 units.
∴ ∴ The graph of is first

reflected about the y-axis and then translated
downwards by 1 unit.
(b)
∴ The graph of y  g(x) can be obtained by

3 units.
∴ Peter’s claim is correct. Multiple Choice Questions (p. 8.68)
1. Answer: B
41. (a) Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by Both functions y  sin x and y  cos x have maximum
reducing the graph of y  f(x) along the y-axis to value 1 and minimum value 1.
∴ I is true.
times the original. The graph of y  cos x is symmetrical about the y-axis.
However, the graph of y  sin x is not symmetrical about
the y-axis.
∴ II is not true.
∴ Both functions y  sin x and y  cos x are periodic, and
their periods are 360.
∴ III is true.
∴ The answer is B.
∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating 2. Answer: C

the graph of y  h(x) leftwards by 2 units. For choice C, the function y  2x does not have minimum
value.
∴
3. Answer: B
The graphs of y  x2  x  6 and y  14 intersect at x  5
and x  4.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y  g(x)
When x < 5 or x > 4, the corresponding portions of the
are (8, 3).
graph of y  x2  x  6 lie above the straight line y  14.
∴ The solutions of x2  x  6 > 14 are x < 5 or x > 4.
102
4. Answer: A
For III,
∴ III is not a possible way.

Draw the straight line y  3 on the graph of ∴ The answer is C.
y  x3  3x  1.
10. Answer: A
Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by
translating the graph of y  f(x) downwards by 2 units.
∵ The two graphs intersect at x  1 and x  2. ∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by reflecting the
∴ The solutions of x3  3x  2  0 are x  1 or x  2. graph of y h(x) about the x-axis.
5. Answer: A ∴
Draw the straight line y  2 on the graph of y  2x  3x. ∴
Investigation Corner (p. 8.70)
(a) Transformation I: The graph of y  x2 is enlarged

along the y-axis to 2 times the
original to the graph of y  2x2.
Transformation II: The graph of y  2x2 is translated
rightwards by 3 units to the graph
of y  2(x  3)2.
Transformation III: The graph of y  2(x  3)2 is
When x  0, the corresponding portion of the graph of translated upwards by 4 units to the
y  2x  3x lies on or above the straight line y  2. graph of y  2(x  3)2  4.
∴ The solutions of 2x  3x  2  0 are x  0.
(b) (i) (1) Enlarge the graph of y  x2 along the y-axis to
6. Answer: D a times the original, and then translate leftwards
∵ From the graph, the maximum value of
by (h) units and upwards by k units.
is 9.
∴ has real solution(s) for k  9. (2) Reduce the graph of y  x2 along the y-axis to
a times the original, and then translate leftwards
7. Answer: C by (h) units and upwards by k units.
∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by reflecting the
graph of y f(x) about the y-axis. (3) For 1 < a < 0, reduce the graph of y  x2 along
the y-axis to (a) times the original, reflect
about the x-axis, and translate leftwards by
∴
(h) units and upwards by k units.
For a  1, reflect the graph of y  x2 about the
x-axis, and translate leftwards by (h) units and
upwards by k units.
8. Answer: C For a < 1, enlarge the graph of y  x2 along the
∵ The graph of y  f(x) is obtained by translating the
y-axis to (a) times the original, reflect about the
graph of y  cos x upwards by 2 units. x-axis, and translate leftwards by (h) units and
∴ upwards by k units.
9. Answer: C (ii) Case 1: a > 1

Yes, three transformations are needed.
For I,
Case 2: 0 < a < 1
Yes, three transformations are needed.
∴ I is a possible way. Case 3: a < 0
(1) For a  1:
For II, Yes, three transformations are needed.
(2) For 1 < a < 0 or a < 1:
No, four transformations are needed.
∴ II is a possible way.
103

8 More About Graphs of Functions: Review Exercise 8 (P. 8.5)

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8 More About Graphs of Functions: Review Exercise 8 (P. 8.5)

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8 More about Graphs of Functions

8 More about Graphs of

Review Exercise 8 (p. 8.5)

(b) From (a), we have

(b) From (a), we have

6. (a) Coordinates of Q Activity 8.2 (p. 8.40)

(b) Let P″ be the image of P when P is translated

3. The graph of can be obtained by

2. Consider Angel’s method.

Classwork (p. 8.7)

Classwork (p. 8.12)

Classwork (p. 8.13)

Classwork (p. 8.15)

Classwork (p. 8.16)

All real numbers

All real numbers

All real numbers

All positive numbers

All real numbers

Classwork (p. 8.38) (b)

Classwork (p. 8.42)

Classwork (p. 8.45)

Classwork (p. 8.49)

(c) ∴ The required graph is:

(b) By substituting x  0 into y 2(x 3)2  8, we have

By substituting y = 0 into , we have

∴ The x-intercept is 2

By substituting x = 0 into , we have

∵ The two graphs intersect at x 3.8 and x 0.8.

Quick Practice 8.4 (p. 8.21)

(b) Draw the straight line y  0.6 on the graph of y = f(x).

The two graphs intersect at x 1.5.

The two graphs intersect at x  210 and x  330.

Quick Practice 8.11 (p. 8.40)

The two graphs intersect at x 4.

∴ The solutions of are x  4.

Quick Practice 8.12 (p. 8.43)

(b) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y  g(x) are

Quick Practice 8.13 (p.8.44) Further Practice

(a) Further Practice (p. 8.11)

By substituting x  0 into , we have

Quick Practice 8.14 (p. 8.46)

The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating the graph of

By substituting x  0 into y  3x  4, we have

∵ The graph of y  g(x) is obtained by translating the

2. (a) By substituting x  0 into y  2(3  x)2  8, we have

(b) By substituting x  0 into y  9  (x  4)2, we have

Further Practice (p. 8.23)

∵ The two graphs intersect at x 2.1. Further Practice (p. 8.32)

2. Draw the straight line y 2 on the graph of y  g(x).

The two graphs intersect at x  0.5.

Draw the straight line y  0.25 on the graph of y  sin x.

The two graphs intersect at x  31.

∵ The two graphs intersect at x  12 and x  168. 3. (a)

(b) Draw the straight line y  16 on the graph of y  x3.

The two graphs intersect at x = 2.5.

∴ The solutions of are x  2.5.

Further Practice (p. 8.51)

∴ The graph of y  f(x) is translated upwards by

2. (a) The domains of both functions are the collection of

3. (a) By substituting y  0 into , we have

∴ The graph of y  f(x) is first reflected about the y-axis

3. (a) Let the graph of y  h(x) be the graph obtained by