Column A Origin Target Cell

1. TRH Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland

2. ACTH Adenohypophysis Thyroid gland
3. Vasopressin Neurohypophysis Renal Collecting ducts
4. T3 & T4 Thyroid gland All organs and tissues
Parathyroid Gland Kidneys and Bones
5. PTH
6. Insulin Pancreas All organs and tissues
7. Aldosterone Adrenal Cortex PCT of kidneys
8. Estradiol/Estrogen Ovaries Female gonads
9. Catecholamines Adrenal medulla Heart, Liver, B.V
10. ANF Heart PCT of kidneys
11. CRH Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland
12. Testosterone Testes Male gonads
13. Thymosin Thymus Lymphoid tissues
14. Somatomedins Liver All organs and tissues
15. CCK-PZ Small intestine Common bile duct
16. EPO Kidney Bone Marrow
17. Vitamin D3 Kidney Small intestine
18. hCG Placenta Female gonads
Adenohypophysis Skin
19. MSH
20. Calcitonin Thyroid gland Kidneys and Bones

IIIB). CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES.

Column A Column B Column C
21. Amines C & B A. derived from fatty acid A. prostaglandins, leukotrienes
22. Steroids B & E B. derived from cholesterol B. melatonin, thyroxine
23. Eicosanoids A&A C. derived from amino acids C. ADH, insulin, glucagon
24.Glycoproteins E&D D. composed solely of amino acids D. FSH. LH. hCG, GH
25. Polypeptides D&C E. composed of amino acid and sugars E.androgen, estrogen, progestin
IIIC). HORMONE GROUPING.
26. lipophilic A A. Group I hormones
27. requires intracellular receptors A B. Group II hormones
28. generally orally given if treated as drug A
29. requires secondary messengers B
30. transported in blood not bound to proteins B
31. rapid initiation of chemical reaction A
32. plasma half-life of hours to days A
33. examples are catecholamines and insulin B
34. examples are androgens and thyroxine A
35. receptor-hormone complex formation is enough to produce cellular changes A
Table 1. The major endocrine glands of humans.

Glands Hormones
Hypothalamus Releasing hormones: TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH
Inhibitory hormones: PIH, GHIH/somatostatin
Pituitary gland Anterior pituitary: GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
Intermediate lobe: MSH
Posterior pituitary: oxytocin, ADH
Pineal gland Melatonin
Thyroid gland T3, T4, calcitonin
Parathyroid PTH
glands
Adrenal glands Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids (cortisol),
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Androgens (DHEA,
testosterone, estrogen), Progesterone
Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
Gonads Testes: Testosterone
Ovaries: Estrogens, Progesterone
Others Placenta: hCG, progesterone, relaxin
Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas): Insulin (β-cells), Glucagon
(α-cells), Somatostatin (-cells)
Skin: Vitamin D3
Kidney: Renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol (Vitamin D3)
Intestines: CCK-PZ, VIP, secretin, somatostatin, gastrin
Heart: atrionatriuretic peptide
Abbreviations: TRH-thyrotropin-releasing hormone GnRH-gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GHRH-
growth hormone releasing hormone, CRH-corticotropin-releasing hormone, PIH-prolactin inhibiting
hormone, GHIH-growth hormone-inhibitory hormone, GH-growth hormone; PRL-prolactin, TSH-thyroid
stimulating hormone, ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone, LH-luteinizing hormone, FSH-follicle -
stimulating hormone, MSH-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, ADH-anti-diuretic hormone, T3-
triiodothyronine, T4-tetraiodothyronine, DHEA-dehydroepiandrosterone, PTH-parathyroid hormone,
hCG-human chorionic gonadotropin, CCK-PZ – cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, VIP-vasoactive intestinal
peptide

Mechanism of Hormone Action

The following are prerequisites for a chemical function in physiological regulation:

1. Target cells must have specific receptors that combine with the regulatory molecule (i.e.,
the hormone).

2. Combination of receptor with the ligand (i.e, the hormone) must cause specific sequence
of changes in target cells.

3. There must be a mechanism to quickly turn off the action of the regulator (e. g., feedback
inhibition).

FOUR (4) Classifications of Hormones (Function as basis): RITE

• Releasing hormones - found in the hypothalamus. Function: Anterior Pituitary Hormones

secretion promoter
• Inhibiting hormones - from the hypothalamus or the gastro-intestinal tract. Function: Supress
the secretion of another organ.
• Trophic/Tropic hormones – Function: Stimulate the growth and activity of other endocrine
glands.
• Effector hormones - secreted by all endocrine glands other than the anterior pituitary gland
and the hypothalamus.
FIVE (5) Classifications of Hormones (Chemical structure as basis): PAGES

• Polypeptides – composed of chains of amino acids. Ex. ADH, Insulin, and Glucagon
• Amines – derived from amino acids. Ex. Catecholamine: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, T3, T4,
Melatonin.
• Glycoproteins – composed of larger chains of amino acids bound to one or more carbohydrate
group. Ex. FSH, LH, TSH, and hCG.
• Eicosanoids - 20-carbon molecules derived from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Ex.
Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, Leukotrienes and Thromboxane.
• Steroids - derived from cholesterol. Contains: cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring.
Separated into groups based on the number of carbon atoms Ex. Estrogen (18 carbon),
Androgen (19 carbon), Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Progestin (21 carbon)

Classifications of Hormones (Biochemical Properties as basis): Group I and Group II

Table 2. Biochemical properties of Group I and Group II hormones.

Group I Hormones Group II Hormones

Examples Steroids Polypeptides
Iodothyronines (T3, T4) Glycoproteins
Calcitriol (Vitamin D) Catecholamines
Retinoids (Vitamin A)
Solubility Lipophilic Hydrophilic
Mode of administration (as Usually, oral Usually, intravenous
a drug)
Transport protein needed Yes No
Plasma half-life (t1/2) Long (hours to days) Short (seconds to minutes)
Receptor location Intracellular Plasma membrane
Mediator Receptor-hormone complex cAMP, cGMP, calcium, etc.
Others Initiates reactions rapidly but Takes longer to initiate a reaction
often the reaction is but the reaction is sustained for a
sustained prolonged period

Some functions of Hormones:

• Regulation of growth and development of the body
• Regulation of reproductive processes
• Regulation of energy production and metabolic rate
• Regulation of the production of certain hormones
• Maintenance of body fluids homeostasis
VI). SEQUENCE OF THYROID PROCESSES. Assign a number before each step of the processes A (from 1
to 5) and B (from 1 to 7) to come up with the correct sequence of each of the said processes occurring in
the thyroid gland. Sample answers are: A: 43521; B 7243165

A) Thyroid Hormone Synthesis……………………………34251 (score is either 5 or 0)

B) Release of Thyroid Hormones from the Follicle…….6427531 (score is either 7 or 0)

A) Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

_3_ Incorporation of iodine with the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin

_4_ Coupling of iodinated precursors to produce T3 and T4

_2_ Oxidation of iodide to iodine via peroxidase action

_5_ Cleavage of thyroid hormones via protease action to release them

_1_ Iodide absorption by the thyroid gland from the plasma

B) Release of Thyroid Hormones from the Follicle

_6_ Lysosomal fusion

_4_ Formation of vesicles on apical membrane (endocytosis of thyroglobulin)

_2__ Activation of cAMP

_7_ Digestion of thyroglobulin to release thyroid hormones

_5_ Colloid droplets undergo phagocytosis

_3__ Phosphorylation of cellular proteins that mediate cellular processes

_1_ TSH binds to the basal side receptor of the follicular cell
 Drug Classes
Sedative-hypnotics Thiopental, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital,
Amobarbital. (Suffix – al)
Dopaminergic Stimulants Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate,
Benzoylecgonine, Cocaine (BCMM)
Hallucinogens Methaqualone, LSD, THC, Phencyclidine (MLPT)
Opiates Codeine, Morphine, Propoxyphene, Methadone,
Naloxone, Heroin (CMPMNH)
Tranquillizers Diazepam, Oxazepam (Suffix – am)