08-12-2023

Wind Analysis on RC
Chimney

Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

Dr. Gaurang R. Vesmawala

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SURAT - 395007

CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Chimney Overview Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala
3. Wind and their impact
4. Load effect on Reinforced concrete chimney
5. Wind Load Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Chimney
6. Along Wind Analysis of RC Chimney
7. References

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Introduction

• An industrial chimney, or a stack or smokestack, is a vertical

Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

structure predominantly utilized in industrial environments to
release exhaust gases and byproducts from various
manufacturing processes into the atmosphere.

• Wind load analysis on reinforced concrete chimneys is a

critical process to assess and ensure the structural integrity and
stability of these tall structures under varying wind conditions.

Chimney Overview

 Industrial concrete chimneys are tall structures designed to expel exhaust gases

Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

from industrial processes.
 They are constructed with reinforced concrete for superior strength, durability,
and resilience against harsh industrial environments.
 Liners are provided to protect against corrosion, wind bands for stability,
lightning protection, monitoring systems, and support foundations.
 Platforms and ladders are used for maintenance, while stack caps prevent debris
entry.

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Classification of Chimney

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Number of
Height Material C/S Section Lining
flues

Tall Single flue Brick Circular Lined

Short Multi flue RCC Rectangular Unlined
Steel
FRP

Wind and Their impact

The wind is the movement of air caused by pressure differences. Due to the
movement of wind, various factors occur on the chimney.

 Lateral Wind Loads Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

 Vibrations

 Corrosion and Weathering

 Draft variation

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Load Effect on Reinforced Concrete Chimney

Dead Loads:-
• Dead loads shall include the weight of chimney shell, liners, liner supports, other

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accessories and load of ash and soot as applicable. Unit weight of the materials shall
be taken in accordance with IS 875 (Part 1).
Imposed Loads:-
• Imposed loads shall be taken in accordance with IS 875
(Part 2). The imposed loads on internal platform and hood of multi-flue chimneys
shall include appropriate loads during construction

Wind effect:-

Wind applies significant pressure to the walls of RC

chimneys, serving as a primary load source. Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala
Wind load can be divided into two components-
Along-wind load
Across-wind load

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Cont…
The wind load experienced at any location on a chimney results from combining a
quasi-static and a dynamic load component.

Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

 The quasi-static component signifies the force exerted by steady, time-averaged
Speed, resulting in a consistent displacement of a structure.
 The dynamic component, capable of inducing structural oscillations, primarily arises
from the following three factors:
I. Gusts
II. Vortex Shedding
III. Buffeting

Temperature effect:-
Temperature variations impact chimneys by affecting draft efficiency, condensation,
and structural integrity.

Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala

Temperature fluctuations can cause thermal stress, potentially cracking the chimney
structure.
Seismic effect:-
Earthquakes generate ground motion, imposing significant stress on structures.
Chimneys without proper reinforcement or earthquake-resistant design may develop
cracks or suffer severe structural damage due to this seismic force.
Earthquakes can harm chimneys by causing ground shifts or settlement, impacting
their stability and foundations.
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Wind Load Analysis on Reinforced concrete Chimney

Tall Reinforced Concrete (RC) chimneys with circular cross-sections are highly
susceptible to wind forces, and there are two main load effects on chimneys:-

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1. Along Wind Load

This load tends to push the chimney in the direction of the wind. The chimney
experiences positive and negative pressure on its windward and leeward sides,
respectively. In calculating along-wind loads, dynamic fluctuations are
considered and translated into static equivalent loads using the concept of the
Gust response factor.

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2. Across Wind Load

Across wind force acting perpendicular to

the longitudinal axis of the chimney. This Dr. Gaurang Vesmawala
load is responsible for exerting pressure on
the sides of the chimney. It creates forces
that try to push the chimney sideways or
cause it to twist around its vertical axis.

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IS 4998 2015 for Wind Analysis

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IS 4998 2015 for Wind Analysis

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IS 4998 2015 for Wind Analysis

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IS 4998 2015 for Wind Analysis

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Along Wind Analysis of RC chimney - Sum

Perform an along wind analysis with the help of IS 4998 2015 and IS 875 2015 Part 3 for a RC Chimney
with Height 60 m situated in Surat City. Consider the thickness of shell as 0.15 m at the top and bottom,
Centerline diameter of the shell is 6.35 m at the bottom and 5.35 m at the top, Outer diameter of chimney

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is 5.5 m at top and 6.5 m at bottom with angle of tapering as 0.0083331. Take Mass Density of concrete
as 2400 kg/m3 and Dynamic Modulus of elasticity of concrete as 3.2 x 1010 N/m2.

Parameters Value
Height of Chimney H = 60 m
Location Surat City
Thickness of the shell at bottom t0 = 0.15 m
Thickness of shell at top tH = 0.15 m
Centerline diameter of the shell at the bottom d0 = 6.35 m
Centerline diameter of the shell at the top dH = 5.35 m
Mass density of concrete ρck = 2400 kg/m3
Dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete Eck = 3.2 x 1010 N/m2
Outer diameter of chimney at bottom 6.5 m
Outer diameter of chimney at top 5.5 m
Angle of tapering 0.0083331
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Data Collected from Codes

Parameters Values Code Reference

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Basic Wind Speed Vb = 44 m/s IS 875 2015 Part 3 Annex A (Cl 6.2) Pg 51

Risk Coefficient k1 = 1.07 IS 875 2015 Part 3 Table 1 (Cl 6.3.1) Pg 7

Topography Factor k3 = 1 IS 875 2015 Part 3 (Cl 6.3.3.1) Pg 8

IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.3) Pg 4 / IS 875 Part 3 (Cl 6.3.4)
Importance factor k4 = 1.15
Pg 8

Aerodynamic Roughness height z0 = 0.02 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.3) Pg 4

Mass density of air ρa =1.2 kg/m3 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.4) Pg 4

Drag coefficient 𝐶̅ = 0.8 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.5) Pg 5

Structural Damping as a fraction of critical
β = 0.016 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
Damping

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Parameters Formulas Values Code reference

𝑧 .
. 𝑘 = 0.1423 ln 0.02
Terrain roughness and height factor 𝑘 = 0.1423 ln Z0 0.02 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.3) Pg 4
k2 = 0.107959 ln(50z)

𝑉 𝑧 = 44 𝑥 1.07 𝑥 0.107959 ln 50z 𝑥 1𝑥 1.15

Design Hourly Mean Wind Speed 𝑉 𝑧 = Vb k1 𝑘2 k3 k4 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.3) Pg 4
𝐕(𝐳) = 5.8451 ln(50z) m/s

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Design Wind Pressure Due to 𝑝̅ 𝑧 = 𝑥 1.2 𝑥 [5.8451 𝑥 𝑙𝑛(50𝑧)]
2 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.4) Pg 4
Hourly Mean Wind Speed 𝑝̅ 𝑧 = ρa[𝑉 𝑧 ]
𝐩 𝐳 = 20.49911 [ln(50z)]2 N/m

Along Wind Response

Parameter Formula Values Code reference
𝐹 𝑧 = 0.8 x 20.49911 [ln(50z)]2 𝑑 𝑧
Mean along-wind load F(z) 𝐹 𝑧 = 𝐶̅ 𝑑 𝑧 𝑝̅(𝑧) IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.5) Pg 5
𝐹 𝑧 = 16.39929 d(z)[ln(50z)]2 N/m

𝑟 = 0.622 − 0.178 log 60

Twice the turbulence intensity 𝑟 = 0.622 − 0.178 log 𝐻 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
rt = 0.305489

. .
. . 60
𝐻 𝐵 = 1+
Background Factor 𝐵= 1+ 265 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
265
B = 0.747347 19

Parameter Formula Values Code reference

.
. 6.35 3.2 𝑥 10 0.15
d0 𝐸𝑐𝑘 t0 𝑓 = 0.2
Natural Frequency 𝑓 = 0.2 60 2400 0.15 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.8) Pg 7
H ρ𝑐𝑘 tH
f1 = 1.288162311 Hz
1.2882
𝑓 . 123 36.3 60 .
123 𝐻 𝐸=
𝑉 10 .
𝐸=

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Available Energy . 1.2882 . IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
𝑓 1 + 330 36.3 60
1 + 330 𝐻 .
𝑉 10
E = 0.041629
. .
. . 1.288 .
Size Reduction 𝑓 𝑆 = 1 + 5.78 60
𝑆 = 1 + 5.78 𝐻 . 36.3 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
Factor 𝑉 10
S = 0.158687
3600 𝑥 1.288
3600 𝑓 𝑣𝑇 =
𝑣𝑇 = 0.747347 x 0.016
𝐵β 1+ IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
1 + 𝑆𝐸 0.158687 𝑥 0.041629
vT = 2766.39
0.577
𝑔 = 2 ln(2766.39) +
Peak Factor 0.577 2 ln(2766.39) IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
𝑔 = 2 ln(𝑣𝑇) +
2 ln 𝑣𝑇) gf = 4.126209

0.158687 x 0.041629
Gust Response 𝑆𝐸 𝐺 = 1 + 4.126 𝑥 0.305489 x 0.747347 +
𝐺 = 1 + 𝑔 𝑟𝑡 𝐵 + 0.016 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.6) Pg 5
Factor β
G = 2.3577314
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When d(z) = Outer diameter of chimney at height z is constant through out the structure;
Then,
z z z
𝐹 (𝑍) ∗ 𝑍 𝑑𝑧 = ln 50𝑧 − ln 50𝑧 +
2 2 4

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𝐹 (𝑍) ∗ 𝑍 𝑑𝑧 = 1670700.8 𝑑 𝑧

Parameter Formula Values Code reference

(2.3577314 − 1) 𝑧
Fluctuating component (G − 1) 𝑧 𝐹 𝑧 =3 1670700.8 𝑑(𝑧)
𝐹 𝑧 =3 𝐹 (𝑧) 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 60 60 IS 4998 2015 (Cl 5.5.5) Pg 5
of along-wind H H
𝐹 𝑧 = 31.50504 z d(z) N/m

Now,
F z =𝐹 𝑧 +𝐹 𝑧

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Distribution of loads across the Height of the chimney

z V(z) p̅ (z) d(z) F̅ (z) F'(Z) F(Z) F(Z)

Sr. No. ln(50z)
(m) (m/s) (N/m) (m) (N/m) (N/m) (N/m) (kN/m)

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1 10 6.21 36.3 790.56 6.333 4006 316 4322 4.4

2 20 6.91 40.39 978.84 6.167 4830 631 5461 5.5

3 30 7.31 42.73 1095.4 6 5259 946 6205 6.3

4 40 7.6 44.42 1184.1 5.833 5526 1261 6787 6.8

5 50 7.82 45.71 1253.6 5.667 5684 1576 7260 7.3

6 60 8.01 46.82 1315.3 5.5 5788 1891 7679 7.7

Where, d(z) = outer diameter of chimney at height z

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References

1) Manohar, S.N., “Tall Chimneys”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New
Delhi, 1985.

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2) IS: 4998: 2015, "Criteria for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys," Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2015.
3) IS 875: 2015, “Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures — Code of
Practice”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2015.
4) Baiju, Amitha, and S. Geethu. "Analysis of tall RC chimney as per Indian standard code."
International Journal of Science and Research 5, no. 9 (2016): 390-394.
5) Shaikh, M. G., and H. A. M. I. Khan. "Governing loads for design of a tall RCC chimney."
Journal of mechanical and civil engineering (IOSRJMCE) (2009): 12-19.

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Cont…

6) Pradeep, K. Anil, and CV Siva Rama Prasad. "Governing Loads For Design of a 60m
Industrial RCC Chimney." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

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Engineering and Technology Governing 3, no. 8 (2014): 15152-15159.
7) Yadav, B. Prathyusha, S. Anitha Reddy, J. Ganesh Yadav, and C. Venkata Siva Rama Prasad.
"Estimation of seismic and wind loads for design of a 100 m self-supported industrial RCC
chimney." Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021): 1562-1567.
8) John, Alok David, Ajay Gairola, Eshan Ganju, and Anant Gupta. "Design wind loads on
reinforced concrete chimney–An experimental case study." Procedia Engineering 14 (2011):
1252-1257.

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THANK
YOU

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