PARTH PUBLIC SCHOOL, GHARAUNDA

SUBJECT-SOCIAL SCIENCE

CLASS-VIII

Chapter- 8 The Making of National Movement

Q1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?
Ans. The people were dissatisfied with the British Rule in the 1879s and 1880s because of
the various repressive policies introduced by them.
1. The Arms Act:- The Indians Arms Act 1878, made it a criminal offence for Indians to
keep or bear arms without licence.
2. The Vernacular Press Act:- It was also passed in 1878 to silence the critics of the
government. The Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of newspapers
including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything “objectionable”.
3. Ilbert Bill controversy (1883):- The Ilbert bill provided for the trial of British or
European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the
country. But the British (white) forced the government to withdraw the bill.

Q2. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?
Ans. The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the entire people belonging to
different communities of India.

Q3. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Ans. The World War I had the following economic impact on India:-
a) Taxes Increased:- The Colonial Government increased the taxes on business profits and
individual incomes.
b) Defence Expenditure:- Defence expenditure of the Government of India rose manifold.
c) Rise in Prices:- There was a sharp rise in prices due to Increased demands for war
supplies and military expenditure causing great difficulties for the common people.
d) Expansion of Indian Industry :- Demand for industrial goods (jute bags, cloth, rails) and
a decline of imports from other countries led to the expansion of Indian industry.
e) Profits:- Business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war.

Q4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Ans. The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for “Independent States’ for Muslims in
the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or
the name Pakistan.

Q5. Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Ans. The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, were a group of political leaders
in India active between 1885 and 1907. Some of the ‘Moderate’ leaders were Dadabhai
Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji etc.

They proposed to struggle against the British in a non- violent manner, which the Radicals
called the “politics of prayers”.
1) Develop Public Awareness:- The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness
about the unjust nature of British rule.
2) Role of Newspapers and Articles:- They published newspapers, wrote articles, and
showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country.
3) Mobilise Public opinion:- They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent
representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise public opinion.
4) Acceptance of Demands:- They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom
and justice, and so they would accept the just demands of Indians.

Q6. How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the
Moderates?
Ans. The Radicals within Congress cherished different opinions. They had a deep faith in
action and wanted to drive away the Britishers as soon as possible. They criticised the
Moderates for their methods of “prayers, pleas and petitions’ and gave emphasis on self-
reliance and constructive work. They argued that people must fight for Swaraj. Unless they
fought against the British rule unitedly, they would not bring independence to their country.

Q7. Discuss the various forms of the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of
India. How did people understand Gandhiji?
Ans. Following were the various forms of the Non-Cooperation Movement that took in
different parts of India:-
1) In kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organized non-violent campaigns against the high land
revenue demand of the British.
2) In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of
“Forest satyagrahas”.
3) In coastal Andhra and Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
4) In Sindh and Bengal, the Khilafat Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal
unity and strength to the national movement.
5) In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants from their
gurudwaras.
6) In Assam, tea garden labourers demanded a big increase in their wages.

Q8. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Ans. Gandhiji’s choose to Break Salt Law due to the following reasons:-
a) Direct Action:- Knowing that the need of the hour was direct action, in 1930, Gandhiji led
a march to break the salt law.
b) Monopoly:- According to this law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale
of salt.
c) Essential Item:- Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful
to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.

Q9. Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan?
Ans. The Developments of 1937-1947 period Leading to the creation of Pakistan were:-

1. Formation of Muslim League:- Muslim league was formed in 1906.

2. Widen Social Support:- The Congress’ failure to mobilize the Muslim masses in the
1930s which allowed the League to widen its social support.
3. Enlarge Support:- The League sought to enlarge its support in the early 1940s when most
Congress leaders were in jail.
4. Negotiations:- After the Second World War, the British opened negotiations between
Congress, the League, and themselves.
5. Success in Elections:- In provincial elections, 1946, the League’s success in the seats
reserved for Muslims was spectacular. It persisted with its demand for “Pakistan”.
6. Cabinet Mission Proposal:- In March 1946, the British Cabinet mission could not get
Congress and the Muslim League to agree to specific details of the proposal.
7. Direct Action Day:- The League announced 16 August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”. On
this day riots broke out in Calcutta and by March 1947, violence spread to different parts of
Northern India. With mass agitation, India was partitioned in 1947 and Pakistan was born.

Extra Questions

Very Short Questions

Q1. Who was the viceroy in 1905?

Ans. Viceroy Curzon

Q2. Who gave the slogan “do or die”?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi raised the slogan “do or die”.

Q3. What does RSS stand for?

Ans. RSS stands for Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Q4. Name the newspaper edited by Balgangadhar Tilak.

Ans. Kesari, a Marathi newspaper was edited by Balgangadhar Tilak.

Q5. What does HSRA stand for?

Ans. HSRA stand for Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

Q6. Who were the three main leaders of Radical group?

Ans. Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai

Q7. Who raised the slogan “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”?
Ans. Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”

Q8. Who were the leaders of Khilafat Movement?

Ans. The leaders of the Khilafat Movement were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
Q9. Who was the first Governor General of free India?
Ans. C. Rajagopalachari, popularly known as Rajaji, was first Governor-General of free
India.

Q10. What does ‘Punjab wrongs’ refer to?

Ans. It refers to Jallianwala massacre that occurred in Amritsar on Baisakhi day (13 April,
1919).

Short Questions

Q1. Who wrote the book Poverty and Un-British rule in India? What was it about?
Ans. Dadabhai Naoroji wrote the book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. It offered a
scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.

Q2. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?
Ans. The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for “Independent States” for Muslims in
the north-western and eastern areas of the country.

Q3. Write a brief note on government of India Act 1935.

Ans. Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the government
announced elections to the provincial legislatures in 1937. The Congress formed governments
in 7 out of 11 provinces.

Q4. Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-cooperation Movement?

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was against violent movements. He abruptly called off the Non-
Cooperation Movement when in February 1922 a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station
in Chauri Chaura. Twentytwo policemen were killed on that day. The peasants were
provoked because the police had fired on their peaceful demonstration.

Q5. Write a short note on Simon Commission.

Ans. In 1927 the British government in England decided to send a commission headed by
Lord Simon to decide India’s political future. The Commission had no Indian representative.
All political groups decided to boycott the Commission. When the Commission arrived it was
met with demonstrations with banners saying “Simon Go Back”.

Long Questions

Q1. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?
Ans. Following was the impact of First world War on India;-
a) Huge Rise In Defence Expenditure:- It led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of
the Government of India.
b) Increased Taxes:- The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and
business profits.
c) Military Expenditure:- Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies
led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people.
d) Profits to Business Groups:- On the other hand, business groups reaped fabulous profits
from the war.
e) Demand for Indian Goods:- The war created a demand for industrial goods (jute bags,
cloth, rails) and thus Indian industries expanded during the war.

CIVICS Chapter-7 Public Facilities

Q1. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Ans. There are few cases of private water supply in the world, because:
a) Private companies do not take interest in undertaking any profit or low-profit work.
b) Few private companies supply water through water tankers or in sealed bottles.
c) They provide this facility at a price that only some people can afford.
d) Water is an essential facility that needs to be provided for everyone.
e) The government provides water facilities to all at an affordable rate so that anybody will
not be deprived of the opportunity to live a good life.

Q2. Do you think the water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss.
Ans. Water in Chennai is not available and affordable by all.
a) In Chennai, water is not available and affordable to all.
b) Here water supply is not adequate and regular.
c) They have to wait long for public water tankers.
d) In Chennai government’s water supply is not adequate and regular.
e) People who live in slums suffer a lot.
f) They have only one common tap for 20-30 huts.
g) They have to wait long for public water tankers.

Q3. How is the sale of water by the farmer to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local
people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of groundwater? Can the
government do anything in this regard?
Ans. The sale of water by the farmer to water dealers in Chennai is affecting the local people
in the following ways:-
a) Groundwater levels dropped:- Due to the sale of water by farmers to water dealers, the
groundwater levels have dropped drastically.
b) Shortage of water:- Local people are facing severe shortages of water.
c) Agriculture Suffers:- Their agriculture suffers because they fail to manage water for
irrigation.
Yes, Local people can object to such exploitation of groundwater. Being, a natural resource,
under- ground water should not be overused.

The government can penalize the farmers as well as water dealers.

Q4. Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not
in towns or rural areas?
Ans. a) Insignificant cities, life is fast. People could not wait for hours together, standing in
long queues.
b) They can afford it as they have money to spend.
 c) City people are more ambitious.
d) They expect better facilities in private hospitals and private schools.
e) Private schools/ hospitals provide better infrastructural facilities.

Q5. Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give
an example of your own to explain.
Ans. Our country’s distribution of public facilities, such as the right to water, health,
education, etc., is not adequate and fair. The major role of government is to ensure adequate
public facilities for everyone, but the progress in this regard is far from satisfactory. There is
inequality and irregularity in water supply distribution compared to metropolitan and big
cities and towns. In comparison to wealthy localities, the poor localities are under-serviced.
People who live in slums suffer a lot. They are provided with a very low water supply.

Q6. Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity, etc. Is there
scope to improve these? What, in your opinion, should be done? Complete the table.

Ans.

It is available How can it be improved?

By extending the hour of supply. The quality of water should be

Water Yes
checked regularly.

Strict action should be taken to prevent light wastage, such as

Electricity Yes street lights being on during the daytime. Public appeal to
prevent wastage. By extending power supply hours.

By making the roads with proper and good quality material. By

Roads Yes regular repair and maintenance. By making footpath on both
sides of the road to prevent breakage on the side.

By running some more buses.

Public Transport Yes By deputing trained drivers.

By arranging the service at the proper intervals.

Q7. Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.

Ans. No, the above public facilities are not shared equally by all the people in our area.
a) The municipal supply of public facilities meets only near about half the needs of the people
of our area.
b) For half of the needs, people take the help of private means.
c) Public facilities like health care facilities are provided now. The poor fail to get these
facilities.
d) Due to the rush, most people do not avail governmental public facilities like health care,
etc.

Q8. Data on some public facilities are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with your
teacher when and how the Census is conducted.
Ans. a) The census is conducted every 10 years. It counts the entire population of the
country.
b) It also collects detailed information about the people living in India, their age, schooling,
work, etc.
c) This information is used to measure several things, such as the number of literate people
and the ratio of males and females.
d) After the collection Census Department publishes the data.

Q9. Private educational institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational
training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational
institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think
would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Ans. a) The government would withdraw from these activities.
b) Private agencies will be given a boost.
c) Money would play an important role.
d) Children from the deprived sections of society would be at a loss.
e) Less qualified teachers would work in private institutions.
f) Children will get quantitative rather than qualitative education.

CIVICS Chapter- 8 Law and Social Justice

Q1. Talk to two workers (For example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers,
workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.

Ans. These workers are not receiving the minimum wages.

i) Construction workers : They do not receive the minimum wages.
ii) Farm workers : They do not receive the minimum wage.
iii) Factory workers : They receive minimum wages
iv) Workers at the shop : They get minimum wages.

Q2. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?

Ans. The main advantages to the foreign companies in setting up production in India are:
i) Availability of cheap and wide space.
ii) Cheap labour, low wages
iii) Cheap quality raw material.
iv) Government incentives.

Q3. Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.
Ans. No, the victims are still not rehabilitated. The people are still fighting for justice: for
safe drinking water, for health care facilities.
i) As still civil and criminal cases are pending in Madhya Pradesh Court .
ii) After 25 years of struggle the judgement was given in June 2010 with a simple punishment
of $ 2,000 dollars and two years of simple imprisonment.
iii) The people are still waiting for the justice to the victims.

Q4. What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for
enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Ans. i) When we speak of law enforcement, we mean that the provisions of law must be
applicable to all the people without any discrimination in letter and spirit.
ii) The status of men and women their caste, creed, religion, must not come in the way of law
and enforcement.
iii) Law enforcement means that the provisions of the law must be implemented.
iv) The government is responsible for this. It must see that the law that it has made is
applicable to all, without any discriminations.
v) Enforcement of law is important because in case any law is not enforced or weakly
enforced, there may occur serious disaster. We must not forget the horrible consequences of
the Bhopal gas tragedy.
vi) It took place only because the safety laws lag in the country and even these weak safety
laws were not enforced.

Q5. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to
support your answer.
Ans. Law can ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair by ensuring the enforcement
of law .
Ex – Anti Child Labour Act must be enforced, not a single child must be allowed to work in
shops, tea stalls and restaurants etc.

The government should control the activities of individuals or private companies.

Law against hoarding and black marketing must be enforced in such a way that stringent
punishment be given to the violators of the law and the hoarded goods must be forfeited.

Q6. Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received
orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present
location. Write about how your life would change? Read out your responses in the classroom.

Ans. My life would drastically change with the change of factory site.
i) Problem in searching a house and it may/may not suit to the income.
ii) Problem may arise for the children’s education. If good school is not located in that area
they have to be sent to the far off places. iv) Family
expenditures may hike which will affect the budget of the family.

Q7. Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this
unit.
Ans. The government is liable to the welfare of its people.
i) It ensures that public facilities like water, electricity, public transport, sanitation etc are
made available to everyone.
ii) It makes laws to protect the interest of workers.
iii) The Minimum Wages Act specifies that wages should not be bel
iii) It may be away from the cities, lack the facilities which will be in a developed area.

ow a specified wage.

iv) The government enforces the law so that employers may not exploit their workers by
paying the low wages.
v) Through making, enforcing and upholding such laws the government tries to control the
activities of individuals or private companies , contractors so as to ensure social justice.

Q8. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to
(a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution? Can you
suggest some other measures?
Ans. The sources of environmental pollution in our area are:
i) Air: transport and factories emitting more hazardous gases.
ii) Water: disposal of factories waste in rivers, lakes, immersion of idols, throwing the
garbage, disposing the dead creatures, disposal of medical wastes etc.
iii) Soil: it is getting polluted by spraying the hazardous chemicals and pesticides, dumping of
the industrial chemical waste into the soil, by throwing the polythene bags which is not
mixing up into the soil.

Steps taken to control the pollution:

i) Old vehicles should be banned. pollution norms should be checked strictly.
ii) Industries or factories should be shifted from the town area limits.
iii) Immersion of idols, disposal of wastes in rivers should be avoided.
iv) Avoid the polythene bags and shift to bio degradable bags.
v) Plantation of plants in industries, open areas etc can control the air pollution.

Q9. How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.

Ans. i) Environment was treated as free entity. Industrialists have polluted the air, water, soil
without caring for the health of people.
ii) The government has issued the industrial license to establish the dangerous chemical
industries which has polluted the environment. Ex – The Bhopal gas tragedy.
iii) The Bhopal gas tragedy brought change in perception. The Indian Government introduced
the new laws on the environment.
iv) Now the people have realised that environment is something that people over generations
will share, and it could not be destroyed merely for industrial development.
v) With industrialisation we are facing the problem of Global warming and drastic changes
are taking place in the environment and many species got extinct.
vi) Many countries have realised this problem and UN Convention on biological diversity
states a call to take social responsibility to save mother Earth.

Q10. What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this
cartoon? How does it relate to the 2016 law that you read about on page 123?

Ans. i) Law against the child labour.

ii) It relates to the 2006 law which bans the child labour in any form like domestic works,
employed in tea stalls, shops, hotels and restaurants etc.