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BRYM
ROBERTS
STROHSCHEIN
SOCIOLOGY
Compass for a New Social World
COMPASS
FOR A
NEW
SOCIAL
Sociology
SIXTH
EDITION
WORLD
6 nelson.com
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-684969-6
ISBN-10: 0-17-684969-6
9 780176 849696
ROBERT BRYM
LANCE W. ROBERTS
LISA STROHSCHEIN
Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
Preface, xv BOX 1.4 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:

ARE CORPORATE SCANDALS A PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUAL
ETHICS OR SOCIAL POLICY?, 30
PART 1 Summary, 32
Foundations, 1 Note, 32
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
A Sociological Compass, 2 How Sociologists Do Research, 33
Introduction, 3 Science and Experience, 34
Why You Need a Compass for a New World, 3 OTTFFSSENT, 34
The Goals of This Chapter, 4 Levels of Experience, 34
Scientific vs. Unscientific Thinking, 36
The Sociological Perspective, 5
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide, 5 Research Preliminaries, 37
Suicide in Canada Today, 7 Research Approaches, 37
From Personal Troubles to Social Structures, 8 The Research Act: Connecting Ideas to Evidence, 41
Ethical Considerations, 42
BOX 1.1 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
SUICIDE AND THE INNU OF LABRADOR, 9 BOX 2.1 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
GOVERNMENT NUTRITIONAL EXPERIMENTS IN
The Sociological Imagination, 10 RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS, 44
BOX 1.2 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: BOX 2.2 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:
HIDDEN FIGURES, 11 ZERO DARK THIRTY, 45
BOX 1.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Quantitative Approaches, 45

SHOCK TV GETS POLITICAL, 12 Measuring Variables, 46
Experiments, 47
Origins of the Sociological Imagination, 12 Surveys, 47
Theories, Research, and Values, 14
Theories, 15
PRIVACY, POLITICS, AND THE CANADIAN CENSUS, 48
Research, 16
Values, 16 Qualitative Approaches, 54
Sociological Theory and Theorists, 16 Participant Observation, 55
Functionalism, 16 BOX 2.4 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
Conflict Theory, 17 UNDERCOVER BOSS, 56
Symbolic Interactionism, 20
Feminist Theory, 22 Qualitative Interviewing, 58
Fashion Cycles and the Four Theoretical The Importance of Being Subjective, 59
Perspectives, 24 Summary, 60
Functionalism, 25
Conflict Theory, 25
Symbolic Interactionism, 26
Feminism, 26
PART 2
A Sociological Compass, 27
Basic Social Processes, 63
Equality vs. Inequality of Opportunity, 27
CHAPTER 3
Freedom vs. Constraint, 28
Why Sociology?, 29 Culture, 64
Careers in Sociology, 29 Culture as Problem Solving, 65
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viii Contents
Culture as Meaning Generator, 65 At the Intersection of Biography

Culture Defined, 66 and History, 98
The Origins of Culture, 66 A Sociology of the Life Course, 99
Four Types of Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboos, Age Cohort, 101
and Laws, 68 Generation, 101
BOX 3.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: How Socialization Works, 103
SPOTLIGHT, 69 Theories and Agents of Socialization, 104
Families, 104
Culture and Biology, 69 Schools: Functions and Conflicts, 105
The Evolution of Human Behaviour, 69 Symbolic Interactionism and the Self-Fulfilling
Language and the Sapir-Whorf Thesis, 71 Prophecy, 106
A Functionalist Analysis of Culture: Culture Peer Groups, 106
and Ethnocentrism, 72 The Mass Media, 107
Culture as Freedom, 74 BOX 4.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Production, 74 CYBER-BULLYING, 108
Cultural Diversity, 74
Multiculturalism, 75 The Mass Media and the Feminist Approach to
Socialization, 108
BOX 3.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?: Resocialization and Total Institutions, 109
SHOULD RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS BE BANNED IN PUBLIC
Socialization and the Flexible Self, 110
SPACES?, 76
Self-Identity and the Internet, 111
A Conflict Analysis of Culture: The Rights
BOX 4.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
Revolution, 77
SELF-TRANSFORMATION: EXTREME MAKEOVER
BOX 3.3 IT’S YOUR CHOICE: AND ITS SPINOFFS, 112
FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Summary, 113
OR ETHNOCENTRISM?, 78
From Diversity to Globalization, 79

Postmodernism, 81 CHAPTER 5
Canada: The First Postmodern Culture?, 83 Social Interaction, 115
Culture as Constraint, 86 The Building Blocks of Interaction, 116
BOX 3.4 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: BOX 5.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
THE CROWN, 86 SUITS, 118
Rationalization and Time Use, 87 BOX 5.2 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:

Consumerism, 88 WE LIVE IN PUBLIC, 120
From Counterculture to Subculture, 89
Feminist Theory and Emotions, 120
Cultural Capital, 90
Emotion Management, 121
Virtual Culture as Freedom
Emotion Labour, 122
and Constraint, 91
Emotions in Historical Perspective, 123
Summary, 92
Conflict Theories of Social Interaction, 125
Competing for Attention, 125
CHAPTER 4 Power and Social Interaction, 125
Socialization, 94 BOX 5.3 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
The Consequences of Social Isolation HAVE SOCIAL MEDIA RUINED INTERPERSONAL
in Childhood, 95 COMMUNICATION?, 126
BOX 4.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: Power and Position, 128

THE SPACE BETWEEN US, 96 Symbolic Interaction, 129
Formation of the Self, 97 Goffman’s Dramaturgical Analysis, 129
Freud, 97 Ethnomethodology, 130
Cooley’s Symbolic Interactionism, 97 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, 131
Mead, 98 From Small Processes to Big Structures, 135
NEL
Contents ix

DOES NEGOTIATING SOCIAL ORDER TAKE TOO MUCH PART 3
TIME AND ENERGY?, 136 Inequality, 165
Summary, 136
CHAPTER 7
Deviance and Crime, 166
CHAPTER 6 The Social Definition of Deviance and
Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, Crime, 167
and Societies, 138 The Difference between Deviance and Crime, 167
Beyond Individual Motives, 139 Sanctions, 167
The Holocaust, 139 BOX 7.1 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
How Social Groups Shape Our Actions, 139 VIOLENCE AND HOCKEY: DEVIANT, CRIMINAL, OR
NORMATIVE?, 169
BOX 6.1 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
GROUP LOYALTY OR BETRAYAL?, 141 Measuring Crime, 169
Social Networks, 143 BOX 7.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
It’s a Small World, 143 SHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED?, 170
Finding a Job, 144 Criminal Profiles, 173
Urban Networks, 145
Explaining Deviance and Crime, 175
Online Networks, 145
Symbolic Interactionist Approaches to Deviance
The Building Blocks of Social Networks, 146
and Crime, 175
BOX 6.2 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Functionalist Explanations, 177
WESTWORLD, 147
BOX 7.3 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:
Is Group Loyalty Always Functional?, 148 HELL OR HIGH WATER, 177
Love and Group Loyalty, 148 BOX 7.4 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
Primary and Secondary Groups, 149 BETTER CALL SAUL, 179
Benefits of Group Conformity, 149
Conflict Theories, 180
Disadvantages of Group Conformity, 151
Feminist Contributions, 181
Groupthink and Bystander Apathy, 151
Group Conformity, Group Conflict, and Group Social Control and Regulation, 183
Inequality, 151 Internal and External Social Control, 183
Groups and Social Imagination, 153 Trends in Social Control, 183
The Medicalization of Deviance, 185
Bureaucracies, 153
The Prison, 186
Bureaucratic Inefficiency, 153
Moral Panic, 188
Bureaucracy’s Informal Side, 155
Alternative Forms of Punishment, 189
Summary, 192
THE ZOOKEEPER’S WIFE, 156
Leadership, 157
CHAPTER 8
Overcoming Bureaucratic Inefficiency, 157
Societies, 158
Social Stratification, 193
Foraging Societies, 159 Patterns of Social Inequality, 194
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies, 160 Shipwrecks and Inequality, 194
Agricultural Societies, 160 Economic Inequality in Canada, 194
Industrial Societies, 161 Explanations of Income Inequality, 197
Postindustrial Societies, 161 Income vs. Wealth, 199
Postnatural Societies, 162 BOX 8.1 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
Freedom and Constraint in Social SHOULD WEALTH TRUMP WORK?, 200
Life, 163
Income and Poverty, 202
Summary, 163 Explaining Poverty, 204
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BOX 8.2 IT’S YOUR CHOICE: CHAPTER 10

SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDE A GUARANTEED
INCOME?, 205
Race and Ethnicity, 244
Defining Race and Ethnicity, 245
Theories of Stratification, 207 The Great Brain Robbery, 245
Conflict Perspectives, 207 Race, Biology, and Society, 246
Power, 211 Ethnicity, Culture, and Social Structure, 248
BOX 8.3 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: BOX 10.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:
THE HUNGER GAMES, 212 ZOOTOPIA, 249
BOX 8.4 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Ethnic and Racial Stratification in Canada, 250
TREME: HOW INEQUALITY SHAPES DISASTER, 213 Canadian Multiculturalism, 251
Social Mobility, 214 BOX 10.2 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
SHOULD WE RECRUIT FEWER IMMIGRANTS AND VISIBLE
Perceptions of Class Inequality, 216
MINORITIES?, 253
Summary, 217
Race and Ethnic Relations: The Symbolic
CHAPTER 9 Interactionist Approach, 253
Labels and Identity, 253
Globalization, Inequality, and Ethnic and Racial Labels: Imposition vs.
Development, 219 Choice, 254
The Creation of a Global Village, 220
The Triumphs and Tragedies of Globalization, 220
MASTER OF NONE, 255
The Sources and Contours of Globalization, 222
Globalization in Everyday Life, 222 Conflict Theories of Race and Ethnicity, 256
Internal Colonialism, 256
CAN WORK CONDITIONS BE IMPROVED IN CLOTHING BOX 10.4 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
FACTORIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?, 223 IS THE NATIONAL INQUIRY INTO MISSING AND MURDERED
INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS NEEDED?, 258
The Sources of Globalization, 223
The Theory of the Split Labour Market
and the Case of Asian Canadians, 262
THE AMAZING RACE, 224
Some Advantages of Ethnicity, 263
A World Like the United States?, 227 The Future of Race and Ethnicity
Globalization and Its Discontents: in Canada, 266
Anti-Globalization and Anti-Americanism, 229
The History of Globalization, 229 Summary, 269
Development and Underdevelopment, 231

Levels and Trends in Global Inequality, 231 CHAPTER 11
Modernization Theory: A Functionalist Sexualities and Gender Stratification, 271
Approach, 234
Dependency Theory: A Conflict Approach, 234 Sex, Intersex, Gender, Transgender, 272
Core, Periphery, and Semiperiphery, 235 Sex and Intersex, 272
Neoliberal vs. Democratic Globalization, 238 Theories of Gender, 273
Globalization and Neoliberalism, 238 Essentialism: Sociobiology and Evolutionary
Foreign Aid, Debt Cancellation, and Tariff Psychology, 273
Reduction, 239 Functionalism and Essentialism, 274
A Critique of Essentialism from the Conflict
BOX 9.3 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: and Feminist Perspectives, 274
CAPTAIN PHILLIPS, 240 Social Constructionism and Symbolic
Democratic Globalization, 241 Interactionism, 276
Gender Segregation and Interaction, 277
Summary, 242 The Mass Media and Body Image, 279
Notes, 243
NEL
Contents xi
BOX 11.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: BOX 12.4 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
TODDLERS & TIARAS, 281 PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED DEATH: NOT FOR THOSE
WITH A MENTAL ILLNESS, 323
Male–Female Interaction, 283
Summary, 324
Sexuality, 284
Sexuality and Resistance, 284
Enforcing Heteronormativity, 285
THE IMITATION GAME, 288 PART 4
Gender Inequality, 289 Institutions, 327
The Origins of Gender Inequality, 290
The Women’s Movement, 291 CHAPTER 13
Gender Inequality in the Labour Market, 293 Work and the Economy, 328
Eliminating the Gender Gap in Earnings, 295 The Promise and History of Work, 329
Male Aggression against Women, 296 Salvation or Curse?, 329
BOX 11.3 IT’S YOUR CHOICE: Economic Sectors and Revolutions, 330
DOES A RAPE CULTURE EXIST ON UNIVERSITY “Good” vs. “Bad” Jobs, 332
AND COLLEGE CAMPUSES?, 298 The Deskilling Thesis, 333
Summary, 300 BOX 13.1 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
ARE YOU PREPARED FOR DIGITAL TAYLORISM?, 334
CHAPTER 12 A Critique of the Deskilling Thesis, 336

Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, The Social Relations of Work, 337
Labour Market Segmentation, 338
and Death, 301
Worker Resistance and Management
Thinking about the Human Body Response, 339
Sociologically, 302
BOX 12.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: SUPPORTING A REDUCED WORKWEEK, 341
ROBOCOP, 304
Unions and Professional Organizations, 341
Society and the Human Body, 305 Barriers between the Primary and Secondary
The Body and Social Status: A Feminist Labour Markets, 342
Interpretation, 305 The Time Crunch and Its Effects, 343
Disability, 310 The Problem of Markets, 344
Disability in Canada, 311
The Social Construction of Disability, 312 Capitalism, Communism, and Democratic
Socialism, 346
Rehabilitation and Elimination, 312
Capitalism, 346
Ableism, 313
Challenging Ableism: The Normality of Disability, 313 BOX 13.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
DRAGONS’ DEN, 346
FROM MALCOLM IN THE MIDDLE TO SPEECHLESS, 315 Communism, 347
Aging, 315 BOX 13.4 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:
The Sociology of Aging, 315 THE BIG SHORT, 348
Population Aging in Canada and Around the
Democratic Socialism, 350
World, 316
Intergenerational Tensions: A Conflict The Corporation, 350
Interpretation, 318 Globalization, 351
Death and Dying, 320 Globalization in the Less Developed
Countries, 352
The Future of Work and the Economy, 353
NEGOTIATING THE AMBIGUITY BETWEEN SOCIAL
AND BIOLOGICAL DEATH, 322 Summary, 353
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xii Contents
CHAPTER 14 Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions, 395

Politics, 355 BOX 15.2 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
Introduction, 356 THE REAL O’NEALS, 396
Free Trade and Democracy, 356
Divorce, 397
What Is Politics? Key Terms, 357
Predictors of Divorce, 398
BOX 14.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Consequences of Divorce, 398
GAME OF THRONES, 358 Economic Hardship, 399
Reproduction, 402
Theories of Democracy, 360
Reproductive Choice, 403
A Functionalist Account: Pluralist Theory, 360
Conflict Approaches I: Elite Theory, 361 BOX 15.3 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
MEDICAL ABORTION: A NEW OPTION FOR
CANADIAN WOMEN, 403
INCREASING THE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN
CANADIAN POLITICS, 362 Reproductive Technologies, 404
Zero-Child Families, 405
BOX 14.3 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: Lone-Parent Families, 406
THE IDES OF MARCH, 363 Step-Parent Families, 406
Conflict Approaches II: Marxist Rejoinders to Elite Family Policy, 407
Theory, 364 Summary, 410
Conflict Approaches III: Power Resource
Theory, 364
Conflict Approaches IV: State-Centred Theory, 367 CHAPTER 16
The Future of Democracy, 370 Religion, 412
Two Cheers for Russian Democracy, 370 Religion and Society, 413
The Three Waves of Democracy, 372
Theoretical Approaches to the Sociology
The Social Preconditions of Democracy, 373
of Religion, 414
Postmaterialism and the Dilemma of Canadian
Durkheim’s Functionalist Approach, 414
Politics, 374
Politics by Other Means, 376 BOX 16.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
War, 376 FROM DUCK DYNASTY TO THE YOUNG POPE, 415
Terrorism and Related Forms of Political Religion, Feminist Theory, and Conflict
Violence, 378 Theory, 416
Summary, 380 Weber and the Problem of Social Change:
Notes, 381 A Symbolic Interactionist Interpretation, 420
The Rise, Decline, and Partial Revival of
CHAPTER 15 Religion, 421
Families, 382 The Rise of Religion, 421
Is “The Family” in Decline?, 383 The End of Religion?, 421
Functionalism and the Nuclear Ideal, 386 BOX 16.2 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
Functional Theory, 386 PRAYER IN CITY COUNCIL MEETINGS, 423
Foraging Societies, 386 The Market Theory, 424
The Canadian Family in the 1950s, 387 The Future of Religion, 429
Conflict and Feminist Theories, 389 Religion around the World, 429
The Gender Division of Labour, 390 Religious Tolerance, 429
Mate Selection, 391 Religious Affiliation in Canada, 430
Love and Mate Selection, 391
BOX 15.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: SILENCE, 431
BEAUTY AND THE BEAST, 392
Religiosity, 432
Marriage and Cohabitation, 393
Summary, 434
Living Apart Together, 395
NEL
Contents xiii
CHAPTER 17 BOX 18.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:

YOU THE JURY, 461
Education, 435
The Riot in St. Léonard, 436 The Rise of the Mass Media, 462
Causes of Media Growth, 463
Mass Education: An Overview, 437
Uniform Socialization, 438 Theories of Media Effects, 465
Rising Levels of Education, 439 Functionalism, 465
Conflict Theory, 466
IS GRADE INFLATION HARMFUL?, 439
CANADIAN BROADCASTING AND GOVERNMENT
Individual Advantages and Disadvantages, 440 REGULATION, 468
The Rise of Mass Schooling, 441
Mass Schooling and National Wealth, 441 Interpretive Approaches, 469
SNOWDEN, 470
IS VIRTUAL LEARNING A GOOD IDEA?, 442
Feminist Approaches, 471
The Functions of Education, 443
Centralized Control and Resistance on the
Latent Functions, 443
Internet, 474
Manifest Functions: The Logic of Industrialism, 444
Access, 475
Cultural Homogeneity and Solidarity, 444
Content, 476
Common School Standards, 444
Internet Advertising, 476
National Solidarity, 445
Biased Algorithms, 476
Sorting into Classes and Hierarchies: Online Piracy vs. Net Neutrality, 477
A Conflict Perspective, 445 Countertrends: The Rise of Social Media, 477
BOX 17.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Summary, 480
MR. D, 446
CHAPTER 19
Economic Barriers to Higher Education, 446
Health and Medicine, 481
The Black Death, 482
THE LOTTERY, 447
Health and Inequality, 483
Exclusion, Credentialism, and Professionalization, 448 Defining and Measuring Health, 483
Cultural Capital and Control, 449 The Social Causes of Illness and Death, 485
Reproducing Inequality: The Contribution BOX 19.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:
of Symbolic Interactionism, 450 INSIDE OUT, 487
The Hidden Curriculum, 450
Testing and Tracking, 451 Health Care and Medicine, 492
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, 452 The Canadian Health-Care System: A Conflict
Approach, 492
IS SCHOOL ENOUGH?, 453 BOX 19.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:
A MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS ON CANADIAN
Prospects and Challenges for Education in CAMPUSES, 495
Canada, 454
Gender Differences: A Feminist Perspective, 454 The Power of Medicine, 495
Participation and Indigenous Background, 454 The Social Limits of Modern Medicine, 498
International Competition, 456 BOX 19.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
THE BIG BANG THEORY, 499
Summary, 458
Challenges to Traditional Medical
CHAPTER 18 Science, 500
Mass Media and Mass Communication, 459 BOX 19.4 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
DO PARENTS HAVE A DUTY TO VACCINATE THEIR
The Significance of the Mass Media, 460
CHILDREN?, 501
Illusion Becomes Reality, 460
What Are the Mass Media?, 460 Summary, 503
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xiv Contents
Political Opportunities, 539

PART 5 Social Control, 540
Social Change, 505 Framing Discontent: A Symbolic Interactionist
Approach, 541
CHAPTER 20 Examples of Frame Alignment, 541
Population and Urbanization, 506 An Application of Frame Alignment Theory:
Population, 507 Back to 1968, 543
The City of God, 507 The History and Future of Social
The Population “Explosion”, 508 Movements, 544
The Past 300 Years, 544
INFERNO, 510
New Social Movements, 545
The Malthusian Trap, 510
V FOR VENDETTA, 547
A Critique of Malthus, 511
Demographic Transition Theory, 512 BOX 21.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
Population and Social Inequality, 514 MR. ROBOT, 549
BOX 20.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK: Summary, 551

HOW CAN WE FIND 120 MILLION MISSING WOMEN?, 516 Note, 551
Urbanization, 517 ONLINE CHAPTER 22

From the Preindustrial to the Industrial City, 517 Technology and the Global
The Chicago School and the Industrial City, 518
Environment, 22-1
After Chicago: A Critique, 520
The Corporate City, 522 Technology: Saviour or Frankenstein?, 22-2
Rural Communities, 523 BOX 22.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:
The Postmodern City, 524 BATTLESTAR GALACTICA, 22-3
BOX 20.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Technology and People Make History, 22-5
GIRLS, 526 How High Tech Became Big Tech, 22-7
Summary, 527 Environmental Degradation, 22-9
CHAPTER 21 WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES, 22-13
Collective Action and Social The Social Construction of Environmental

Movements, 528 Problems: A Symbolic Interactionist View, 22-14
How to Spark a Riot, 529 The Social Distribution of Environmental
The Study of Collective Action and Social Risk, 22-15
Movements, 530 BOX 22.3 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:
Non-Routine Collective Action, 530 THE CANADIAN OIL PIPELINE DEBATE, 22-17
The Vancouver Riot of 1907, 530
Breakdown Theory: A Functionalist Approach What Is to Be Done? Functionalist vs. Conflict
to Collective Action, 531 Solutions, 22-21
Assessing Breakdown Theory, 533 The Market and High Technology, 22-21
Social Movements, 535 A Workable Strategy?, 22-22
Solidarity Theory: A Conflict Approach, 535 Evolution and Sociology, 22-23
BOX 21.1 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?: Summary, 22-25
STATE SURVEILLANCE OF DEMONSTRATIONS, 537 Notes, 22-25
Strikes and the Union Movement in Canada, 538 Refrences, 552

Resource Mobilization, 538 Index, 593
NEL
Preface
COMPASS FOR A NEW SOCIAL WORLD
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age
of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of
Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven,
we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present
period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil,
in the superlative degree of comparison only.
—Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (2002 [1859])
Dickens refers to the end of the eighteenth century, yet he offers a prophetic description
of the times in which we live. We, too, set sail at the dawn of an age of superlatives, an
age of uncertainty.
Over the past couple of decades, we have torn old countries apart and created new
ones. We proclaimed a new era of medical breakthroughs with the sequencing of the
human genome, yet learned that the plague is still with us in the form of AIDS, expected
to kill 85 million people by 2020. After some economists proclaimed that recessions
were a thing of the past, we experienced a devastating economic crisis in 2008–09 that
bankrupted many high-flying companies and individuals; we are still living through its
aftermath. We saw the world’s mood and its political and economic outlook buoyant one
day, anxious the next, as terrorist attacks and wars led us further into an era of uncertainty.
Frightening new words entered our vocabulary: climate change, ISIS, Trump.
The world is an unpredictable place. It is especially disorienting for students entering
adulthood. We wrote this book to show undergraduates that sociology can help them make
sense of their lives, however uncertain they may appear to be. We hope it will serve as
their sociological compass in the new world they are entering as young adults. Moreover,
we show that sociology can be a liberating practical activity, not just an abstract intellec-
tual exercise. By revealing the opportunities and constraints we face, sociology can help
us navigate our lives, teaching us who we are and what we can become in this particular
social and historical context. We cannot know what the future will bring, but we can at
least know the choices we confront and the likely consequences of our actions. From this
point of view, sociology can help us create the best possible future. That has always been
sociology’s principal justification, and so it should be today.
UNIQUE FEATURES
We have tried to keep sociology’s main purpose and relevance front and centre in this book.
As a result, Sociology: Compass for a New Social World differs from other major introduc-
tory sociology textbooks in four ways:
1. Drawing connections between one’s self and the social world. To varying degrees,
all introductory sociology textbooks try to show students how their personal experi-
ences connect to the larger social world. However, we employ two devices to make
these connections clearer than in other textbooks. First, we illustrate key sociolog-
ical ideas by using examples from popular culture that resonate deeply with student
interests and experiences. For example, in Chapter 1, A Sociological Compass, we
illustrate the main sociological perspectives (functionalism, conflict theory, sym-
bolic interactionism, and feminism) by analyzing changing fashions from Britney
NEL xv
xvi Preface
Spears to Lady Gaga. Chapter 15, Families, analyzes new forms of mating, including
hookups, friends with benefits, and living together apart. We analyze Canadian hockey
to highlight central features of Durkheim’s theory of religion in Chapter 16, Religion.
Chapter 18, Mass Media and Mass Communication, gives us the opportunity to dis-
cuss the rise of social media and its consequences for identity, social relations, and
social activism. In Chapter 21, Collective Action and Social Movements, we discuss
the role of Facebook and Twitter in helping to mobilize the democratic movement in
North Africa and the Middle East. We think these and many other examples speak
directly to today’s students about important sociological ideas in terms they under-
stand, thus making the connection between self and society clear.
Second, we developed several unique pedagogical features to draw the connection
between students’ experiences and the larger social world. Sociology at the Movies
and Sociology on TV take universal and popular elements of contemporary culture and
render them sociologically relevant. We provide brief reviews of movies and television
shows and highlight the sociological issues they raise and the sociological insights
they embody. In each chapter, we repeatedly challenge students to consider how and
why their own lives conform to, or deviate from, various patterns of social relations
and actions. Many chapters feature an It’s Your Choice boxed feature that sets out
alternative approaches to a range of social problems and asks students to use logic and
evidence to devise a course of action. Here we teach students that sociology can be a
matter of urgent practical importance. Students also learn they can have a say in solving
social problems.
2. What to think vs. how to think. All textbooks teach students both what to think about a
subject and how to think about it from a particular disciplinary perspective. In our judg-
ment, however, introductory sociology textbooks usually place too much stress on the
“what” and not enough on the “how.” The result is that these textbooks sometimes read
more like encyclopedias than enticements to look at the world in a new way. We have
tipped the balance in the other direction.
Of course, Sociology: Compass for a New Social World contains definitions and
literature reviews. It features standard pedagogical aids, such as a list of chapter objec-
tives at the beginning of each chapter, a new Time for Review feature at the end of
each major section in each chapter, a detailed Summary at the end of each chapter, and
definitions of key terms in the margins of the text. However, we devote more space
than other authors do to showing how sociologists think. The Social Policy: What
Do You Think? feature asks students to think critically and form an opinion about
social policy issues by bringing logic and evidence to bear on them. We often relate
an anecdote to highlight an issue’s importance, present contending interpretations of
the issue, and then adduce data to judge the merits of the various interpretations. We
do not just refer to tables and graphs, we analyze them. When evidence warrants, we
reject theories and endorse others. Thus, many sections of the book read more like a
simplified journal article than an encyclopedia.
If all of this sounds just like what sociologists do professionally, then we have
achieved our aim: to present a less antiseptic, more realistic, and therefore intrinsically
exciting account of how sociologists practise their craft. Said differently, one of the
strengths of this book is that it does not present sociology as a set of immutable truths
carved in stone tablets. Instead, it shows how sociologists actually go about the business
of solving sociological puzzles.
3. Objectivity vs. subjectivity. Sociologists since Max Weber have understood that
sociologists—indeed, all scientists—are members of society whose thinking and
research are influenced by the social and historical context in which they work. Yet
most introductory sociology textbooks present a stylized and unsociological view of
the research process. Textbooks tend to emphasize sociology’s objectivity and the
hypothetico-deductive method of reasoning, for the most part ignoring the more sub-
jective factors that go into the research mix. We think this emphasis is a pedagogical
error. In our teaching, we have found that drawing the connection between objectivity
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Social Control and Regulation 183
It is clear that many theories contribute to our understanding of the social causes of
deviance and crime. Each theory focuses on a different aspect of the phenomenon, so Preface xvii
becoming familiar with all of them allows us to develop a more rounded appreciation of the
causes of deviance and crime.
The text features student-

Time for Review
tested pedagogical aids.
7
● What role do self-fulfilling prophecies play in labelling theory?
How would a conflict theorist explain why street crimes receive more attention
Deviance and Crime

●
from the criminal justice system than does suite crime?

● A parent of a juvenile delinquent seeks your advice on how to get her daughter
to conform. Based on control theory, what advice would you give?
● What have feminist researchers added to our understanding of criminal
conduct?
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN TO

Social Control and Regulation
Define and measure crime. ●
Internal and External Social Control Distinguish crime from deviance. ●
Responses to deviance are matters of social control, ● the ways that and
Compare a social system the
contrast attempts
major sociological Social control refers to of deviance and crime.
explanations
to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance,● and behaviour. Social control is divided the ways in which a social
Recognize the principal trends in social control
system attemptsandtoregulation.
regulate
into two main types: internal and external. Internal social control regulates people through Race people’s 255
thoughts,
and Ethnic Relations: feelings,
The Symbolic Interactionist Approach
socialization. It is directed at shaping people’s minds so they view deviant actions as appearance, and behaviour.
undesirable. The socialization process generates internal social control by march internalizing
in a St. Patrick’s Day parade, take pride in the remarkable contributions of Irish
norms. In contrast, external social control regulates people by imposing punishments and
authors to English-language literature and drama, and so on. Their identity is no longer Symbolic ethnicity is a nos-
talgic allegiance to the culture
imposed on them, and their ethnicity is largely a symbolic matter, as it is for other white
offering rewards. This method of control is enacted by police officers, lawmakers, judges,
European groups Internal
that have experienced similar social control
social processes. Herbert Gans defines
of the immigrant generation,
or that of the old country, that
parents, teachers, and other authority figures. As we will now see, different proposals symbolic ethnicityand as “a nostalgic regulates
allegiance to people
the culture through
of the immigrant generation,
or that of the old country; a love for and a pride in a tradition that can be felt without
is not usually incorporated into
everyday behaviour.
policies for social control place more orThe
less emphasis
Sociological on reshaping minds versus
Perspective 11having imposing
socialization and shapes
to be incorporated in everyday behavior” (Gans, 1991: 436; 2009).
Black people may well take pridepeople’s minds
in their cultural soand
heritage they come
participate in such cultural
punishments and offering rewards. festivals as the Toronto Caribbean to Carnival
regard but their identification
deviant actions as people
as of African
Racism is the belief that
a visible characteristic of a
descent is not an option because a substantial number of non-blacks are racists and impose
Sociology at the Movies and
group, such as skin colour,
undesirable.
their identity on them. Racism is the belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as indicates group inferiority and
Trends Sociology
in Social
BOX 1.2 at the Movies
Control
skin colour, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination (see Box 10.3). Racism justifies discrimination.
External social control

Sociology on TV offer socio-
Because all societies impose sanctions on rule breakers, no discussion of crime and deviance
HIDDEN
would be completeFIGURES without considering social control and punishment. However,BOX 10.3 Sociology On TV
the degree regulates people by imposing
punishments and offering
logical insights gleaned from
of social control varies over time and from one society to the next. Forms of punishment
current films and popular
The high-stakes space race of the 1950s
and 1960s is the stuff of legend. Celebrated rewards.
alsoin movies
vary.andBelow history books,we onefocus
might be on how social control and punishment have changed historically.
tempted to think that John Glenn, the first MASTER OF NONE
Consider to orbit thefirst the difference between preindustrial and industrial societies. Beginning television shows, and dem-
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation/Photofest
American Earth, accomplished

this great feat on his own. Hidden Figures
in sets
thethe late nineteenth
record straight century, many sociologists argued that preindustrialThe
by highlighting the societies
postmodern world is characterized
by fluidity. In earlier times, social arrange-
contributions of three black women, excep-
aretionally
characterized by strict
gifted scientists Katherine
Dorothy Vaughn, and Mary Jackson, whose
Johnson, social control and high conformity, while industrial societies are
ments were clear and binding. Now they
are ambiguous and up for negotiation. onstrating sociology’s vitality
characterized by less stringent social control and low conformity (Tönnies, 1988 [1887]).
Master of None is a Netflix series that
and relevance to students’

work went largely unnoticed. In doing so,
takes a serious and comedic view of
the film also sheds light on the pervasive-
Similar differences
ness, cruelty, and even absurdity were
of sexist said to characterize small communities versus cities. As an old
postmodern social norms. The series
opens with a situation without a standard
and racist views at the time. No sphere of
German proverb says,Langley “City air makes you free.”
lives. Accompanying thought-
protocol—what a newly intimate couple
life, not even NASA’s prestigious
should do after a condom breaks. The
Research Center, was exempt.
There is asmuch
In the movie, in her life,truth
Katherinein this point of view. Whether they are fans of opera or reggae,
following episodes explore norms related
to different situations, including picking
provoking questions encou
Netflix/Photofest
Johnson, a math prodigy from an early
connoisseurs
age, is employed as of a humanfine wine Are
“computer.” orthemarijuana, city dwellers in industrialized
prejudices portrayed in Hidden Figures still with us? societies
partners,find
reacting it
to sexism, texting, and
interacting with parents.
Her ability to calculate complex math with
easier
speed than do rivals
people in preindustrial societies to belong to a group or subculture ofseries
The their includes several explo-
rage students to think

and precision and sometimes
rations of racism and related concepts.
exceeds the first generation of electronic to eat. The half-mile walk to the only bath- enough to refrain from expressing or
choice.
computers Injustgeneral,
entering the the moreroom
workplace. complex a society,
for black women the less
takes 40 minutes acting onlikely
racist ormany norms
sexist ideas. None- will be widely
Racism is given special consideration in
an episode called “Indians on TV.” In this In Master of None, Dev Shah discovers that being embraced by friends does not
Her work is so trustworthy that John there and back.
shared. In fact, inbea the highly
one to complex As women,society, suchasastheless,
Canada today, itand
is there-
some of us think of members of
difficultcase,
to“Indians”
find refersan to persons from the mean that he is fully accepted by society.
Glenn demands
areaverify
of
that she
newly installed IBM computers.

they are regarded
the estimates being spit out by the less competent and less ambitious than
social life in which everyone is alike or in
are men. They are paid far less than their
some
which
social groups
one
as inferior
group can
fore treat them poorly. Recognizing the
ideas that envelop us for what they are impose
subcontinent of India, not a category of
its
Indigenousnorms
peoples. The episode opens As abhorrent as racist incidents are, simple nor straightforward. Strong indi-
critically about the films and
with a montage of clips from movies and the fact that they are an institutionalized vidual and organizational interests are
on cian,
theOriginally
rest
Mary of
Jackson societyherself
distinguishes without
by resistance.
trained as a mathemati- male co-workers. They get passed over
for promotion. Their contributions are
requires an active sociological imagination.
The sociological imagination urges us to
television where Indians are played to
stereotype. Then we watch Dev and Ravi,
part of the social order raises serious invested in the status quo. Finding the
questions about how they should be man- right mix of responses in terms of indi- TV programs they watch.
Nonetheless,
She first had to receivesome permissionsociologists believe
becoming NASA’s first black female engi- ignored in scientific publications, even
neer. though each male engineer that structure—to
gets author- in somemakerespects social
connect biography with history and social
sense of our lives and control
Indians who grewhasup in North America, aged. A prominent question is “Who’s vidual choices and social policies is diffi-
audition and compete for television roles responsible for change?” The white pro- cult. The fluidity of postmodernity creates
intensified over time. Theyship.
to attend classes where only whites were
recognize that individuality
Every effort to be treated fairly is
permitted. Dorothy Vaughan, a home- met with hostility and resentment by
and deviance have increased
the lives of others against a larger histor-
ical and social background and to act in
but
for Indian actors. ducers may be right when they claim, opportunities for progressive actions and
Incidents of racism abound. A white “I’m not who you think I am” and blame challenges for institutionalizing them.
maker and high-school math teacher, is their male co-workers. At one point, head light of our understanding.
female producer turns them down for business decisions on public attitudes. On
recruited to work alongside Katherine and NASA engineer Paul Stafford dismisses Although for many people movies
refusing to use an Indian accent in audi- the other side, Dev is continuously caught
Mary. She becomes the first black female Katherine Johnson’s request to attend a are just entertainment, they often
NEL supervisor and develops early expertise in meeting about John Glenn’s upcoming
tion. A male white producer finds them between moral and utilitarian decision Critical Thinking Questions
achieve what the sociological imagina-
both perfect for a show with three male criteria. Should he speak up and con-
computer programming. She needs per- mission on the grounds that “there’s no tion aims to accomplish. Therefore, in 1. What difference does it make if more
leads, but refuses to hire both under the front the perpetrators of racist incidents
mission to borrow books from the whites- protocol for women attending.” each chapter of this book, we review a minorities play non-stereotypical roles
rationalization that “there can’t be two” and risk not getting work, or stay quiet in
only library to teach herself computer Hidden Figures reminds us how both movie to shed light on topics of socio- in hit television shows?
Indians on a show. In a misdirected email hopes of being part of a blockbuster tele-
programming language. ordinary and exceptional humans can logical importance.
chain from a producer, Dev reads that he vision series? 2. What public policies and personal
The accomplishments of these three be swayed by powerful ideas. Prejudice
would have to “curry favour” in order to Master of None shows us that con- practices could be adopted to combat
women are at odds with the treatment against blacks and women made sense
be selected. fronting institutionalized racism is neither racism?
they receive in the aeronautics community and seemed justifiable to those who lived Critical Thinking Questions
where they work and live. That is because, in the 1950s and early 1960s—history had
despite their obvious abilities, their contri- not yet delivered the lessons of the civil 1. Are there parallels between the treat-
butions are always seen through the lens of rights movement and the women’s rights ment of racial minorities and women in
NEL
race and gender. Because they are black, movement. When those lessons arrived, the 1950s and the treatment of some
Courtesy of Robert Brym
their work takes place in the segregated the perceptions of most people inevitably social groups today?
unit known as the West Area Computing shifted. 2. Are historical/social-structural explana-
Section: a dingy basement office. They It is easy to see the faults of a dif- tions necessarily rivals of emotional/
are barred from the company cafeteria, so ferent era. Less obvious are the prejudices psychological explanations or can the
they have to place orders with a cafeteria that define our society and underlie our two types of explanations be usefully
attendant and then go back to their desks behaviour today. Most of us are sensitive combined?
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Race and Ethnic Relations: The Symbolic Interactionist Approach 253 Health Care and Medicine 495
It’s Your Choice

Social Policy: What Do
BOX 10.2 BOX 19.2 Social Policy: What Do You Think?
You Think? invites students
SHOULD WE RECRUIT
FEWER IMMIGRANTS
large proportions of the Canadian public
were skeptical. They were concerned
about ethnic and racial ghettoization and
immigrants coming to Canada, compared
to 41 percent of Liberal supporters and
38 percent of New Democrats. “Too many
A MENTAL HEALTH
CRISIS ON CANADIAN
particularly acute problem in Canada’s
postsecondary institutions. More than half
of Canadian postsecondary students have
these feelings can lead to more serious
mental health problems.
What have provincial governments
to engage critically with
issues related to social
weakened commitments to Canadian visible minorities” was selected by 51 per-
AND VISIBLE identity. Gradually, as multiculturalism pol- cent of Conservatives, 35 percent of New CAMPUSES reported experiencing “overwhelming
anxiety”; almost 10 percent have contem-
done to address unmet mental health-care
needs among postsecondary students?
MINORITIES? icies unfolded, public concern decreased, Democrats and 32 percent of Liberals. plated suicide (ACHA, 2013). In parallel, Outside of some temporary funding, not
reaching a low point in 2005. there has been an astonishing increase much. No provincial government has con-
policy. It’s Your Choice

Mental health problems are on the rise.
Since 2005, public opinion has Critical Thinking Questions Recall that the epidemiological transition in the number of students seeking crisis sidered legislation that would cover the
Canada has a remarkable record of ethnic become more intolerant of immigrants and counselling services, overwhelming costs of counselling and psychological
means that chronic and degenerative
and racial openness and tolerance. While and visible minorities. Intolerance varies 1. Do you think that too many immigrants campus resources. counselling under its provincial health-
diseases are becoming more prevalent.
teaches students that

there continues to be much room for by social status, with more intolerance and visible minorities are entering For numerous reasons, colleges care plan.
Mental illness is one of these conditions,
improvement, we have little of the overt apparent among older and less educated Canada? What reasons do you have and universities are at the centre of this Left to their own devices, postsec-
with a fifth of Canadians expected to be
intolerance apparent in the United States groups. for your position? emerging crisis. Many mental disorders ondary institutions have implemented
diagnosed with a mental illness during
and many countries in Europe. However,
sociology can have urgent,

Age and education are not orga- 2. Most Conservatives believe we have their lifetime. At the same time, efforts manifest themselves when people are their own strategies for addressing mental
attitudes toward immigration and immi- nized communities; political parties are. too many immigrants and too many between 18 and 24 years old, which coin- health problems among students. Some
to combat the stigma around mental ill-
grants are social constructions and, as Political party affiliation shows remarkable visible minorities. What are members cides with the age of most undergraduate schools have introduced a reading week
ness are beginning to pay off. In the past,
such, are prone to change. differences in attitudes about immigration of this party trying to “conserve” that students. Moreover, many postsecondary in the fall semester. Getting time off in the
nobody wanted to talk about mental ill-
The fluidity of public attitudes can
be positive. When multiculturalism was
as government policy introduced in 1971,
and visible minorities. Fifty-six percent of
Conservatives report there are too many
makes them significantly different from
Liberals and New Democrats?
ness. To do so was to invite shame and
rejection. But times have changed. Popular
students are living away from home for
the first time. It’s an opportunity to gain
middle of the semester has been wildly
popular with students, who see it as an practical importance—and
media campaigns such as Bell’s “Let’s new experiences and experiment with opportunity to catch their breath and re-
Talk” (http://letstalk.bell.ca) encourage
people to talk about their mental health
problems. Consequently, there is greater
newfound independence. However, not all
choices are good ones. Fast-food diets and
long nights in front of a computer screen
charge. Whether it will be enough to alle-
viate the mental health crisis on campuses
across Canada is doubtful.
that they can have a say
in the development of
willingness to seek care. are regular features of university life. Yet
Race and Ethnic Relations: The Symbolic The problem is that when Canadians
go for help, they are often confronted
such practices, along with binge drinking
and risky sexual behavior, wear down the Critical Thinking Questions
Interactionist Approach with a system that caters only to those body’s ability to stave off illness and cope
with the most serious mental disorders.
In Canada, mental health treatment ren-
with stress. And there is no doubt about it:
University life can be stressful. The work-
1. What does your college or university
offer to help students cope with public policy.
Labels and Identity dered by a psychiatrist or in a hospital load is heavy, there is never enough time. stress? How successful do you think its
setting is covered by provincial health There are constant worries about mounting efforts might be?
THE FORMATION OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITIES insurance. Counselling services and psy- student debt and what the future holds. 2. In 2017, the federal government
chological counselling are not. And don’t forget the pressure to get good announced new funding for mental
Over the course of a lifetime, people may experience a shift in racial or ethnic identity. marks! Students who can’t cope soon feel
The lack of provincial health-care health care. How do you think these
Moving from one country to another or marrying someone of a different race or ethnicity coverage for mental health services is a anxious and depressed. If left unchecked, funds should be spent?
may make them feel less German or Pakistani or Chinese. In some cases, people take on
entirely new racial or ethnic identities. Change in social context often leads to change in
relations with members of other racial and ethnic groups, which in turn produces change
in racial and ethnic self-conception (Schimmele and Wu, 2015).
Consider how the birth of a new ethnic identity, Italian Canadian, occurred. Italy became
a unified country in 1861. In the early 1900s, many Italian immigrants to Canada still did not Time for Review
think of themselves as Italians. They self-identified as people who came from a particular
town or perhaps a particular province, such as Sicily or Calabria. However, government ● How did medical doctors come to dominate other health practitioners in the
officials and Canadians in general identified all newcomers from Italy as Italians. Although nineteenth century?
the designation seemed odd initially to some of the new immigrants, over time, it stuck. ● Why is Canada’s health-care system not a true example of socialized medicine?
Immigrants from Italy began to think of themselves as Italian Canadians because others ● What are the perceived problems of Canada’s health-care system?
NEL
defined them that way, resulting in the creation of a new ethnic identity (Yancey, Ericksen,
and Leon, 1979).
The sick role is the social
According to symbolic interactionists, racial and ethnic labels and identities typically
The Power of Medicine mechanism that allows doctors
Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
develop through a process of negotiation. For example, as the Italian Canadian example
suggests, outsiders may impose a new label on members of a group. Group members
to confer aDue
diagnosistoon anelectronic rights, some third party content
Although Canada’s doctors failed to prevent government-sponsored health care, doctors individual so that a person
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education
do not lackreserves
then discard, accept, or modify the label. A kind of informal and unstated negotiation themedical
influence. In fact, right towield
doctors remove additional
immense power, contentwhoatis sickany
as Talcott Parsons, time
or injured if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
can legit-
between outsiders and insiders eventually leads to the crystallization of a new, relatively imately step away from daily
a prominent functionalist, noted when he first described the sick role in 1951. According
xviii Preface
and subjectivity in sociological research makes the discipline more appealing to

students. It shows how research issues are connected to the lives of real flesh-and-
blood women and men, and how sociology is related to students’ existential concerns.
Therefore, in most chapters of Sociology: Compass for a New Social World, the authors
include a personal anecdote that explains how certain sociological issues first arose
in our own minds. We often adopt a narrative style because stories let students under-
stand ideas on an emotional as well as an intellectual level. We do so because when
we form an emotional attachment to ideas, they stay with us more effectively than if
our attachment is solely cognitive. We place the ideas of important sociological fig-
ures in social and historical context. We show how sociological methodologies serve
as a reality check, but we also make it clear that socially grounded personal concerns
often lead sociologists to decide which aspects of reality are worth checking on in the
first place. We believe Sociology: Compass for a New Social World is unique in pre-
senting a realistic and balanced account of the role of objectivity and subjectivity in
the research process.
4. Diversity and a global perspective. It is gratifying to see how much less parochial
introductory sociology textbooks are today than they were just a few decades ago.
Contemporary textbooks highlight gender and race issues. They broaden the student’s
understanding of the world by comparing Canada with other societies. They show how
global processes affect local issues and vice versa. Sociology: Compass for a New Social
World makes diversity and globalization prominent themes, too. We employ cross-
national comparisons between Canada and countries as diverse as India and Sweden.
We incorporate maps that illustrate the distribution of sociological variables globally
and regionally, and the relationship among variables across time and space. We remain
sensitive to gender and race issues throughout. This has been easy for us because we
have travelled widely, lived in other countries for extended periods, conducted research
on countries other than Canada, and we speak multiple languages. As you will see in
the following pages, our backgrounds have enabled us to bring greater depth to issues
of diversity and globalization than other textbooks do.
NEW TO THIS EDITION

We have been gratified and moved by the positive response this book has stimulated from
numerous readers and reviewers. At the same time, we benefited from their constructive
criticisms so generously offered. Sociology: Compass for a New Social World is a response
to many of their suggestions, which are reflected in the main innovations in this edition:
●● Throughout, we added new research findings and incorporated data from the most
recent Canadian census to keep the book as up to date as possible. This new edition
contains more than 80 new and revised figures, as well as 15 new and revised tables.
●● We have increased and updated coverage of such timely issues as
✓✓ ethical requirements for studying Indigenous peoples
✓✓ virtual culture
✓✓ feminist approaches to mass media
✓✓ the flexible self and the Internet
✓✓ mediated communication
✓✓ online networks
✓✓ the medicalization of deviance
✓✓ the feminization of poverty
✓✓ centenarians
✓✓ Deaf culture
✓✓ terrorism, ISIS, and the al-Nusra Front
✓✓ online piracy vs. net neutrality
✓✓ online activism and slacktivism
✓✓ countermovements, such as Trumpism
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Preface xix
●● Sociology at the Movies is an especially popular feature of this book. Among other
movies, we review Captain Phillips, Zootopia, The Big Short, Beauty and the Beast,
Snowden, Inside Out, Inferno, War for the Planet of the Apes, Hidden Figures, Spotlight,
The Space Between Us, The Zookeeper’s Wife, Hell or High Water, and The Hunger
Games.
●● Our Sociology On TV boxes identify and explain the sociological significance of such
popular TV shows as The Crown, Suits, Westworld, Better Call Saul, Master of None,
The Real O’Neals, You the Jury, and Mr. Robot.
●● It’s Your Choice boxed features cover such timely topics as the need for a reduced
workweek, the controversial role of prayer in public events, the consequences of immi-
gration and growing racial diversity for immigrants and Canadian society as a whole,
and the vaccination controversy.
●● Social Policy: What Do You Think? boxed features cover hot topics ranging from the
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, physician-
assisted death, Digital Taylorism, and the mental health crisis on Canadian campuses.
ANCILLARIES
A full range of high-quality ancillaries has been prepared to help instructors and students get
the most out of Sociology: Compass for a New Social World.
SUPPLEMENTS FOR INSTRUCTORS

About the Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA)
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program delivers research-based
instructor resources that promote student engagement and higher-order thinking to enable
the success of Canadian students and educators. To ensure the high quality of these mate-
rials, all Nelson ancillaries have been professionally copyedited.
Be sure to visit Nelson Education’s Inspired Instruction website at nelson.com/
inspired to find out more about NETA. Don’t miss the testimonials of instructors who have
used NETA supplements and seen student engagement increase!
Instructor Resources
All NETA and other key instructor ancillaries are provided in the Instructor Resources at
nelson.com/instructor, giving instructors the ultimate tool for customizing lectures and
presentations.
NETA Test Bank: This resource was written by Darlene Balandin at Western University.
It includes over 2200 multiple-choice questions written according to NETA guidelines for
effective construction and development of higher-order questions. The Test Bank was copy-
edited by a NETA-trained editor. Also included are true/false, short answer, and essay ques-
tions. Test Bank files are provided in Word format for easy editing and in PDF format for
convenient printing, whatever your system.
The NETA Test Bank is available in a new, cloud-based platform. Nelson Testing
Powered by Cognero® is a secure online testing system that allows instructors to author,
edit, and manage test bank content from anywhere Internet access is available. No spe-
cial installations or downloads are needed, and the desktop-inspired interface, with its
drop-down menus and familiar, intuitive tools, allows instructors to create and manage
tests with ease. Multiple test versions can be created in an instant, and content can be
imported or exported into other systems. Tests can be delivered from a learning manage-
ment system, the classroom, or wherever an instructor chooses.
NETA PowerPoint: Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter have
been created by Darlene Balandin of Western University. There is an average of 30 slides
per chapter, many featuring key figures, tables, and photographs from Sociology: Compass
for a New Social World. NETA principles of clear design and engaging content have been
NEL
xx Preface
incorporated throughout, making it simple for instructors to customize the deck for their
courses.
Image Library: This resource consists of digital copies of figures, short tables, and
photographs used in the book. Instructors may use these jpegs to customize the NETA
PowerPoint or create their own PowerPoint presentations.
NETA Instructor’s Manual: This resource was written by our textbook author Lisa
Strohschein at the University of Alberta. It is organized according to the textbook chapters
and addresses key educational concerns, such as typical stumbling blocks that students face
and how to address them.
MindTap: Offering personalized paths of dynamic assignments and applications,
MindTap is a digital learning solution that turns cookie-cutter into cutting-edge, apathy
into engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers. MindTap enables students
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tors to measure skills and promote better outcomes with ease. A fully online learning
solution, MindTap combines all student learning tools—readings, multimedia, activities,
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learning tools to their students, even seamlessly introducing their own content into the
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Visit nelson.com/student to start using MindTap. Enter the Online Access Code from the
card included with your textbook. If a code card is not provided, you can purchase instant
access at NELSONbrain.com.
The following readers can be purchased at NELSONbrain.com in ebook or print
format:
●● Sociology as a Life or Death Issue, 4th Canadian edition, is a series of beautifully
written essays in which Robert Brym introduces sociology by analyzing the social
causes of death. It focuses on hip-hop culture, the social bases of cancer, suicide
bombers, gender risk, the plight of hurricane victims in the Caribbean region and on
the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and the genocide of Canada’s Indigenous peoples. In
doing so, it reveals the powerful social forces that help to determine who lives and who
dies and demonstrates the promise of a well-informed sociological understanding of the
world. This brief and inexpensive volume is an eye-opener, an inspiration, and a guide
for students of sociology and for anyone with an inquiring mind and hopes for a better
world for future generations.
●● Society in Question, 7th edition, by Robert Brym, provides balanced coverage of the
approaches and methods in current sociology, as well as unique and surprising perspec-
tives on many major sociological topics. All readings have been chosen for their ability
to speak directly to contemporary Canadian students about how sociology can enable
them to make sense of their lives in a rapidly changing world.
NEL
Preface xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anyone who has gone sailing knows that when you embark on a long voyage, you need
more than a compass. Among other things, you need a helm operator blessed with a strong
sense of direction and an intimate knowledge of likely dangers. You need crew members
who know all the ropes and can use them to keep things intact and in their proper place.
And you need sturdy hands to raise and lower the sails. On the voyage to complete this
book, the crew demonstrated all these skills. We are especially grateful to our publisher,
Leanna MacLean, who saw this book’s promise from the outset, understood clearly the
direction we had to take to develop its potential, and on several occasions steered us clear
of threatening shoals. We are also deeply indebted to the following crew members:
Toni Chahley, developmental editor
Jennifer Hare, production project manager
Claire Varley, marketing manager
June Trusty, copy editor
Linda Szostak, proofreader
Julie Pratt, permissions coordinator and photo researcher
Tim Melnyk, research assistant
We thank the following reviewers for their guidance, which helped shape this new edition:
Riva Lieflander, University of Ottawa
Danielle Soulliere, University of Windsor
Christian Pasiak, Carleton University
Daisy Mae Hamelinck, Western University
Alan Bourke, Mohawk College
Mariana Gatzeva, Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Robert Brym
Lance Roberts
Lisa Strohschein
NEL
aniaostudio/Getty Images
PART 1 Foundations
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
A Sociological Compass How Sociologists Do Research
NEL
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no related content on Scribd:
6682 Voorhies Geo 85 Aug 64
C 23
May
1184 Walls Peter Cav 4D
18
15 Aug
5001 Wall Jas, S’t
G 7
11 May
1398 Wallace Jno Cav
B 26
12 Oct
10211 Watt H “
A 2
Sept
9977 Watts C 6C
28
Oct
10313 Waters A L Cav 8F
4
Oct
10477 Warner Chas L “ 2D
7
95 July
4026 Warren L
I 26
14 Aug
7351 Warner P P Art
M 31
76 Sept
7444 Warner A J
F 1
12 Jan
12449 Warner Luther Cav 65
A 9
88 Oct
10543 Ward Patrick 64
C 8
99 Aug
5127 Ward J
G 9
40 Oct
10920 Ward J
H 14
95 June
2238 Ward H
I 20
400 Ward W A 99 April
B 6
Mch
12816 Warden H B 5B 65
25
125 Sept
9858 Walters D 64
E 27
120 June
1557 Walters Nelson
K 2
July
3381 Walterhouse Ed 9 I
16
July
2827 Wallace J Cav 2M
3
Sept
8939 Watson G Art 6C
16
15 Oct
10965 Watson Jas Art
M 15
99 Aug
6947 Watson T
I 26
14 Sept
9356 Wade M Art
D 20
Sept
8146 Walker J Art 2D
8
64 Sept
8198 Wall J
I 8
Aug
7276 Warhurst Sam’l Art 7 I
30
76 July
3731 Washington I
G 21
Aug
5679 Washburn H Cav 5D
14
39 June
2023 Wagner C
E 15
93 Oct
10686 Wagner C
K 11
11001 Warren P Art 7G Oct
16
22 Aug
16537 Warren E Cav
L 23
July
4120 Warren Geo R 2F
28
57 Oct
11082 Warrell E C, S’t
I 17
169 Nov
11945 Waterman S
K 10
146 Aug
6978 Waldron N
A 27
14 Aug
7249 Walz M Art
I 30
76 Aug
6425 Walling Geo
B 22
119 Aug
6046 Watchler J, S’t
G 18
109 July
4060 Wails C H
K 27
15 July
3336 Walser Jno Art
D 15
67 June
1564 Walcott G P
D 2
85 June
2294 Wales J, S’t
D 22
June
1537 West Jas Art 3H
1
13 Sept
9572 West T Cav
F 23
152 July
3964 West Wm
E 25
739 West Jas, S’t Cav 2E Apr
25
115 Oct
10303 Weston L
F 4
29 Sept
9731 Webster G
C 25
76 Aug
5593 Webster E
E 14
137 June
1598 Webster James
C 4
Sept
9889 Wendle John Art 7E
27
100 Sept
9941 Wellstraff C
D 28
76 Sept
10013 Welch W
G 29
Aug
5030 Welch C Cav 3B
8
120 Sept
8555 Welber E G
K 15
164 Sept
8208 Weil E C
B 8
74 Sept
7561 Welson Jas H
K 2
39 Sept
8177 Welch C
H 8
24 Aug
5181 Welch E Bat
- 9
Aug
6692 Welch J Cav 5K
24
146 June
2310 Welsh L
B 22
120 Sept
8855 Welber E G
K 15
9428 Weaver J Cav 1E Sept
21
96 Aug
7078 Weaver B S 64
I 28
85 Sept
9448 Webber C H
C 21
Sept
9506 Westerfield P S Art 7B
22
52 Sept
8731 Werting John
D 14
Wellington G R, 12 Sept
7987 C
S’t A 6
Sept
8204 Weeks J 7G
8
Sept
7472 Wells Jeff 1H
1
69 Nov
12036 Wells E
K 16
32 Sept
7667 Weismere H
I 3
184 Aug
4915 Wedder N C
E 6
22 Oct
11061 Wellder C M Cav
G 17
155 Oct
11397 Westbrook D
H 24
115 Aug
6927 Weafer Chas
A 26
12 Aug
7256 Wertz Jas Cav
I 30
14 Aug
6370 Webb M E Art
F 21
11127 Welch J Cav 5D Oct
18
Aug
6002 Weiber J Art 6E
17
85 July
4272 Weller W H
E 29
151 July
3285 Westfall Jno
H 12
20 Mar
265 Weldon Edson C
M 31
125 April
507 Westhrop H
B 12
22 Aug
6755 Webster H Cav
A 24
115 Oct
10303 Weston L
F 4
140 Sept
7543 Whitmore D
I 2
Oct
10423 Wharton J R Cav 5L
6
85 Sept
9743 Whittle J C
E 25
15 Sept
9878 Whertmore M Art
M 13
22 Sept
8611 Whipple M Cav
D 13
Sept
8680 White Jas Drag 1D
13
Nov
11879 White L Art 8G
6
10 July
3034 White E Cav
D 8
85 Sept
8792 Whiting M
D 15
7417 Whitney John, 39 Aug
S’t K 31
104 Aug
5207 Whitney J
E 10
16 Oct
10972 Whitman I
H 15
66 Nov
12049 Whitmans P
E 16
20 Nov
11724 Whifbeck J, Cor
D 1
147 Aug
6611 Wheeler D
H 23
40 Aug
5770 Whitmore O B
A 15
14 July
4155 Whitlock Wm Art
I 28
132 May
1133 Wilson James
K 16
95 July
3757 Wilson John
A 22
Aug
6832 Wilson M Art 2H
25
155 Nov
11983 Wilson W
H 13
57 Aug
5870 Wilson A
A 16
48 June
1645 Wilson D
H 5
15 Aug
6233 Windness A Art
C 20
125 July
4080 Williams F
A 27
4522 Williams Ed 42 Aug
A 2
Oct
11130 Williams H Cav 2M
18
94 Feb
12697 Williams S 65
I 23
85 Sept
9516 Williams L D 64
G 22
85 Sept
8478 Wilcox T E
B 11
63 Sept
7945 Williams Jas
G 5
Williams Geo, Aug
4603 Cav 1K
Cor 3
52 Aug
4701 Williams John
K 4
24 July
3947 Williams O, S’t Bat
- 25
June
1567 Williams H 9A
2
16 Aug
6861 Williams L
A 26
24 Aug
7112 Williams I B Cav
C 28
85 Aug
6219 Williams C R
E 20
20 July
3069 Wiron P Cav
M 9
63 July
3273 Wicks D
D 13
12 June
1938 Wilcox Geo Cav
F 14
14 June
2044 Wilcox R
- 15
9496 Wilcox W 43 Sept
G 21
85 July
3576 Wilcox J
D 19
55 Oct
11111 Wilcox H R 64
C 18
Oct
11428 Wilcox C, S’t Cav 5G
24
59 Feb
12607 Wiley I 65
B 7
121 Oct
10122 Willis I 64
G 1
7 Sept
9057 Willsey D
- 17
52 Sept
8729 Wiggins James
D 14
Sept
7980 Winn James Art 7 I
6
164 Sept
8208 Will E C
B 8
115 Sept
7622 Wiley W
G 2
July
3728 Wilkey S 8B
21
Wilkinson J N, 42 Oct
10977
Cor A 15
Aug
5663 Wicks Frank Art 1K
14
100 Oct
11474 Winney G A
D 25
10 Oct
11520 Winter G Cav
L 26
11689 Wilds I 154 Oct
B 31
117 Aug
7122 Winser I
I 28
24 Sept
7581 Wood E G Bat
- 2
July
3607 Wood F Cav 5 I
19
115 Sept
9874 Wood H
G 27
15 Sept
10063 Wood H
B 30
10 Sept
9715 Wood J Cav
H 25
97 Sept
7686 Wood John
D 3
111 July
3881 Wood M
H 24
Aug
5039 Wood J S Art 6A
8
Sept
9132 Woodmancy D M C 3H
18
95 Oct
10141 Wood W J
H 1
56 Sept
8382 Woodworth B
D 10
Sept
7884 Woodland H 1 I
5
Aug
5696 Woodhull D T 8E
15
Dec
12356 Wooley G C Art 7K
30
88 Nov
11821 Wolf T
D 5
11031 Wolfe W Art 2H Oct
16
24 Aug
6130 Wolfe Fred, Cor Cav
E 19
52 April
591 Wolfran A
C 16
118 Aug
4847 Wright Chas S
E 6
43 Oct
10941 Wright D
G 14
148 Aug
5126 Wright I I
I 9
39 July
4281 Wang C
E 30
85 Sept
7784 Wulslager John
G 4
147 Aug
4589 Wyatt James
G 2
12 Aug
7334 Wyncoop G, S’t Cav
H 30
18 June
2104 Winegardener L
G 17
71 Sept
7433 Yales W G
H 1
24 Aug
4984 Yencer I D Bat
- 7
Jan
12501 Yeomand G 7A 65
21
41 Aug
6539 Young C 64
D 23
15 Aug
5598 Young Chas
C 14
8224 Young E Art 2 I Sept
8
111 May
1306 Young Eugene
G 23
22 Sept
8733 Young George
H 14
Aug
6946 Young J, S’t Cav 1B
26
148 Aug
7411 Young T B
A 31
10 Oct
10481 Yonker W Art
B 7
Sept
7480 Zaphan H P Art 7E
1
40 Dec
12204 Zolber F W
D 1
145 Feb
12617 Zegler S 65
G 9
Total
2571.
NORTH CAROLINA.
June
1596 Barker J 2F 64
3
1
849 Briggs Wilson May 3
A
275 Callowhill B 2F Mar 31
Cox William C, S’t
475 2F Apr 9
864 Check W F, Cor 2F May 8

144 Dunbar Alex 2F Mar 22
2
1057 Miller J, Drum May 13
D
7
10705 Macey Henry Oct 11 64
-
11844 Moss Wm 1F Nov 5
1
8690 Norfield Warren Sept 14
G
370 Stone Jno A 2F Apr 5
2636 Smith Jas 2F June 29
2
4899 Smith George Aug 5
E
333 Turner F 2 I Apr 2
798 Turner H, Colored 2 I Apr 29
204 Weeks Nathan 2F Mar 28
2
712 Williams Thos Apr 24
D
Total 17.
OHIO.
12846 Akers J W 4B Apr 65
24
Mar
251 Arthur George 7B 64
30
Arrowsmith W 45 Apr
789
R K 28
100 May
1118 Ames George
K 15
45 June
1550 Allen W
B 1
51 June
1569 Alinger D
C 2
111 June
1724 Anderson D
B 8
89 June
1779 Augustus T
K 9
94 June
1805 Akers A A
F 10
33 June
2040 Aldridge C W
- 15
103 July
2935 Adam Miller
I 5
93 July
3046 Anderson R
C 8
60 July
3197 Aldbrook C W
- 12
89 July
3485 Arthur J C, S’t
A 17
21 July
3852 Armebrish A
A 24
72 July
3932 Almond A
A 25
Aug
4529 Arnold Chas Cav 9G
2
20 Aug
4990 Ailes T G
I 7
5048 Andrews Sam’l - - Aug
G 8
Aug
6422 Adams E Cav 2C
22
121 Aug
7429 Allen A B, Cor
C 31
135 Sept
7482 Alward A
B 1
69 Sept
7436 Arthur J
I 3
64 Sept
7843 Arne I
D 4
34 Sept
9818 Alown A
D 26
63 Oct
10393 Andrews I R
K 6
122 Oct
10425 Adams I
I 6
91 Oct
10874 Allen James C
F 13
24 Oct
11198 Andermill John
K 20
Jan
12495 Allen J W, Cor 1G 65
20
45 Mar
188 Baiel W T, S’t 64
F 27
Bodin Thomas 44 Mar
207
S, S’t - 28
Beaver George 111 Apr
691
E B 23
Beeman 125 May
829
Richard E 1
Biddinger M, 94 May
861
Mus K 3
952 Branigan 82 May
James F 8
70 May
1094 Blangy S
B 14
45 May
1212 Botkins A S
G 19
99 May
1226 Black G W
F 20
May
1366 Bates L B Cav 1A
25
45 May
1368 Bodkin W
K 25
May
1376 Baldwin N Cav 9T
26
89 May
1385 Bowers James
A 26
May
1468 Boyd H I 7H
30
June
1602 Boman John 2C
4
16 June
1609 Bryan R
C 4
19 June
1781 Balcomb D
F 9
June
1919 Brownles John 7 I
14
135 June
1937 Brooks J
I 14
45 June
1970 Bothin W J
F 15
Bartholomew E 205 June
1993
W C 15
105 June
2065 Belding F
D 16
45 June
2067 Brookheart W
I 16
2087 Benor H 100 June
E 17
49 June
2110 Bishop S 64
K 17
90 June
2170 Berry J C
E 19
45 June
2264 Beers A
A 20
June
2292 Burnham W Art 1K
21
45 June
2415 Bird I
A 24
21 June
2492 Bratt G, S’t
G 26
39 June
2599 Broughfman I
C 28
15 June
2696 Brandon John
F 30
92 July
3053 Barnes V H
H 9
23 July
3245 Brown Charles
D 13
111 July
3299 Burns M G
B 13
July
3608 Brackneck H Cav 7A
19
July
3656 Bogart John 9G
20
July
3706 Bontrell C 6G
21
45 July
3756 Butch O
I 22
51 July
3831 Bowman S
K 23
4073 Brockway M Art 2D July
27
11 July
4279 Boyle W H
H 30
125 Aug
4684 Britton B H
H 4
45 Aug
4968 Berdy M J
D 7
126 Aug
5138 Buckle J J
E 9
Aug
5219 Brabham Geo Cav 9B
10
Aug
5498 Baldwin Geo “ 9G
13
Bonestine W H, 107 Aug
5653
Cor I 14
121 Aug
5656 Burna J M
K 14
19 Aug
5758 Balmet J
I 15
10 Aug
5771 Brutch E Cav
I 15
123 Aug
5819 Bond S T
B 16
130 Aug
5825 Boyle H
B 16
61 Aug
5937 Bower F
I 17
31 Aug
5985 Birch L T
H 17
104 Aug
6008 Bowman A
E 17
July
6020 Bright N 6E
17
111 Aug
6152 Brown G S
F 18
6839 Baren T J, Cor 89 Aug
A 25
26 Aug
7280 Barrett S C
F 30
70 Aug
7283 Bell A
B 30
121 Sept
7484 Baxter P D
D 1
14 Sept
7490 Brenning C
G 1
26 Sept
7529 Brown W
G 1
33 Sept
7806 Bear E
A 4
54 Sept
7983 Bender C
C 6
110 Sept
7993 Brown M, Cor
F 6
31 Sept
7994 Barnes T S
B 6
135 Sept
8365 Benear W A
F 10
135 Sept
8376 Barston G H
F 10
60 Sept
8476 Brenner N
F 11
36 Sept
8496 Barnes A
G 11
Sept
8508 Blythe C 1 I
12
65 Sept
8509 Brinhomer J
C 12
41 Sept
8676 Brown H H
A 13
8693 Bell James 135 Sept
B 14
126 Sept
8872 Buckley J G
A 15
Sept
8939 Blessing C 9F
16
94 Sept
9287 Baker W C
- 19
135 Sept
9446 Brookover Geo
B 21
122 Sept
9473 Briace J R
C 21
101 Sept
9625 Bradley A
A 24
72 Sept
9679 Blackman S
G 24
14 Sept
9897 Birchfield Eli
- 27
34 Sept
9949 Beant H T
D 28
43 Oct
10120 Brewer D C
K 1
21 Oct
10199 Brown E N
E 2
20 Oct
10281 Brum W H, S’t
B 4
17 Oct
10591 Briggs F
G 10
153 Oct
11072 Baymher L G
A 17
112 Oct
11307 Boles G
H 22
11 Oct
11308 Bunker J 64
K 22
12 Oct
11313 Burns M
K 22

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New Social World 6th

Preface, xv BOX 1.4 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK?:

BOX 1.3 SOCIOLOGY ON TV: Quantitative Approaches, 45

Culture as Meaning Generator, 65 At the Intersection of Biography

From Diversity to Globalization, 79

Rationalization and Time Use, 87 BOX 5.2 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES:

BOX 4.1 SOCIOLOGY AT THE MOVIES: Power and Position, 128

BOX 5.4 IT’S YOUR CHOICE:

BOX 8.2 IT’S YOUR CHOICE: CHAPTER 10

Development and Underdevelopment, 231

CHAPTER 12 A Critique of the Deskilling Thesis, 336

CHAPTER 14 Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions, 395

CHAPTER 17 BOX 18.1 SOCIOLOGY ON TV:

Political Opportunities, 539

BOX 20.2 SOCIAL POLICY: WHAT DO YOU THINK: Summary, 551

Urbanization, 517 ONLINE CHAPTER 22

Collective Action and Social The Social Construction of Environmental

Strikes and the Union Movement in Canada, 538 Refrences, 552

COMPASS FOR A NEW SOCIAL WORLD

The text features student-

Deviance and Crime

from the criminal justice system than does suite crime?

IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN TO

Internal and External Social Control Distinguish crime from deviance. ●

External social control

American Earth, accomplished

and relevance to students’

provoking questions encou­

rage students to think

newly installed IBM computers.

It’s Your Choice

policy. It’s Your Choice

teaches students that

sociology can have urgent,

and subjectivity in sociological research makes the discipline more appealing to

NEW TO THIS EDITION

SUPPLEMENTS FOR INSTRUCTORS

864 Check W F, Cor 2F May 8

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provoking questions encou