M4

Lesson 1

**Questions and Answers:**

1. **What is the angle of incidence?**

- The angle between the incident ray and the normal line.

2. **What does the angle of reflection measure?**

- The angle formed between the reflected ray and the normal line.

3. **In the laws of reflection, what is the relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection?**
- They are always equal.

4. **What is the normal line in the context of reflection?**

- The perpendicular line to the mirror at the point where light hits.

5. **What is the significance of the angle of incidence being equal to the angle of
reflection?**
- It is one of the premises of the laws of reflection.

6. **According to the laws of reflection, what is the second premise regarding the
incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line?**
- They lie on the same plane.

7. **Why is it important to observe the laws of reflection in understanding the

behavior of light?**
- It provides a fundamental understanding of how light reflects off surfaces.

8. **What is the consequence of violating the first law of reflection (equal

angles)?**
- It would contradict the fundamental principles governing reflection.

9. **How does the angle of reflection change when the angle of incidence increases?
**
- The angle of reflection also increases, maintaining equality.

10. **What does it mean for the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line to lie
on the same plane?**
- They all exist within the same flat surface or plane.

11. **How do the laws of reflection apply to various surfaces, not just mirrors?**
- The laws apply to any surface that reflects light, ensuring consistency in
behavior.

12. **What happens if the incident ray and reflected ray do not lie on the same
plane?**
- It would violate one of the fundamental laws of reflection.

13. **How does the laws of reflection play a role in our daily visual experiences?
**
- They explain how we perceive reflected images in mirrors and other surfaces.

14. **Can the angle of incidence be greater than 90 degrees?**

- No, the angle of incidence is always measured between the incident ray and
the normal line and cannot exceed 90 degrees.

15. **In practical terms, how are the laws of reflection utilized in fields like
optics or design?**
- They are crucial for designing reflective surfaces, optical instruments, and
understanding light behavior in various applications.

**Short Summaries:**

1. The activity focused on the laws of reflection, emphasizing the equality of

angles and the alignment of the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line on the
same plane.

2. The laws of reflection state that the angle of incidence is always equal to the
angle of reflection, and the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line lie on
the same plane, providing fundamental principles for understanding light behavior.

Lesson 2

**Questions and Answers:**

1. **How many types of mirrors are mentioned in the passage?**

- Two types: plane and curved mirrors.

2. **What is the distinguishing characteristic of a plane mirror?**

- It has a flat surface.

3. **What is another term for a concave mirror?**

- Converging mirror.

4. **How is the reflective surface of a concave mirror shaped?**

- Curved inwards, somewhat forming a cave.

5. **What is the reflective surface of a convex mirror like?**

- Curved outwards, forming a bulge.

6. **What are the three types of mirrors discussed in Table 1?**

- Plane mirror, concave mirror, and convex mirror.

7. **What happens to the size of the image formed by a plane mirror?**

- It remains the same.

8. **How is the orientation of the image formed by a concave mirror described?**

- It depends on the distance of the object from the mirror.

9. **In what situations do images appear larger in a concave mirror?**

- When the object is near.

10. **What is the nature of the image formed by a convex mirror?**

- Virtual.

11. **What does Table 2 describe for each type of mirror?**

- Size, orientation, and distance of the image from the mirror.

12. **How is the size of the image described in a convex mirror?**

- Smaller.

13. **What happens to the image orientation in a convex mirror for objects far
away?**
- Inverted.

14. **What type of image is formed by a concave mirror for objects very far away?**
 - Virtual.

15. **Why did the convex mirror in Figure 6 not form an image on the screen?**
- Convex mirrors produce virtual images that do not intersect in front of the
mirror.

16. **What role do ray diagramming techniques play in analyzing images formed by
mirrors?**
- They help visualize the paths of reflected rays and understand image
formation.

17. **What is the principal axis in the context of mirrors?**

- An imaginary line that bisects the curved mirror.

18. **Where is the focus located along the principal axis?**

- It depends on the type of curved mirror.

19. **What is the focal length?**

- The distance from the mirror to the focus.

20. **What is the center (C) on the diagram, and where is it located?**
- It is located along the principal axis and has a length twice the focal
length.

21. **What is the consequence of violating the laws of reflection in ray

diagramming?**
- It would contradict the fundamental principles governing reflection.

22. **What is the purpose of an incident ray parallel to the principal axis in ray
diagramming?**
- It reflects towards the focus for concave mirrors and away from the focus for
convex mirrors.

23. **When an incident ray passes through the focus, how does it reflect for
concave mirrors?**
- It reflects parallel to the principal axis.

24. **What happens when an incident ray passes through the center of the mirror?**
- It reflects towards or along the center.

25. **How is the size of the image described in S.O.L.T?**

- It can be described as smaller, same size, or larger.

26. **What does O stand for in S.O.L.T?**

- Orientation.

27. **How is the orientation of the image described in S.O.L.T?**

- It can be upright or inverted.

28. **What does L stand for in S.O.L.T?**

- Location.

29. **What does T stand for in S.O.L.T?**

- Type.

30. **How is the type of image described in S.O.L.T?**

- It can be real or virtual.

**Short Summaries:**
1. The passage introduces two types of mirrors: plane and curved mirrors, each with
distinct characteristics based on their shape.

2. Table 2 describes the differences in the images formed by plane, concave, and
convex mirrors, considering factors like size, orientation, and distance from the
mirror.

3. Ray diagramming techniques are essential for analyzing images formed by mirrors,
involving the principal axis, focus, and incident rays.

4. The laws of reflection play a crucial role in maintaining consistency in the

behavior of light when using ray diagramming techniques.

5. S.O.L.T (Size, Orientation, Location, and Type) is a framework used to describe

images formed by mirrors based on their characteristics.

6. Different rays, such as those parallel to the principal axis and passing through
the focus, are employed in ray diagramming for concave and convex mirrors.

7. The location of the image, whether in front or behind the mirror, depends on the
type of mirror and the distance of the object.

8. The type of image formed, whether real or virtual, is determined by the nature
of the reflected rays and their intersection.

9. The focal length and center are important components in the ray diagram,
influencing the behavior of reflected rays in curved mirrors.

10. The passage concludes with an example of how ray diagramming techniques are
applied to concave and convex mirrors, emphasizing the importance of understanding
image formation.

Lesson 3

**Questions and Answers:**

1. **What are lenses usually made of, and what do they do with light?**
- Lenses are usually made of glass and refract light.

2. **What shapes are discussed when focusing on spherical lenses?**

- Convex and concave lenses.

3. **What is another term for a convex lens, and how is it shaped?**

- It is also known as a converging lens and is thicker at the center, bulging.

4. **How does a convex lens behave when light passes through it?**
- Light converges at a single point.

5. **What is another term for a concave lens, and how is it shaped?**

- It is also known as a diverging lens and is thinner in the center, thicker at
the edges.

6. **How does a concave lens behave when light passes through it?**
- Light diverges or scatters.

7. **What is the primary focus (F) of a lens, and where is it located for a convex
lens?**
- It is located along the principal axis, and for a convex lens, it is on the
same side as the object.

8. **Where is the secondary focus (F’) located for a concave lens?**

- On the same side as the object.

9. **What is the optical center (O) of a lens, and where is it located?**

- The optical center is located at the intersection of the principal axis and
the lens.

10. **What does S.O.L.T stand for in describing the image formed by lenses?**
- Size, Orientation, Location, and Type.

11. **How is the size (S) of the image described in S.O.L.T?**

- It can be described as smaller, same size, or larger.

12. **What does O stand for in S.O.L.T, and how is the orientation of the image
described?**
- Orientation; it can be upright or inverted.

13. **What does L stand for in S.O.L.T, and how is the location of the image
described?**
- Location; it can be on the same side with the object or on the opposite side.

14. **What does T stand for in S.O.L.T, and how is the type of image described?**
- Type; it can be real or virtual.

**Short Summaries:**

1. The passage introduces convex and concave lenses, describing their shapes and
behaviors when light passes through them.

2. Ray diagramming techniques for spherical lenses involve considering the

principal axis, primary focus, secondary focus, and optical center.

3. S.O.L.T (Size, Orientation, Location, and Type) is a framework used to describe

images formed by lenses based on their characteristics.

4. The optical behavior of lenses, including refraction in the middle of the lens,
is essential in understanding image formation.

5. The location of the image, whether on the same side or opposite side of the
object, is crucial in describing the outcomes of ray diagramming for lenses.