Business Logic from apprehension alone and not
combines into judgements
Lesson 2 – Three Operations of the Mind
Senses
The mind when viewing an object in reality
may make either an affirmation or denial, or
not affirming nor denying.
When coming to grasp the world, the mind
takes on the things through our senses.
Aristotle
- His book “De Anima” demarcates
five senses but do not mention sight,
smell, taste, touch, and hearing
- Instead, he mentions the definitions
of color, light, sound, odor, flavor,
hot, cold, fluid, and dry— all of which
encapsulates the five senses of the
human person
- As an empiricist, he thought that
humans grasp the world through
empirical evidence, that is through
sense-experience
Dante Leoncini of DLSU
- He mentioned that young children
are the greatest philosophers that
the world has ever seen: they know
nothing and question everything
Simple Apprehension
- The first act of the mind which so far
neither affirms nor denies, but only
places an object before the
consciousness
- It is the mental act where we form
ideas
- Cannot neither be true nor false as it
does not affirm or deny its truth-
value; what is apprehended is
apprehended and cannot be
otherwise
- Never contains a truth, so does a
man when he utters or writes terms
- It is the first step, while not the end
of the journey
Abstraction
- It is when we separate ideas that to
come to our mind and its relationship
to an object
One may know the idea of something, know
the name of a thing they have an idea of,
and may not know of any real thing that
corresponds to the idea that he has formed
by simple apprehension.
Ideas
- Ideas that are apprehended are only
apprehended at an intellectual level,
as the mind can only grasp
intellectually and not physically
- Should not be confused with the
sensible image of phantasm, which
is a material representation of
material objects
Judgment
- A commitment to a truth
To affirm or deny, to say is or is not, is when
the mind fully commits itself to a truth or
falsehood. When we assert something, may
it be positive or negative, there is a risk of
failure or success that we arrive to truth.
“Intellectual truth consists in the equation
between the mind and reality, in
consequence of which the mind affirms that
the object is that which it really is, or denies
it to be what it really is not.” – St. Thomas
Aquinas
In essence, we try to create relationships
between ideas or terms (sensible ideas_ in
judgement and commit ourselves for it to be
true or false.
When we try to dissect a judgement, we Poryphyrian Tree or Levels of Being by
want to take a look on the terms being used Aristotle
and the connecting be-verb to appraise the
relationship of the terms whether positive or
negative. It also helps us identify the
category of the judgements and how it
would relate to one another when used in
reasoning or arriving to a new truth.

Reasoning and Inference

- Reasoning happens when we try to
find a new knowledge or inference More Examples
with the use of judgments Comprehension: Barstool
- Reasoning begins with a judgement Extension: Chair
which it knows to be true, and
proceeds to a second statement Comprehension: Armchair
which is accepted as true on the Extension: Chair
basis of the first statement
- Reasoning is the process by which Comprehension: Marie
we move from judgment to judgment Extension: Women
to discover new truths
Comprehension: Flightless birds
There would be times that we can reason Extension: Birds
incorrectly.
Comprehension: Toyota cars
Comprehension vs Extension Extension: Cars

Comprehension Quantity of Terms

- The essence or nature of a term
- Becomes more specific as it goes to 3 Quantities of Terms (based on
how close it is to its true meaning comprehension and extension)
- Ex. Plant > Living Being
Extension 1. Singular Terms
- Refers to the terms where - With comprehension but no
comprehension of a term is also possible extension
applicable - Specific identifiers, such as the,
- Goes to how farther it extends to this, that, these, those, and other
applicable terms superlative adjectives that
- Ex. Living Being > Plants, Animals, denote one single entity like best
Man and greatest, make the term
singular
- Ex. Your own full name;
Mindanao (only applicable to the
island)
2. Particular Terms
 - Deducted from universal terms
through an identifier to exclude
parts that will not be represented
- May include quantitative
adjectives, such as some, few,
most, several, handful, etc.
- Other particular identifiers
include a or an (an ex-partner, a
cheater)
3. Universal Terms
- Represent the entire object that
denotes all possible extensions
for the term
- Any term that has no particular
identifiers
- In some special cases, you may
encounter the use of a or an in a
universal term provided that it is
used to denote a universal
thought
- Ex. Dogs, cats, animals

Exactness of Terms

4 Types of Terms in Exactness

1. Univocal
- Terms used in different instances
with the same meaning
- Ex. Enrique is a boy.; Farouk is a
boy.
2. Equivocal
- Terms used in different instances
with different meanings
- Ex. We bow before the Great
bow.
3. Analogous
- Terms used that express a
different meaning instead of a
commonly used meaning
- Ex. Head of the family