OCEAN EXPLORATION: DIVING TO NEW DEPTHS AND DISCOVERIES

OCEAN EXPLORATION: DIVING TO NEW DEPTHS AND DISCOVERIES HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT
COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION. (2019). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg36505/pdf/CHRG-116hhrg36505.pdf

The article highlights the significant advancements in ocean exploration over the past
century, leading to crucial scientific discoveries. These include revelations about plate
tectonics, identification of new marine species, identification of potential energy sources and
pharmaceuticals, enhanced understanding of life's origins, and recognition of the oceans'
role in regulating Earth's climate. Recent technological developments, such as cheaper DNA
sequencing, satellite data, and underwater vehicles, have accelerated the pace of discovery.
Despite these advancements, over 80% of the oceans remain unexplored, with an estimated
91% of marine species yet to be described.
The article also discusses key discoveries, such as the use of sonar to map seafloor
topography, the exploration of hydrothermal vents revealing unique life forms, and the
potential for discovering drugs from biochemical compounds in marine organisms.
Additionally, scientists are investigating the human impact on oceans, including the storage
of excess atmospheric heat, the role of oceans in global warming hiatus periods, and the
presence of plastic debris in the deep ocean. The article underscores the importance of
continued exploration for a more comprehensive understanding of the oceans and their
resources.
The article offers an in-depth look at the tools and technologies used in ocean
exploration, presenting various methods employed by researchers. Scuba diving, evolving
over two centuries, continues to be a vital technique for direct observation and manipulation
of marine ecosystems, leading to significant discoveries. Traditional research vessels, such
as the NOAA vessel Okeanos Explorer, serve as observation platforms for transporting
scientists and equipment to research sites. Advances in sampling methods, like attaching
samplers to submersibles, minimize ecosystem damage during dredging and trawling.
Human-operated vehicles, such as the HOV Alvin, allow real-time sampling and observation
at abyssal depths. Remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs) equipped with cameras and sensors
transmit information at depths of 3000 meters. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
and gliders operate independently, utilizing gravity and buoyancy for energy efficiency. The
innovative use of telepresence by NOAA OER enables live streaming from ROVs worldwide
for real-time remote participation. Specialized technologies, including sensors and
instruments like Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), drifters, and SONAR, contribute
to a comprehensive understanding of ocean environments. Together, these tools empower
researchers to explore the diverse and challenging conditions within the ocean.

Reference:
OCEAN EXPLORATION: DIVING TO NEW DEPTHS AND DISCOVERIES HEARING
BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE,
SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED
SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION. (2019).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg36505/pdf/CHRG-116hhrg36505.pdf

Summarized by:
Bagolboc, Janel May L.