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SOCIAL WORK
A practical introduction to contemporary issues
in social work
Social Work: Contexts and Practice, fourth edition explores the broad
influences shaping the vision and development of the social work
profession. It demonstrates how knowledge contributes to flexible social
work responses and identifies the ways in which research findings,
theoretical insights and practice wisdom can be integrated within dynamic
practice frameworks.
The fourth edition brings together a team of expert authors to guide
students through the unique experiences of social work across Australia
and Aotearoa New Zealand and examines how an enduring commitment
to social justice and the protection of human rights shapes social work
perspectives and practices.
New to this edition:

Contexts and Practice

• New co-editor Jane Maidment offers a fresh focus on the practice skills

SOCIAL
required to work effectively as a social worker
• New chapter on Social Justice and Critical Reflection
• Thoroughly revised to reflect changes in the industry.

Marie Connolly is Chair and Head of Social Work in the School of Health
Sciences at the University of Melbourne.
WORK
Louise Harms is Associate Dean (Equity, Diversity and Staff Development) Contexts

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in the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, and Deputy
Head in the Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences at the
and Practice

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University of Melbourne.

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Jane Maidment is an Associate Professor in the Department of Human
Services and Social Work and Chair of the University of Canterbury Human

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Ethics Committee.

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EDITED BY
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ISBN 978-0-19-030872-8

9 780190 308728
visit us at: oup.com.au or
contact customer service: cs.au@oup.com

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 vi CONTENTS

CONTENTS
List of figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
List of tables ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
Contributors......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ix
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiv

PART 1 SOCIAL WORK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

1 The Art and Science of Social Work............................................................................................................... 3
Louise Harms and Jane Maidment

2 Social Work Practice Theories and Frameworks................................................................................. 20

Marie Connolly and Karen Healy

3 Social Justice and Critical Reflection ...................................................................................................... 36

Sharlene Nipperess

4 Social Work, Poverty and Disadvantage ................................................................................................. 50

Mike O’Brien

5 Revisiting Cross-cultural Practice .............................................................................................................. 64

Charlotte Williams

PART 2 FIELDS OF PRACTICE

6 Aboriginal Issues and Practice .................................................................................................................... 81
Stephanie Gilbert

7 Making Sense of Indigenous Issues in Aotearoa New Zealand ................................................. 95

Leland A. Ruwhiu

8 Pasifika Social Work ......................................................................................................................................... 109

Yvonne Crichton-Hill

9 Working with Domestic and Family Violence.................................................................................... 121

Cathy Humphreys and Kristin Diemer

10 Working with Refugees and Asylum Seekers .................................................................................... 135

Jay Marlowe and Linda Briskman

11 Working in Health Social Work .................................................................................................................. 150

Liz Beddoe and Rosalie Pockett

12 Social Work and Disability............................................................................................................................ 163

Lorna Hallahan

13 Working with Older People........................................................................................................................... 178

Jane Maidment and Ralph Hampson

14 Supporting Wellbeing in Mental Health Practice........................................................................... 192

Lynne Briggs and Carole Adamson

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 CONTENTS vii

15 Working in the Alcohol and Other Drugs Field ................................................................................ 205

David Rose and Janet Farrow

16 Working in Child and Family Welfare ..................................................................................................... 221

Emily Keddell and Ilan Katz

17 Social Work and the Justice System ...................................................................................................... 235

Annabel Taylor and Andrew Frost

18 Psychosocial Responses to Disasters ..................................................................................................... 250

Margaret Alston and Louise Harms

19 Trans-Tasman Reflections............................................................................................................................. 263

Louise Harms, Marie Connolly and Jane Maidment

Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 268

General Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 306
Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 316

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 viii LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 The development of practice theory ......................................................... 4
Figure 1.2 The circular process of reflexive practice ..............................................8
Figure 1.3 The development of praxis-oriented action ..........................................9
Figure 1.4 Personal and professional influences .....................................................9
Figure 1.5 Organising constructs for social work .................................................14
Figure 1.6 The continuum of micro and macro issues-based social work ........15
Figure 2.1 The unfolding of theory into practice—the psychodynamic
approach ..................................................................................................23
Figure 2.2 The unfolding of theory into practice—the person-centred
approach ..................................................................................................24
Figure 2.3 The unfolding of theory into practice—the cognitive-behavioural
approach ..................................................................................................26
Figure 2.4 The unfolding of theory into practice—the narrative approach ......29
Figure 2.5 The unfolding of theory into practice—the anti-oppressive
approach ..................................................................................................30
Figure 5.1 Transformatory practice ........................................................................74
Figure 8.1 ‘Mana’—cultural adhesive that binds a Māori worldview
together ................................................................................................. 105
Figure 8.2 Te Mahi Whakamana theory and practice incorporates
significant recognition points ............................................................ 105
Figure 13.1 Assessment model ............................................................................... 184
Figure 16.1 Ecological model of child development ........................................... 222

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Poverty rates and composition for children by their ethnicity and
by characteristics of their households, based on the 60 per cent
of median after housing cost (AHC) measure: average over last
three surveys, Household Economic Survey (HES) 2011
to HES 2013.............................................................................................54
Table 4.2 Material hardship rates, different groups—percentage of group
experiencing hardship, using standard scale with 9+ items .............55
Table 12.1 Transforming social work practice ................................................... 171
Table 12.2 Maintaining social work role clarity and
transformative potential ..................................................................... 175
Table 13.1 Key theories and discourses about ageing........................................ 180

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 CONTRIBUTORS ix

CONTRIBUTORS

Marie Connolly Professor Marie Connolly is Chair and Head of Social Work at the University
of Melbourne. She came to Melbourne in 2010 after a five-year senior executive appointment
within the New Zealand government as Chief Social Worker. Her research and writing interests
include kinship care; family group conferencing and family engagement strategies in child
welfare; reforming child protection systems; and rights-based practice in child and family
welfare. She has written extensively in these areas, most recently Beyond the Risk Paradigm in
Child Protection (2017). She has a social work background in statutory child welfare practice.
She is currently President of the Australian Council of the Heads of Schools of Social Work.

Louise Harms Louise Harms is Professor and Deputy Head in the Department of Social Work,
and Associate Dean (Equity, Diversity and Staff Development) in the Faculty of Medicine,
Dentistry and Health Sciences at the University of Melbourne. She is the Director of the Trauma
Recovery and Resilience Research Program. She worked as a social worker in direct practice
for nine years in hospital and education settings, before moving fully into social work teaching
and research in 2001. Her research interests are particularly in the areas of trauma, loss and
resilience experiences across the lifespan, primarily in relation to health crises and adaptation,
and post-disaster recovery. She is the author and co-author of ten books, and many publications
relating to these areas of interest.

Jane Maidment Associate Professor Jane Maidment works at the University of Canterbury,
Christchurch. Jane’s main teaching areas include developing social work practice skills, social
policy and research. Jane’s research includes investigating social work graduate readiness for
practice; field education teaching and learning; older persons’ health; and using craft as a vehicle
for social connectedness and recovery.

Carole Adamson Carole Adamson is currently a senior social work lecturer at the University
of Auckland, where her teaching focuses on mental health, trauma, resilience and stress, and
on notions of best practice in social work. She has research interests in developing resilient
practitioners; social work curriculum for disaster preparation and response; and in the role
of animals in social work. She has been a mental health social worker in acute and forensic
settings, and also has experience in community development and residential social work.

Margaret Alston Margaret Alston OAM is Professor and Head of Department of Social Work
and the Director of the Gender, Leadership and Social Sustainability (GLASS) research unit
at Monash University. Prior to commencing at Monash in 2008 she was Professor of Social
Work and Human Services and Director of the Centre for Rural Social Research at Charles
Sturt University for several years. She received her Medal of the Order of Australia in 2010 for
services to social work and the advancement of women, particularly in rural areas.

Liz Beddoe Liz Beddoe is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Education and Social
Work, University of Auckland. Liz’s research interests include critical perspectives on social
work education and professional supervision. Liz has published articles on supervision
and professional issues in New Zealand and international journals. Recent books include

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 x CONTRIBUTORS

Challenges in Professional Supervision (2016; co-authored with Allyson Davys), Social Work
Practice for Promoting Health and Wellbeing: Critical Issues (2014) and Social Policy for Social
Work and Human Services in Aotearoa New Zealand: Diverse Perspectives (2016; co-authored
with Jane Maidment).

Lynne Briggs Lynne’s main research focus is on health and mental health outcomes, with a
specific interest on the impact of resettlement on refugee and migrant mental health and social
work practice in natural disasters. Her primary goal has always been to make research and
evaluation a much more lively activity in education and clinical settings. Professionally, Lynne
is a New Zealand Registered Social Worker, a member of ANZASW and in Australia is a board
member on ANZSWWE.

Linda Briskman Linda Briskman holds the Margaret Whitlam Chair of Social Work at Western
Sydney University. She conducts research and writes on asylum seeker and refugee rights,
Indigenous rights and challenging Islamophobia. Her most recent book is Social Work with
Indigenous Communities: A Human Rights Approach (2014). She co-authored Human Rights
Overboard: Seeking Asylum in Australia, which won the 2008 Australian Human Rights
Commission award for literature (non-fiction). As well as academic writing, Linda writes
opinion pieces on topical issues.

Yvonne Crichton-Hill Yvonne Crichton-Hill has been a social work academic with the University
of Canterbury since 2001, where she now serves as Head of Human Services and Social Work.
She has published extensively on the topics of social work and health, family violence, culturally
responsive social work, and about Pasifika communities. Yvonne’s passion for working with
people is evident in the contributions she now makes on advisory committees for government
organisations and as a governance board member for a number of Pasifika and non-Pasifika
organisations in the non-government sector. She has a social work background in family
violence.

Kristin Diemer Dr Kristin Diemer is a feminist sociologist at the University of Melbourne,

Australia. She specialises in applied social research for change in policy and practice. Her focus
has been in the area of family and domestic violence with recent projects focusing on services
for men who use violence. She is the author and co-author of several major Australian studies,
including Australians’ Attitudes to Violence Against Women: Findings from the 2013 National
Community Attitudes to Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS) and The Victorian Family
Violence Database—12 year Trend Analysis.

Janet Farrow Janet Farrow OAM (BSW, MBA, Grad Dip Law, GAID, Churchill Fellow,
Williamson Community Leadership Fellow) has clinical experience in the drug treatment
services, mental health, child and family welfare, disability and aged care sectors and has
held senior clinical and executive roles in mental health and drug treatment services. Since
early 2005, Janet has been appointed as a director to a number of statutory bodies and non-
government boards, and teaches in a variety of subject areas within the qualifying Master of
Social Work, University of Melbourne.

Andrew Frost Dr Andrew Frost is a senior lecturer in Domestic and Family Violence Practice
at Central Queensland University and member of the university’s Violence Research Centre.
Involved in the human services field some 30 years, Andrew has been working, teaching and
researching in offender rehabilitation since 1993. His practice and award-winning research

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 CONTRIBUTORS xi

into groupwork with violent offenders—along with the establishment of a forensic therapeutic
community—has spawned a range of publications across academic journals and books.
Theoretical models and other outcomes from this work have been used by state, NGO and
independent service providers to inform practice.

Stephanie Gilbert Dr Stephanie Gilbert is Coordinator of Teaching Quality and Development

at the Wollotuka Institute. Trained in social work and with a PhD in History, Dr Gilbert was
awarded a prestigious Fulbright Scholarship in 2017. The Fulbright examined the possibility
that trauma can become embedded in our bodies in such a way it can be transmitted across
generations, and builds on her work in social work and history on the Stolen Generations.
Her teaching interests include ethics and Indigenous research. She is the co-creator of ATSIRC
Research Online, which tracks all research across that focuses on Indigenous Australians.

Lorna Hallahan Lorna Hallahan is the Discipline Leader, Social Work, at Flinders University.
Prior to coming to Flinders, Lorna practiced in a range of settings, including disability advocacy
and the management of a loss and grief service. Lorna has been a significant and long-term
contributor to the development and analysis of disability policy. Her recent research has focused
on the Evaluation of the Trial of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. She is a member the
SA Premier's Women's Council and speaks and writes regularly on issues related to ethical
issues for workers in complex human services.

Ralph Hampson Dr Ralph Hampson is a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne:

teaching, developing online courses and undertaking research. Prior to this, he had over 30
years’ experience in health, ageing and community services, including operating a consultancy
service for 11 years providing strategic planning, service evaluation, mentoring and clinical
supervision. Ralph’s PhD focused on the impact of the built environment on older people
in residential aged care facilities. It has been published in journals, newsletters, industry
magazines and presented at local, national and international conferences. Ralph also teaches
Ageing, Health and Human Services in the interdisciplinary Master of Ageing.

Karen Healy Dr Karen Healy is Professor of Social Work at The University of Queensland,
Brisbane. Karen has published several books and numerous articles on social work theory and
practice. Her research interests include practice with vulnerable children, young people and
their families, and communication in complex circumstances and in situations of heightened
emotions. She is involved in international collaborative research and in several practice-based
research projects. In 2016, Professor Healy was recognised as a member of the Order of Australia
for her services to child protection and to higher education and research in social work.

Cathy Humphreys Cathy Humphreys is Professor of Social Work at University of Melbourne.

Her program of research crosses two major areas: children in out of home care; and domestic
violence and family violence. With Professor Kelsey Hegarty, she co-directs the Research
Alliance to End Violence Against Women and Their Children (MAEVe), an interdisciplinary
centre to progress research on domestic and family violence. Fathering and domestic violence
and the collaborative processes between Child Protection and specialist family violence services
are current research areas. Cathy was a social work practitioner for 16 years prior to becoming
an academic.

Ilan Katz Ilan Katz is a professor in the Social Policy Research Centre at the University of New
South Wales, having directed the Centre 2005–2011. After graduating as a social worker in

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 xii CONTRIBUTORS

South Africa, he moved to the United Kingdom and worked in the statutory, including the
Department of Education, and non-government sectors. He was Head of Practice Development
and Research at the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. His research
covers a wide range of social policy issues for supporting vulnerable and marginalised people.
Ilan has led a number of large-scale evaluations in child protection, mental health and welfare
reform.

Emily Keddell Emily is a lecturer on the Social Work program at the University of Otago. Her
practice background is in child protection and family support social work. Parenting and foster
parenting are also important sources of her current knowledge base. Her research interests
include risk, safety and decision-making in child protection, with a particular focus on decision
variability. She is also interested in inequalities in the child welfare domain; the uses of data
in child protection systems; systems design with a focus on prevention; and how policy and
practice might respond to people with multiple ethnicities.

Jay Marlowe Jay Marlowe is a social worker and associate professor at the University of
Auckland. His primary field of research is in the area of refugee settlement, with a focus on
wellbeing, identity, social inclusion, disaster risk reduction and understandings of trauma. As
a social worker and former visiting fellow with the Refugee Studies Centre at the University of
Oxford, he has experience working with refugee communities as a practitioner and researcher.
Jay is currently leading research projects related to disaster risk reduction with refugees and the
practices of transnational family and friendship through social media.

Sharlene Nipperess Sharlene Nipperess is a lecturer and program manager of the undergraduate
social work programs at RMIT University, Melbourne. Her research focuses on human rights
and, in particular, its relationship with critical social work practice and environmental justice.
Sharlene also researches on critical multicultural practice, social work ethics and policy and
practice with refugees and asylum seekers. Sharlene is President of the Australian and New
Zealand Social Work and Welfare Education and Research (ANZSWWER) association and is a
member of the Australasia–Pacific Board of the international journal Ethics and Social Welfare.

Mike O’Brien Associate Professor Mike O’Brien works part-time in the social work program at
the University of Auckland. He is a life member of the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of
Social Workers and has written and researched (nationally and internationally) extensively on
social security and welfare changes, poverty (with a particular focus on child poverty), social
justice and social work, social services and social policy. He has been an active member of a
range of social service groups including the New Zealand Council of Christian Social services,
Te Waipuna Puawai and the Auckland City Mission.

Rosalie Pockett Rosalie Pockett is an honorary senior lecturer, Sydney School of Education and
Social Work, the University of Sydney and has a long career in hospital and health social work
practice. Rosalie is Chair of the Editorial Board of Australian Social Work and is a member
of the Australasian Board of the international journal Social Work Education. With expertise
and publications in practice-based research, clinical data-mining and academic–practitioner
partnerships, her ongoing research interests include health inequalities; interprofessional
education; critical reflection in education and practice; leadership and management in social
work; the occupational culture of hospital social work; and oncology social work practice.

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 CONTRIBUTORS xiii

David Rose David Rose is Senior Lecturer in Social Work at the University of Melbourne.
Prior to taking up a full-time academic position in 2010, he worked for many years in clinical,
management, program design and evaluation roles within the alcohol and other drug treatment,
offender support and forensic mental health areas. He has developed drug support programs in
complex service contexts and his PhD examined the impact of drug use on siblings of the user.
David is the co-author of The Organisational Context of Human Service Practice (2013).

Leland A. Ruwhiu Dr Leland A. Ruwhiu is the eldest child of Pirihi Te Ohaki Ruwhiu & Waikaraka
Emily Pere, an indigenous social and community work practitioner, theorist, researcher, poet
and educator of Ngaphui, Ngatiporou and Ngati Kahungunu descent. Prior to his current role
as Principal Advisor Maori for Oranga Tamariki, Ministry for Vulnerable Children, he was at
Manukau Institute of Technology.

Annabel Taylor Annabel Taylor is an Associate Professor based at Central Queensland University
and is currently Director of the Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence
Research. In 2015 she was appointed to the Queensland Child Death Review Panel. Prior to
moving to Queensland Dr Taylor taught in the Social Work and Human Services program at the
University of Canterbury in New Zealand and was Director of the Te Awatea Violence Research
Centre. She was a Galpin Fellow in 2013 based at Quinnipiac University in the United States.
Her research and publications have encompassed criminal justice, social work, gender-based
violence and domestic and family violence.

Charlotte Williams Charlotte Williams OBE is Professor and Deputy Dean Social Work at
RMIT University, Melbourne. She has over 25 years’ experience in social work education
holding senior academic leadership roles. She is a professionally qualified social worker and has
worked in a range of social services including housing, health and social development in the
United Kingdom and internationally. Charlotte’s research focuses on issues of contemporary
multiculturalisms, ethnicities and ‘race’ in professional practice and professional education.
Her recent books include Social Work in a Diverse Society (2016), and Social Work and the City:
Urban Themes in 21st Century Social Work (2016).

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 xiv PREFACE

PREFACE
Social work across Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia has a rich history of
development, and we have worked with writers across our two countries to bring
together this new edition of our trans-Tasman text. Interestingly, writers across
disciplinary boundaries are beginning to engage with the notion of a ‘Tasman world’
that has been in existence for most of the twentieth century, but has gone largely
unrecognised. Philippa Mein Smith, Peter Hempenstall and Shaun Goldfinch (2008)
in their book, Remaking the Tasman World, trace similar reciprocal influences across
a range of cultural and policy contexts. They show that, in many areas, policy and
practice transfer is a consistent and growing feature of trans-Tasman relations.
In bringing together this fourth edition, we wanted to be sure that the chapters
continued to speak to students in both Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, addressing
common trans-Tasman concerns while at the same time responding to the unique
experiences of social work within each country. The strategy we used to achieve this
was to foster trans-Tasman collaborations back in the second edition—writers from
Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand teaming up to write chapters within their area
of expertise. We had a wonderful response then, as authors welcomed the opportunity
to collaborate, and indeed commented on the way in which this enriched both their
own thinking and the product of their efforts. For this fourth edition, many of those
collaborations have continued and strengthened, and new ones have formed. We hope
that in reading these chapters you will also gain from the vibrant interplay of trans-
Tasman perspectives and practices while at the same time recognising the relevance of
your own unique national and cultural environment.
As we have worked through these subsequent editions, we have noted many clear
similarities in social work across the Tasman world, but also encountered significant
differences both among Australian states and between the two countries. For example,
we had a lively debate about which term we preferred when writing about the people
with whom we work. A well-established term across both countries has been ‘client’,
and some writers robustly use the term on the basis that many statutory clients do not
voluntarily choose to use our services and therefore the term ‘client’ more honestly
portrays the power relationship. The term ‘service user’ was favoured by others,
interestingly for much the same reasons. Dissatisfaction with both terms has generated
alternative descriptors, for example ‘program participant’. Insightfully, one of our
authors noted that existing terms tend to become pejorative in the hands of the next
wave of critique. So in the end we decided that we did not need to settle on a single
term. This book uses a variety of terms to describe those whom we seek to serve, and
we choose to see this as a tribute to the diversity of social work!
We have divided the book into the two broad sections: Part 1 explores contemporary
issues in social work, which in turn provide the context of practice and the broad-
ranging influences that shape our profession, particularly its vision and development.

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 PREFACE xv

Part 2 then considers the diverse fields of practice in which social workers find
employment.
The first three chapters of Part 1 introduce us to the generic knowledge base
of social work. Louise Harms and Jane Maidment begin the book by exploring
the art and science of social work in Chapter 1. After looking at the personal and
professional issues that shape social work practice, they consider the ways in which
knowledge, encompassing both empirical research and practice wisdom, contributes
to multifaceted social work responses. In particular, the chapter summarises a set
of social work lenses that influence disciplinary interpretations of practice, research
and policy. This then provides a sound foundation for Marie Connolly and Karen
Healy to explore social work theory in Chapter 2. Traversing the range of practice
theories available to practitioners, they argue that practice theories are part of a rich
and compelling intellectual tradition within the social work profession. In recent years
there has been a growing emphasis on research-enriched practice and the authors
identify ways in which research findings, theoretical insights and practice wisdom
can be integrated within dynamic practice frameworks. We then move on to look
at social work’s responses to issues involving values, social justice and disadvantage.
Social work as a profession has long been a supporter of human rights and social
justice. In Chapter 3 Sharlene Nipperess explores key ideas relating to social justice
and critical reflection. She examines human rights and the human wellbeing values
that underpin them. Social workers often find themselves in the middle of contested
disputes involving human and moral rights, and the ways in which these are resolved
can have far-reaching consequences. Mike O’Brien in Chapter 4 argues the centrality
of social justice to ethically based social work practice. With a focus on poverty, Mike
reminds us that pursuing social justice aims and working to reduce social inequality
are two of the fundamental objectives of our profession. In this chapter Mike examines
how some groups in society do not have adequate access to an income to ensure the
fundamental needs of the family are met. Using income household data from New
Zealand and a case study, Mike asks readers to consider how they might respond at
both micro and macro ways to address poverty with people in practice.
Although cultural themes have been woven provocatively throughout all chapters
in this book, we devote the final chapter of Part 1 to cultural issues. In Chapter 5,
Charlotte Williams explores the changing nature of cross-cultural practice and
challenges preconceptions regarding its nature over time. She reminds us that not
all cultures are considered equal and that some are afforded much more power and
privilege than others. Notions of power, equity and fairness are central to Charlotte’s
analysis. She challenges us to ensure that new models of practice engage with these
ideas in ways that are transformative in addressing the deep and sustained inequalities
that exist, and to the power differentials that can people experience within practice
settings.
Having discussed the influences that have shaped trans-Tasman social work,
we move on in Part 2 to examine specific fields of practice. The next three chapters
focus on specific cultural experiences. In Chapter 6, Stephanie Gilbert explores
Indigenous issues in the Australian context. While Aboriginal people in Australia

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 xvi PREFACE

have experienced one of the harshest histories of cultural exploitation, there are,
nevertheless, important aspects of Aboriginal hope and resilience to be explored.
She believes that it is critical that social workers understand the history of Aboriginal
displacement and recognise the ways in which services can continue to disadvantage
the life chances of Indigenous people. In another exploration of hope and resilience
in the face of historical adversity, Leland Ruwhiu discusses indigenous issues from a
Māori perspective in Chapter 7. Identifying key aspects of indigenous Māori culture
and history that impact on wellbeing, he explores the ways in which these insights
can be integrated into professional perspectives and practices. Leland challenges us to
move from paternalistic responses towards culturally responsive social work practices
that are respectful of indigenous knowledge, wisdom and experience. In Chapter
8, Yvonne Crichton-Hill identifies how social work with Pasifika people must take
account of the intersecting social and economic factors, culture, and life experiences
that together explain current living circumstances. Yvonne notes that the application
of both ecological theory and critical social theory can enhance practice in this cultural
space while also being cognisant of the social exclusion that Pasifika people frequently
experience. In this chapter Yvonne also reports on the process used to develop the first
ever Pasifika specific conceptual framework Nga vaka o kainga tapu to address family
violence.
Cathy Humphreys and Kristin Diemer, in Chapter 9, examine family violence,
a social problem that cuts across boundaries of culture, class and age. They look
particularly at the ubiquitous nature of domestic violence, and in particular the way
in which it affects the wellbeing of women and children who are exposed to it. They
note the importance of practitioners understanding the dynamics of violence within
families, and the need for us to refocus the work, ensuring that violent men are held
accountable for their actions.
Next, in Chapter 10, Jay Marlowe and Linda Briskman focus on practice with
refugees and asylum seekers. They argue that in order to collectively address the
multiple needs of these people we need to develop social work initiatives across the
micro, meso and macro practice dimensions. Only then, they argue, will we effectively
advance their human rights.
In Chapter 11, Liz Beddoe and Rosalie Pockett open the discussion of health social
work. In recent years, the market-driven economy and its associated ideologies have
had a significant influence on the provision of health services in Australia and New
Zealand, affecting also social work services within the health setting. They examine the
ways in which social workers can effect changes through both direct practice and wider
systems interventions. At the same time, they explore the threats and opportunities for
the role of social workers in these diverse health settings.
Continuing the health theme in Chapter 12, Lorna Hallahan discusses the potential
for people with disabilities to be disempowered by social work policy and practice.
Challenging social workers to critically analyse their work, she argues the need to
engage in interventions that include, empower and support people with disabilities.
Next, in Chapter 13, Jane Maidment and Ralph Hampson focus on social work
with older people. In this chapter, readers will find a comprehensive overview of

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 PREFACE xvii

theories on ageing; an examination of healthy ageing; and an exposition on holistic

assessment with older persons. Ralph and Jane also explore some of the practical
components of work with older people such as facilitating family meetings, addressing
caregiver stress, and management of chronic disease. Both authors note the increasing
and evolving opportunities for social workers practising with older people across
Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia.
In Chapter 14, Lynne Briggs and Carole Adamson share their extensive experience
of mental health practice in New Zealand and Australia. They consider the breadth of
practice in this key area of social work and reinforce both the importance of disciplinary
strength in the context of multi-disciplinary teams, and of taking a leadership role
in the health reforms that are occurring in both countries. Lynne and Carole note
that recovery perspectives are increasingly a dominant focus of mental health policy
and service delivery along with an emphasis on service user involvement in recovery,
support and intervention.
Social work also has a long tradition of playing a key professional role within
specialist drug treatment services, and in Chapter 15 David Rose and Janet Farrow
strongly position social workers to meet the challenges associated with problematic
drug use affecting individuals, their families and the wider community. Exploring
the multifactorial causes and consequences of problematic drug use, they identify the
links between biological, psychological, cultural and social determinants.
We then move on to child and family welfare practice in Chapter 16, with Emily
Keddell and Ilan Katz exploring the ways in which different countries establish
somewhat different systems to respond to vulnerable children and families. Emily and
Ilan use an ecological model of child development to explore issues of child protection
across the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. They consider
system responses to child protection from both an Australian and Aotearoa New
Zealand perspective, and explore some of the challenges in providing services in a
pressured and often uncertain practice environment.
Social work practice with at-risk young people in the context of the criminal
justice system is the focus of Chapter 17. Annabel Taylor and Andrew Frost argue
that the criminal justice practice context confronts social work with some of its most
significant challenges, where the underlying drivers for crime such as poverty and
inequality butt up against calls for getting tough with offenders. They argue that the
youth justice sector of criminal justice represents a critical practice nexus for social
work as it is the meeting point of welfare and justice. This chapter includes discussion
on the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) rehabilitation framework, ‘strengths-based’
rehabilitation approaches and an exploration of restorative justice and youth justice.
Margaret Alston and Louise Harms then complete the fields of practice with
an examination of Chapter 18 with an examination of social work in the context of
disasters. They explore the role of social work in supporting psychosocial responses to
disaster, and the ways in which people’s recovery and resilience can be promoted. Their
discussion reinforces the constant and complex interaction between people and their
environments, including the physical and built environments in which we live and the
important role they play in sustaining or threatening our wellbeing.

00_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 17 3/08/2017 4:57 PM

 xviii PREFACE

Finally, Chapter 19 draws the book to a close with Louise Harms, Marie Connolly
and Jane Maidment reflecting on practice across the Tasman world. Confirming the
richness of practice and scholarship found throughout the pages of this book, they
then explore the major themes emerging from this expanded fourth edition. Perhaps
not surprisingly, cultural issues critically influence divergent practice developments
in both countries, but an enduring commitment to social justice and the protection
of human rights also help to shape convergent social work perspectives and practices.
In bringing together this book, we have found social work across Aotearoa New
Zealand and Australia continues to be in good shape. The depth of scholarship and
practice in both countries will stand us in good stead as we confront the inevitable
challenges of the twenty-first century. We hope that this new edition of Social Work:
Contexts and Practice will continue to respond to the concerns of social work students,
practitioners, managers and educators—and that it contributes to strengthening our
profession across the Tasman world.

Marie Connolly, Louise Harms and Jane Maidment

May 2017

00_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 18 3/08/2017 4:57 PM

 1

PART

1
SOCIAL WORK AND
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
In Part 1, we set the scene for understanding social work practice in
the trans-Tasman context. We begin by introducing some of the major
theoretical underpinnings and methods of social work practice, with a
particular focus on culture, disadvantage and critical reflection. Social
workers need to understand the impacts of poverty and power, so we
have paid particular attention to these issues. Cultural responsiveness is
critical to social work, so we have focused on the ways in which culture
is understood and how it engages with notions of power, equity and
fairness. Hence, Part 1 establishes what we consider to be foundational
perspectives for social work practice.

01_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 1 3/08/2017 4:58 PM

 2 PART 1: SOCIAL WORK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

01_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 2 3/08/2017 4:58 PM

 3

1 The Art and Science of

Social Work
Louise Harms and Jane Maidment

KEY POINTS
• Social workers continually integrate different sources of knowledge into practice.
• The ‘science’ of social work practice relates to the knowledge base of evidence and
theories that you draw on to understand human behaviour and the social environment,
and the interventions required.
• The ‘art’ of social work practice refers to the ways in which you use these practice
theories within the context of your own professional development and in the unique
client situations in which you work.
• Critical reflection and reflexivity are vital integrative processes in your social work practice.

KEY TERMS
critical reflection
fields of practice
interpretative lens
personal-self
practice theory
praxis
professional-self
reflexivity
supervision

Introduction
From the personal to the professional sphere, and from the professional to the social
sphere, many things influence the practising of social work. The notion that social
work involves both art and science emerges from an awareness that social workers
integrate the following into practice:
• theories about people and their environments fields of practice:
Evidence-based
• evidence-based knowledge of particular populations and social problems or
knowledge of
fields of practice, and the effectiveness of various resources and interventions and practice with
in ameliorating these problems particular populations
• themselves as agents of change. and social problems.

01_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 3 3/08/2017 4:58 PM

 4 PART 1: SOCIAL WORK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Social work requires the practitioner to integrate complex and evolving knowledge
arising from evidence bases and practice theories, as well as personal, professional
and cultural contexts. The ‘science’ dimensions of social work are encompassed by the
available evidence bases derived from social science research and practice theories.
The ‘art’ of social work comes about as social work practitioners weave together this
scientific knowledge with personal strengths and skills, social and cultural experiences,
personal-self: professional knowledge and practice wisdom, and adapt these to the unique and
How our personal
particular situations in which we work. While this terminology runs the risk of
views are
constructed and separating knowledge as stemming from either research (science) or experience (art),
influence our it serves as a useful reminder of the complex interaction of knowledge and skills that
interpretations and social workers must engage with in practice.
actions. This chapter explores the ways in which social workers integrate understandings
of their personal-self and professional-self. It explores the ways in which theory
professional-self:
informs practice and how the worker’s personal and professional experiences enrich
How our
professional
practice development. It argues that an understanding of the interaction between the
experiences worker’s personal and professional spheres is essential to practice that is reflective and
enrich our practice responsive to the needs of social work clients in Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand
development. communities.

Understanding theory: thinking about practice-in-situation

Practice theories are used to describe and explain the nature of people’s circumstances,
and the nature of change. A theory can be described as a systematic ordering of
ideas that have been drawn from a range of knowledge sources—for example, our
observations, experiences, research, expert knowledge, cultural understandings, and
the worker’s personal stories that are based on a lived experience (see Figure 1.1).
The English social work theorist Malcolm Payne (2005: 6), drawing on Sibeon
(1990), identifies three types of social work theory—theories of what social work
is, theories of how to do social work, and theories about the world of the client. In
summary, social work practice theories seek to explain the nature of human troubles

FIGURE 1.1 Personal stories

The development and lived experience
of practice theory
Theories of knowledge, Scientific
e.g. human development research

IDEAS

Observations in Cultural
the field understandings

Arranged in a systematic and

understandable way = practice theory

01_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 4 7/08/2017 10:11 AM

 CHAPTER 1: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SOCIAL WORK 5

and the processes of change. They provide, more or less, a complete perspective on
how we might understand a particular client’s situation. In explaining the roots of eclectic practice:
the problem (causality), a theory suggests an approach to practice (method) and will Selecting aspects of
different theories
often supply techniques that are consistent with the theoretical explanation. Hence,
and using them
theory unfolds into the practice approach, which translates into a technique. Some in combination,
social workers have a purist approach to practice, in that they use a particular theory to or selecting the
explain the variety of problems with which clients present. Others have a more eclectic theory that most
approach, either using different theories as they seem useful (theoretical eclecticism) appropriately
or using differing techniques derived from differing theoretical frameworks as relates to the nature
appropriate (technical eclecticism). For further discussion on using social work theory of the presenting
problems of a client.
in eclectic practice, see Chapter 2, and Payne (2005).
The application of practice theory is also influenced by disciplinary beliefs and practice theory:
culture. So, for example, when social workers practise using a particular theoretical Social work theories
frame they interpret the ideas through a disciplinary lens that incorporates social work that seek to explain
the nature of
values, beliefs and knowledge (Connolly & Harms, 2015). This creates a distinctive
human troubles and
disciplinary application of theory that will differ from, for example, the way a the processes of
psychologist might apply the same theory. Practice theories that are typically used in change.
social work are not necessarily the sole purview of the social work profession. Indeed,
other professions use a similar set of theories. We would argue that it is the influence of
the social work disciplinary lenses that turn them into social work practice theories (see
Chapter 2). Teasing out the nature of our disciplinary interpretative lenses, Connolly
and Harms (2012) identify four enduring and overlapping disciplinary attachments
reflecting professional values, beliefs and understandings that influence, sometimes
moderate and ideally always enhance the practice of theory:

• The relational lens reflects a commitment to relationship-based practice, and

has been formative in the development of social work over time (Howe, 2009).
Indeed Teater (2010) argues that building relationships in practice is a necessary
component of effective social work. So from a social work perspective, no matter
what theoretical framework is used, it is embedded in a relationship context of
engaging with and listening to the client.
• The social justice lens intersects with the relational lens, providing a critical edge
to social work—a reminder of the profession’s commitment to social action:
‘Embraced as an essential interpretative lens, a focus on social justice challenges interpretative lens:
individualistic responses that can negatively merge with notions of individual A way of viewing a
situation to make
culpability, blame and stigmatization’ (Connolly & Harms, 2015: 19). The social
sense of it.
justice interpretative lens therefore challenges disadvantage, sharpens insight and
injects a social action element into the theory practised.
• The reflective lens acknowledges the importance of understanding cultural
thinking and the ways in which both personal and professional values and beliefs
influence social work practice. It is something we will come back to later in the
chapter. Like the first two interpretative prisms, relationship and social justice,
the importance of reflection has featured prominently in social work thinking

Louise Harms and Jane Maidment

01_CON_SWCP_4e_08728_TXT_SI.indd 5 3/08/2017 4:58 PM

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