Artificial Intelligence and Ethic Issues - BME 2023 - VF - PDF

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
AND ETHICS
ISSUES
JACQUES HAIECH
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
• Some definitions and basic concepts
• A short history of artificial intelligence (1943-1956)
• Comparing AI and cybernetics
• Link between cybernetics and system biology
• A short history of artificial intelligence (1957 to nowadays)
• Focus on gordon Pask and the personnalities’graph
• AI : the basics to understand machine learning
• AI and Health : ethical issues
• AI and Biology : ethical issues
• Concluding remarks
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
THE TYPOLOGY OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Acquisition information (Receptors)

Cell Membrane
Sensors :
Context
Cell state
Actuators :
Information
Transcription
storage
Metabolism
Toggle Switch Structural changes
Signal Mobility
treatment Secretion
….
Boolean algebra
Analogical calculus
Intelligence will be defined as the ability to capture information, store it, process it and
use the result of these treatments to eventually trigger action.
It can be considered that any living structure, at different levels of complexity (from macromolecule to society, through
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, physiological systems and the individual), possesses one or more forms of
intelligence.
THE TYPOLOGY OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Q U A N T I TAT I V E C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S
Sensors’ characteristics
Acquisition information (Receptors)
Cell Membrane
Sensors :
Context
Storage Capacity Cell state
Actuators : Actuators’characteristics
Information
Transcription
storage
Metabolism
Toggle Switch Structural changes
Signal Mobility
treatment Secretion
….
Boolean algebra
Computing Capacity
Analogical calculus
Q U A L I TAT I V E C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S
M O D E L O F C O N V E R S AT I O N ( G . PA S K )
Empathy, sympathy, Compassion, Nudge theory, Neuro-

linguistic programming…
EVER OPEN QUESTIONS
• What is intelligence ?
• What is sentience ?
• What is consciousness ?
T W O T R AC K S T O
ANSWER
➢ Let consider that man is a thinking machine. In this case, building
a machine that simulates human cognitive processes allows us to
understand by doing,
➢ The problem is more complex. In this case, we must build a theory

(axioms/hypotheses plus a logical framework) of the "thinking
man" to create a virtual avatar whose behavior will be compared
with human reality.
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
F R O M 1 9 4 3 T O 1 9 5 6
F R O M M A C Y
C O N F E R E N C E S T O
D A R T H M O U T H W O R K S H O P
A SHORT
H I S T O RY O F
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
WHO study group in Geneva in 1955
M AC Y C O N F E R E N C E S
TEN, HELD FROM 1942 TO 1953
Konrad Lorenz
Jean Piaget
Bärbel Inhelder Julian Huxley
Frank Fremont-Smith.
Howard liddell
Conditioned reflexes
FIRST
CONFERENCE
M AY 1 9 4 2
THE
FOUNDING On May 13, 1942, Kubie invited
Erickson to the first Macy's conference,
EVENT held over two days at the Beekman
C E R E B R A L
I N H I B I T I O N M E E T I N G Hotel in New York on the theme of
"brain inhibition.
Milton Erikson
Therapeutic hypnosis
A GROUP OF 24 MEMBERS
5 0 S C I E N T I S T S H AV E B E E N
INVITED
Frank Rosenblatt
Pattern recognition using analogical computer
PERCEPTRON1957
General problem solver 1959

The Darthmouth
workshop 1956 Nathaniel Rochester
John McCarthy
Claude Shanon
Marvin Minsky
Ratio club from 1949 to 1958
NOTIONS OF CYBERNETICS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE DEVICES
AIMS :
1. amplifying the cognitive and reasoning abilities of human beings; in this case, it
is a technical device, which is part of an engineering process, a device that
could be used to repair human beings or amplify their abilities;
2. to understand human cognitive processes through the "understand by
building" approach. This is the approach of a scientist trying to understand the
mechanisms governing the cognitive processes of living things. This is both
neuroscience and cognitive science.
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
SYSTEMIC BIOLOGY AND
CYBERNETICS
CYBERTENICS WAS FIRST BUILT BY NORBERT WIENER TO

UNDERSTAND THE LIVING ORGANISM
Systemic thinking
Items
Energy
Matter Information
Complexity
level
1968
General System Theory
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1942-1953
Macy Meeting
McCulloch
Turing
Wiener Functions
Von Newman
VA R E L L A & M AT U R A N A ( A U T O P O I E S I S )
Autopoiesis (from the Greek auto self, and poièsis production, creation) is the property
of a system to produce itself, permanently and in interaction with its environment, and
thus to maintain its organization (structure) despite its change of components (materials)
and information (data).
The concept of autopoiesis was invented by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in
the paper Autopoietic Systems, presented at a research seminar at the University of
Santiago in 1972. It aims in particular to define the living being, and since then meets a
theoretical success in fields as diverse as technology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience,
or sociology.
EDGAR MORIN (COMPLEXITY)
Edgar Morin confesses to having found this word in the definition of complexity from the work of W. Ross Ashby.
This concept, the first formulation of which is found in the book Science with Conscience (1982),
expresses a form of thought that accepts the interweaving of each area of thought and transdisciplinarity.
The term complexity is taken in the sense of its etymology "complexus" which means "that which is woven together"
in a tangle of interlacing (plexus).
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
S T A R T I N G I N 1 9 5 6
F R O M D A R T M O U T H T O G A F A
A SHORT
H I S T O RY O F I A
( PA R T I I )
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
THE SOCIAL CONNECTOME
• L’erreur d’EINSTEIN of Denis le BIHAN
• MRI to follow the connectome of an individual
• Social connectome : the connectome modification/evolution upon an interaction between individuals (= conversation of G. Parks)
PLAN OF THE LECTURE
L E A R N I N G W I T H O R W I T H O U T
U N D E R S T A N D I N G
AI AND THE BASICS

T O U N D E R S TA N D
MACHINE
LEARNING
A I , M AC H I N E L E A R N I N G ,
DEEP LEARNING
• Operations research
• Descriptive statistics (Jean-Paul Benzecri)
• Databases and data representations (Frame of Marvin Minski and graph
databases)
Perplexity.ai
Marvin Minsky's Frame System Theory (1975)[1][2] proposed a knowledge representation format
which states that when encountering a new situation, one selects from existing frames to represent
it[3]. Frames are data-structures for representing stereotyped situations[4][5].
1. Marvin Minsky on Frame Theories - Dictionary of Arguments
https://www.philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=900624&a=t&first_name=Marvin&author=Minsky&concept=Frame%20Theories
Frame theory/Minsky/AI research/Norvig/Russell: An influential paper by Marvin Minsky (1975)(1) presented a version of semantic networks called frames; ...
2. Frames - the Tcler's Wiki!
https://wiki.tcl-lang.org/page/Frames
Frames were a knowledge representation format proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 paper A Framework for Representing Knowledge .
3. MINSKY'S FRAME SYSTEM THEORY - ACL Anthology
https://aclanthology.org/T75-2022.pdf
Here is the essence of the frame theory: When one encounters a new situation (or makes a substantial change tn one's view of a problem), one selects from ...
4. FRAMES - MIT Media Lab
https://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html
A frame is a data-structure for representing a stereotyped situation, like being in a certain kind of living room, or going to a child's birthday party.
YA N N T H E C U N A N D N E U R A L
NETWORKS
Yann Le Cun has published more than 130 papers and articles on computer vision, artificial neural networks and image
recognition in particular, a field in which he is considered one of the pioneers.
In the 1990s, Yann Le Cun developed the technique of convolutional networks (see convolutional neural network) for
image recognition, a technology quickly implemented by Crédit mutuel de Bretagne for optical reading of cheques.
Since 2019, he has devoted most of his research to self-supervised learning.
GALACTICA is one of his last project as CSO of meta.

PLAN OF THE LECTURE
AI IN HEALTH
FROM EXPERT SYSTEM TO
IMAGE ANALYSIS
Points of vigilance:
1) To avoid the risk of incompleteness and incidentaloma, it is essential that the
meaning of a measurement that evaluates the trade-off between precision and sensitivity i.e.
perfectly clarified by the industrialists.
2) An SIADM, if it can reassure by its rigorous and automatic operation, does not
nonetheless plunges both the patient and the health care team into a certain degree of
uncertainty. Maintaining human control when using SIADM appears to be
essential but will not necessarily remove uncertainties.
3) SIADM should be considered as complementary tools to responses to
addressing the inadequacies of the health care system, in particular desertification medical, but
should not be considered as alternatives to medical teams.
4) The decision-making process leading to the use of SIADM must take care before economic
considerations. It must be considered as a means of combating social and territorial
inequalities in health.
5) Maintain vigilance against adverse selection risks that could be operated by supplementary
insurance, in particular by means of diagnostic tools actuarial based on AI techniques.
6) Take into account the risk of drifting unprofessional opinions, untreated secure data, and
illegal practice of medicine accentuating the vulnerability of persons. SIADM must be subject
to strict medical practice.
7) Particular attention should be paid to surveillance and selection risks adverse in insurance
and public health matters.
Recommandations :
1) It is essential that already established diagnostic methods, not involving SIADM a priori, continue to be taught and researched to advance them.
2) The growing importance of SIADM in the field of medical expertise requires in-depth studies of the interaction between humans and artificial intelligence technologies
to assess the impact of SIADM in the practice of medicine..
3) For the sake of transparency and tracing, the use of SIADM should be indicated in the medical report of a consultation.
4) These elements converge in favour of human control at all stages of care, from the indication of examinations to the results of analyses and the contextual interpretation
of these results..
5) Initiate a national consultation on the accessibility of SIADM for users of the health care system. In this regard, the identification of a section dedicated to the financing
of AI in Social Security financing laws could be assessed. In this debate, the role of complementary protection actors in identifying and stimulating the accessibility of AI
innovation should be carefully examined.
6) Create the conditions for trust by incentivizing developers to provide a certain level of explainability of the SIADM they bring to market.
7) Promote the development of new professional skills to explain to caregivers the properties of SIADM.
8) Create the conditions for trust by promoting the development of justifications supporting promises and, on the other hand, the publication of negative research results,
i.e. those that do not confirm the promises announced.
9) Encourage multidisciplinary research and professional training to develop a non-biased definition of MDMIS compliance control.
10) Promote the use of clinical trials to assess the benefit-risk balance of SIADM in the same way as is done for drugs.
11) Ensure that potential biases related to the programming of the algorithms themselves and the different databases used for the development of MDRS, whose training
data are specific to their date of conception are limited to their design date.
12) Promote the definition, by industry, of criteria that will make it possible to evaluate a SIADM from its conception ("Ethics by design"). These can be generic or MDRI-
specific.
13) Establish a certain number of social criteria for the evaluation of SIADM (medical criteria for the patient, organizational criteria for health institutions and
professionals, health for the population, economic criteria for all actors, etc.) to make an ethical assessment.
14) Promote the status of digital auxiliary. This person would provide a reason understandable by the patient or his legal representative or support person for the result
produced by the MDIS that is also representative of its functioning. It could be compared to the status of "advanced practice nurse" currently under development.
15) Ensure that MDMIS developers clearly indicate the performance and limitations of their SIADM and explain them in terms understandable to their
users.
16) Adapt teaching curricula (initial and continuing education) for medical and paramedical professions so that they train in AI technologies by integrating the
consideration of their ethical issues.
Recommandations :
1) It is essential that already established diagnostic methods, not involving SIADM a priori , continue to be taught and researched to advance them.
2) The growing importance of SIADM in the field of medical expertise requires in-depth studies of the interaction between humans and artificial intelligence
technologies to assess the impact of SIADM in the practice of medicine..
3) For the sake of transparency and tracing, the use of SIADM should be indicated in the medical report of a consultation.
4) These elements converge in favour of human control at all stages of care, from the indication of examinations to the results of analyses and the contextual
interpretation of these results..
5) Initiate a national consultation on the accessibility of SIADM for users of the health care system. In this regard, the identification of a section dedicated to the
financing of AI in Social Security financing laws could be assessed. In this debate, the role of complementary protection actors in identifying and stimulating the
accessibility of AI innovation should be carefully examined.
6) Create the conditions for trust by incentivizing developers to provide a certain level of explainability of the SIADM they bring to market.
7) Promote the development of new professional skills to explain to caregivers the properties of SIADM.
8) Create the conditions for trust by promoting the development of justifications supporting promises and, on the other hand, the publication of negative
research results, i.e. those that do not confirm the promises announced.
9) Encourage multidisciplinary research and professional training to develop a non-biased definition of MDMIS compliance control.
10) Promote the use of clinical trials to assess the benefit-risk balance of SIADM in the same way as is done for drugs.
11) Ensure that potential biases related to the programming of the algorithm s themselves and the different databases used for the development of SIADM,
whose training data are specific to their date of conception are limited to their design date.
12) Promote the definition, by industry, of criteria that will make it possible to evaluate a SIADM from its conception ("Ethics by design"). These
can be generic or MDRI-specific.
13) Establish a certain number of social criteria for the evaluation of SIADM (medical criteria for the patient, organizational criteria for health institutions and
professionals, health for the population, economic criteria for all actors, etc.) to make an ethical assessment.
14) Promote the status of digital auxiliary. This person would provide a reason understandable by the patient or his legal representative or support person for the
result produced by the MDIS that is also representative of its functioning. It could be compared to the status of "advanced practice nurse" currently under development.
15) Ensure that SIADM developers clearly indicate the performance and limitations of their SIADM and explain them in terms understandable
to their users.
16) Adapt teaching curricula (initial and continuing education) for medical and paramedical professions so that they train in AI technologies by integrating the
consideration of their ethical issues.
Write a series of items presenting the ethical issues of health devices using AI
1.Privacy concerns: The use of AI in health devices raises concerns about the privacy of personal
health data. This data is often sensitive and should be protected from unauthorized access and
misuse.
2.Bias in algorithms: AI-powered health devices may be prone to bias, particularly if the data
used to train the algorithms is not representative of the population. This could lead to inaccurate or
unfair results for certain groups of people.
3.Dependence on technology: As we become more reliant on AI-powered health devices, there is
a risk that individuals will begin to rely too heavily on these devices, rather than seeking help from
healthcare professionals.
4.Access to healthcare: The cost of AI-powered health devices may be prohibitively high for some
individuals, leading to a lack of access to healthcare for those who need it most.
5.Lack of regulation: AI-powered health devices are a relatively new technology, and there may
be a lack of regulation in place to govern their use and ensure that they are safe and effective.
6.Ethical issues surrounding decision-making: With the help of AI, health devices have the ChatGPT
ability to make decisions for people, for example, a pacemaker that sends data to a doctor for
analysis, or a device that monitors glucose levels, and makes decisions about when the person
should take insulin, those decision-making processes raise ethical concerns, such as the loss of
autonomy and accountability.
7.Cybersecurity risks: As with any technology, AI-powered health devices are vulnerable to cyber
attacks. This could lead to the theft of personal health data, as well as the potential for hackers to
take control of the device and use it for malicious purposes.
Perplexity.ai
There are several important ethical issues for health medical devices powered by artificial intelligence[1][2][3][4][5]:
- Informed consent to use[1], ensuring that users understand the implications of using AI-powered medical devices.
- Safety and transparency[1], making sure that AI-powered medical devices are safe and that developers are sufficiently
transparent about the data used and any shortcomings of the software.
- Algorithmic fairness and biases[1], avoiding bias in AI algorithms, such as data bias, which can lead to incorrect diagnoses
or treatments.
- Respect for knowledge[3], ensuring that AI systems do not replace human expertise but rather supplement it.
- Privacy, trust, accountability and responsibility[2], making sure that users' data is secure and that there is a clear
understanding of who is responsible if something goes wrong with an AI system.
- Risk of injuries to patients from AI systems[4], as incorrect diagnoses or treatments may result from errors in the system.
- Democratizing medical knowledge and excellence[4], using AI to share the expertise and performance of specialists to
supplement providers who might otherwise lack that expertise.
- Automating drudgery in medical practice[4], using AI to automate some of the computer tasks that take up much of
medical practice today.
- Pushing boundaries of human performance[4], using AI to do things that human providers cannot yet do, such as Google
Health's program for detecting breast cancer from mammograms with greater accuracy than radiologists.
citations
1. Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332220
We will discuss four primary challenges: (1) informed consent to use, (2) safety and transparency, (3) algorithmic fairness and
biases, and (4) ...
2. Artificial intelligence for good health: a scoping review of the ...
https://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-021-00577-8
The literature highlighted a number of common ethical concerns related to privacy, trust, accountability and responsibility, and bias.
Largely ...
3. Ethical Conundrums in the Application of Artificial ... - MDPI
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/11/1914/pdf
AI is subject to basic ethical complications related to autonomy, beneficence, justice, non-maleficence and respect for knowledge. In
the ...
4. Risks and remedies for artificial intelligence in health care
https://www.brookings.edu/research/risks-and-remedies-for-artificial-intelligence-in-health-care
As developers create AI systems to take on these tasks, several risks and challenges emerge, including the risk of injuries to patients
from AI ...
5. Ethical issues in Artificial Intelligence in Health care - ITU
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Workshops-and-Seminars/ai4h/201911/Documents/S4_Vasantha_Muthuswamy_Presentation.pdf
Machine Learning (“ML”), one of the most exciting areas for Development ... medical devices, pharmaceutical products or human
tissues ...
A P P L I C AT I O N S
• Images (Radiology)
• Robotics
• Internet of Objects (IOO)
Ethics in health IA
What laws for IA

ISSUES (Asimov ?)
From repared man to
augmented man
AI IN BIOLOGY
T H E R O S E T T A S T O N E O F T H E B I O L O G Y
: H O W A I I S D E C E P H E R I N G T H E
B I O L O G Y H I E R O G L Y P H S ?
A P P L I C AT I O N S
• Rosetta stone of the Biology (alphafold2)
• Complexity : system biology
• Writing papers (GPT3/ChatGPT/WebGPT)
• Virtual drug screening
Clean data
Raisonning : non supervised vs

supervised
Induction or deduction
ISSUES
What is research ?
What is the writing of an article ?

PLAN OF THE LECTURE
PERSPECTIVES AND
CONCLUSIONS
AI WITHOUT CONSCIENCIOUSNESS
IS THE RUIN OF THE SOUL OF
HUMANITY
ISSUES
• The behaviour of IA: moral,
ethics, IA code of conduct
• Ethics of autonomous object
Questions What to do to convince
Why do good? How to do good? to do good?
The metaethic Utilitarianism Ethics Pragmatic Ethics
Values
Immutable laws
Anthropocentrism Living with yourself The four principles Professional Standards
A repository centered on the individual and others
Universal values
A single reality Ethics based on principles Deontological Ethics
Teleologic Ethics
Being a good person
Being part of a larger

Biosphere whole and integrating Simulate/Standalone Agent Ethics Committees
Space Debate/ Citizens' conferences
Contextualized values
A diversity of points of view
Bioethics Computational ethics Participatory ethics
(Van Rensselaer Potter) Ethics by design
Understanding the Revisable Statutes
Meaning of life evolution of life Avatar/ Artificial life Adaptable standards
Time
Evolving values
To last in time and space
Evolutionary ethics Constructivist ethics The evolution of ethics

Questions What to do to convince
Why do good? How to do good? to do good?
The metaethic Utilitarian Ethics Pragmatic Ethics
Values
Immutable laws
Anthropocentrism Living with yourself The four principles Professional Standards
A repository centered on the individual and others
Universal values
A single reality Ethics based on principles Deontological Ethics
Teleologic Ethics
Being a good person
Being part of a larger

Biosphere whole and integrating Simulate/Standalone Agent Ethics Committees
Space Debate/ Citizens' conferences
Contextualized values
A diversity of points of view
Bioethics Computational ethics Participatory ethics
(Van Rensselaer Potter) Ethics by design
Understanding the Revisable Statutes
Meaning of life evolution of life Avatar/ Artificial life Adaptable standards
Time
Evolving values
To last in time and space
Evolutionary ethics Constructivist ethics Experimental ethics

Physiological needs
Breathing, hunger, thirst, sleep, sexuality, elimination of toxic elements
Need to surpass oneself

Security needs Idealization – radicalization and
The Body
Stability and homeostasis freedom
The happy person
Need for self-fulfillment

Needs to interact with
Conscience, Critical Thinking, Emancipation
others Self-esteem and self-esteem needs
Belonging and Love Social inclusion
Meeting and transformation
Not doing to others what
we don't want to be done
to us
Non-maleficence
Debating rather than fighting
Being Fair Lighting
Arbitrate
Kindness
Living well together
Caring for well
Do to others what we would like them to Do not let others do what we do

do to us not want to be done to us
Ensuring autonomy
Requesting consent
From Pagano
Scientific integrity
(universal values)
Individual morality
Tension between I and us
Tension between the I and others
Integrate I, us, others
Deontological Ethics Normative Ethics

(social aims) (contextual values)
Tension between us and others

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ARTIFICIAL

Acquisition information (Receptors)

Empathy, sympathy, Compassion, Nudge theory, Neuro-

➢ The problem is more complex. In this case, we must build a theory

Pattern recognition using analogical computer

General problem solver 1959

CYBERTENICS WAS FIRST BUILT BY NORBERT WIENER TO

• L’erreur d’EINSTEIN of Denis le BIHAN

• MRI to follow the connectome of an individual

AI AND THE BASICS

Since 2019, he has devoted most of his research to self-supervised learning.

GALACTICA is one of his last project as CSO of meta.

What laws for IA

Raisonning : non supervised vs

What is the writing of an article ?

Being part of a larger

Evolutionary ethics Constructivist ethics The evolution of ethics

Being part of a larger

Evolutionary ethics Constructivist ethics Experimental ethics

Need to surpass oneself

The happy person

Need for self-fulfillment

Do to others what we would like them to Do not let others do what we do

Integrate I, us, others

Deontological Ethics Normative Ethics

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