1.

Purpose of Electrocardiography:

The purpose of electrocardiography is to record and analyze the electrical activity of the heart. It
helps in diagnosing various cardiac conditions, assessing the heart's rhythm, identifying
abnormalities, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

2. Components of the ECG Cycle:

 P Wave: Represents atrial depolarization.

 QRS Complex: Indicates ventricular depolarization.
 T Wave: Signifies ventricular repolarization.
 PR Segment: Connects the P wave and the QRS complex.
 ST Segment: Represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
 PR Interval: Measures from the beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex.
 QT Interval: Measures from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.
 Baseline following the T Wave: Represents the period of rest before the next cardiac cycle.

3. Purpose of Standardization Mark:

The standardization mark provides a reference point to ensure the accuracy and calibration of the
ECG machine. It helps in standardizing the amplitude and duration of ECG waveforms for accurate
interpretation.

4. Functions of Electrodes, Amplifier, and Galvanometer:

 Electrodes: Collect electrical signals from the body's surface.

 Amplifier: Increases the amplitude of the weak electrical signals to improve visibility.
 Galvanometer: Converts electrical signals into mechanical motion, producing the graphical
representation on the ECG paper.

5. 12-Lead ECG:

The 12 leads provide different perspectives of the heart's electrical activity, including standard limb
leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF) and precordial leads (V1-V6).

6. Functions of:

 Three-Channel Recording: Simultaneously records ECG from different angles, aiding in a

more comprehensive assessment.
 Interpretive Electrocardiography: Automatically analyzes ECG patterns, assisting in the
diagnosis of cardiac conditions.
 Electronic Health Record Connectivity: Integrates ECG data into patient records for efficient
healthcare management.
 Teletransmission: Allows remote transmission of ECG data for immediate consultation and
monitoring.

7. Types of Artifact and Causes:

 Muscle: Caused by patient movement.

 Wandering Baseline: Poor skin-electrode contact or loose electrodes.
 60-Cycle Interference: Electrical interference from nearby equipment.
  Interrupted Baseline: Disconnection of leads or technical issues during recording.

Holter Monitor Electrocardiography:

8. Reasons for Applying a Holter Monitor:

 Continuous monitoring over 24 to 48 hours to detect intermittent arrhythmias

 Evaluate the impact of daily activities on heart function, and
 Assess the effectiveness of treatment.

Cardiac Dysrhythmias:

Categories of Cardiac Dysrhythmias:

 Atrial Dysrhythmias,
 Ventricular Dysrhythmias,
 Atrioventricular (AV) Conduction Disturbances.

10. Examples of Cardiac Dysrhythmias:

Atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, heart block.

11. Identifying Cardiac Dysrhythmias on a 12-Lead ECG:

 Abnormalities in the P wave

 QRS complex, and
 T wave patterns help identify and classify dysrhythmias.

Pulmonary Function Testing:

12. Different Pulmonary Function Tests:

- Spirometry, lung volumes, diffusion capacity, and peak expiratory flow (PEF).

13. Indications for Performing Spirometry:

- Diagnosing respiratory conditions, monitoring disease progression, and assessing response to

treatment.

14. Patient Preparation for Spirometry:

- Patients should avoid smoking and bronchodilators before the test, and proper technique is crucial
for accurate results.

15. Purpose of Postbronchodilator Spirometry:

- Evaluates the response to bronchodilator medications, helping diagnose and manage obstructive
lung diseases.

Peak Flow Measurement:

16. Symptoms of an Asthma Attack:

- Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.

17. Examples of Asthma Triggers:

- Allergens, pollutants, exercise, stress, and respiratory infections.

18. Difference Between Long-Term Control and Quick-Relief Asthma Medications:

- Long-term control manages underlying inflammation, while quick-relief medications provide

immediate symptom relief during attacks.

19. Purpose of a Peak Flow Meter:

- Monitors and manages asthma by measuring the maximum airflow a person can generate during
forced expiration.

20. Measuring a Patient's Peak Flow Rate:

- Patients perform maximal forced expiration into the peak flow meter, providing an objective
measure of airflow limitation.

Home Oxygen Therapy:

21. Why Oxygen is Needed:

- Oxygen is essential for cellular metabolism and energy production.

22. Effects of Inadequate Blood Oxygen Levels:

- Insufficient oxygen can lead to hypoxia, compromising organ function.

23. Conditions Requiring Home Oxygen Therapy:

- Chronic respiratory conditions such as COPD, severe pneumonia, and heart failure may necessitate
supplemental oxygen.

24. Common Types of Oxygen Delivery Systems:

- Nasal cannula, oxygen mask, and oxygen concentrators.

25. Devices for Home Oxygen Therapy:

- Liquid oxygen systems and oxygen concentrators provide a continuous or intermittent supply of
oxygen.

26. Oxygen Safety Guidelines:

- Guidelines include no smoking in the presence of oxygen, proper storage, regular equipment
checks, and precautions to prevent fire hazards. Patient education on proper usage is essential for
safety.