Lesson 1: The Nature of Knowledge 3rd Stage

Judgment → The moment a person will

*Experience is another form of Knowledge make a claim of knowledge. It is the
Affirmation or Denial of the meaning of the
Stages of Apprehension concept

Apprehension → Act of grasping; a capture Sentences & Statements

1st Stage Sentences

Perception → Our similarity with other *There are 5 types of sentences:
animals. We perceive information with our - Declarative
senses - Imperative
- Persuasive
Two Types of Perception - Exclamatory
- Interrogative
Internal → Utilization of our Percepts by
Imagination *Sentences = No Truth Value
*A method of Communication & Expression
External → Utilization of our Five Senses
Statements
Percept → What we perceived with our *Tool of Analysis as a means of
senses classification/claim or proposition

Phantasms → Images from our imagination *Found on David Hume’s Article Skeptical
Doubts Concerning the Operations of
2nd Stage Understanding
Abstraction → Distinction of humans from
animals. An intellectual grasp of a thing *Tackles the relation of ideas as well as
Matters of Fact
*Thus abstraction results in what we call
Concepts (Concepts have no truth value) Types of Statements
Analytic Statements
*Concepts can be vague or precise. → Truth & Falsity of the statements is
Sufficient or Insufficient. But neither true located within itself
nor false Denial = Absurdity
→ Definition and their derivatives. The
Terms → Comes from concepts predicate is contained within the subject.
→ Are self evident
Empirical Statement
→ Truth of Falsity value of the statement
rest on its current affair or state
→ Denial does not lead to Absurdity
→ Supplication of contingent information
that is subject to change
Posteriori = Probability
Evaluative Normative Statement
→ Ethics, Aesthetics, Religion
→ Individual judgment of a person is
determined by other people
→ Can act as our Norm and Guide for our
actions
Prescriptive = Suggestions
Proscriptive = Obligations
Types of Knowledge
Formal Knowledge
→ Results of Formal Sciences
→ Coherence of concepts within a system
Empirical Knowledge
→ Used t o describe different disciplines in
empirical sciences
→ Emphasis on empirical data on
experiments
→ Process of Induction & Probability
→ Accumulation of Experience from
experiments as empirical data
Lesson 2: Knowledge & Truth
Theories of Truth
- Each knowledge = claim
- Its eligibility in being determined as
either true or false
- As such, finding ways to determine
each knowledge & claims is
important
Coherence Theory
→ Concerned with established &
well-formed formulas
→ Commonly seen on Formal Sciences
(Mathematics, Trigonometry, Linguistics)
→ These well formed formulas are
commonly considered as universally
acceptable
Fits in:
*Examination of the consistency of
knowledge = Truth Value
*It displays inconsistencies or falsity of
statements
Example:
- All humans are Mortal
- Socrates is Human
- Socrates is Mortal
USES SOCRATIC METHOD
Correspondence Theory
→ Correspondence of knowledge claims
being made (The World is our Basis)
→ Assumes that there is something given
outside that we can perceive as objective
reality
→ Empirical Knowledge
→ We need to see it with our own eyes
Example:
- Harry is a bachelor
Pragmatic Theory
→ Regards truth as being based on its good
or practical consequences of an idea
→ Focuses on Value
→ More on Utility
“Grant an idea to be true, what concrete
difference will its being true make in
anyone’s actual life?” – Sir William James
- He did not look on Formal Structures
of Knowledge
- Truth happens to an idea, not
inherent within it
Sources of Knowledge
*We encounter constant and various forms
of knowledge that aids us to learn
*It is important then to know as to how we
attain it
Reason
→ Commonly used on determining the
coherence of statements
Experience
→ We gain experience by means of:
Encounter of our senses with the world
→ Empirical Knowledge
Intuition
→ Deals with the immediate or direct
recognition of self evident truths
George Edward Moore
→ He appealed to the faculty of intuition for
the direct or immediate knowledge of the
idea of goodness
→ In contrast to the two previous sources of
knowledge, this does not have a Mediator
between the Knower and the Known
→ With intuition being tacit, validating and
verifying the knowledge on these source is
next to impossible
Evaluating Opinions
→ Falsehood within statements and
definitions of ideas
→ It is important to have the capacity to
determine truth from opinion
→ Subjecting these statements to
appropriate constant scrutiny
→ Reasonable Belief
→ To avoid Dogmatism (When a principle
become undeniably true)
→ Analytical and Critical Thinker Person
Lesson 3: Concept of the Human Person
*Pre - Socratics → Observation of cosmos
Socratics:
● Plato
● Aristotle
Plato
→ There are two dimensions: World of
Forms and Physical World
● World of Forms = Forms
● Physical World = Particular
Objects
→ A person has a body (Physical World) &
Soul (Forms)
→ Dualistic = Two essence
→ Independent
→ Bounded by Space & Time
→ Soul = Limited
→ The form concerns about the
“What-ness”

Plato’s Concept of State or Division of
Body
1) Head → These are the Rulers
- Reason → Wisdom
2) Chest → These are the Soldiers
- Spiritedness, Emotion → ● Rationalism
Courage
3) Stomach → These are the Workers
- Appetites, Moderation →
Temperance
Aristotle
→ Student of Plato
→ A person is made up of co-principles
- Matter → Body
- Form → Soul
Together they form Substance, and
is Complementary
→ The Concept of Act and Potency
- Matter → Receives the potentialities.
- Form → Actualizes one of the
potentialities of the matter.
→ Act & Potency
- The matter receives potency to
achieve actualization
→ Teleology (Concept of Function)
- End point, or purpose of an object
- Greek word “Telos”
- Ergon → If an object does its
purpose
→ Arete = means excellence, or if a person
reaches their potential
→ The moment the body dies, the soul dies
→ Body = Cadaver (Corpse)
Division of the Function of Soul
Nutritive Soul
→ We yearn for Nutrition (Like Plants)
Sensitive Soul
→ We perceive and use our senses (Like
Animals)
Intellective Soul
→ Our capacity to reason (Humans)
Rene Descartes
● Rationalist believes that reason &
knowledge is higher than experience
→ Reason as primary source of knowledge
→ Our senses are being deceived
→ Reason (Methodic Doubting)
- Skepticism
Existence
→ Come to the realization that he cannot
doubt his existence
→ To doubt your existence, you must first
exist to doubt your existence
Cogito Ergo Sum
→ “I think therefore I am”
Lesson 4: The Embodied Subject
● What it means to be human
● Viewpoints of being human
● Further see beyond things, criteria in
a human being
1) Gabriel Marcel’s Reflection
(Inquiry)
→ Gabriel Marcel is a French Existentialist
→ A person is capable of Reflection or
Reflective Activity
→ Existential Break (Instances that makes
us stop and think) Are anomalies within our
routines that occurs and stops us
→ Wonder (Thumazein)
Primary Reflection
→ Inquiry done in an objective and distant
manner
→ Does not involve the subject
Secondary Reflection
→ An inquiry done by looking back ono
past action at the subject
→ The subject and their experience is
involved with the inquiry
→ Forced to face themselves
2) Gabriel Marcel’s Embodiment
→ Inquiry of being human (Either
essentialist or dualist)
→ Concept of Ownership
- Owning meaning not merely
possessing but something much more
→ Primary reflection = Detached manner
- Abstract Concepts → A concept of
Body & Soul
→ Like a scientific inquiry (Not a
philosophical inquiry)
Concept of Body
→ Possessing and owning are two different
things
Owning → Obligations and responsibilities
on what you own; commitments
Possessing → What you have
Embodiment
→ Inquiry of being Human (Essentialist or
Dualist)
→ Concept of Ownership
- Body
- We do not just posses our bodies, but
we own our bodies
- Owning meaning not merely
possessing but something much more
3) Heidegger’s Being in the World
→ Martin Heiddeger was a German
Philosopher
Dasein
→ Greek word for “Being There”
In der welt sein
→ Being in the world
→ Humans as being there
→ Experience always within our world
→ Being in the world then connects to the
question “Who we are as humans”
→ Being there; Being with things
- Encounters with material
- Utility = not for itself

→ Water = Farmers, Chemist, Firefighter

→ Being there; Being with others
- Encounters with family and friends
- Genuine and Transformative

→ Being there; Bound by space & Time

- Particular cultures, languages, and
social structures