## 11.

1 Muscle Structure and Function

### Origin and Insertion

- **Origin:** The point of muscle attachment to a fixed, stabilized bone.

- **Insertion:** The point of muscle attachment to the bone being pulled.

### Prime Mover, Synergists, and Antagonists

- **Prime Mover:** Muscle primarily responsible for a movement.

- **Synergists:** Muscles assisting the prime mover.

- **Fixator:** A synergist stabilizing the insertion site.

- **Antagonist:** Muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover.

### Fascicle Arrangements

- Fascicles can be parallel, circular, convergent, pennate, fusiform, or triangular.

- Different arrangements result in various ranges of motion and work capabilities.

## 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles

### Factors Influencing Muscle Names

- **Location:** Muscles named based on their location in the body.

- **Size and Location:** e.g., gluteal muscles of the buttocks.

- **Bones Associated:** e.g., tibialis anterior.

- **Shapes:** Distinctive muscle shapes.

- **Fiber Direction:** e.g., muscles of the body midline.

- **Origin/Insertion:** e.g., biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major.

## 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back

### Head and Neck Muscles

- **Axial and Appendicular Muscles:** Grouped based on location and function.

- **Facial Muscles:** Insert into the skin for facial expressions.

- **Eye Muscles:** Extrinsic muscles move eyeballs.

- **Tongue Muscles:** Both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.

### Back and Neck Muscles

- Complex groups: splenius, erector spinae, longissimus, spinalis, transversospinales, segmental,

scalenes.

- Sternocleidomastoid divides the neck.

- Muscles stabilize and move the head.

## 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax

### Abdominal Muscles

- Anterior abdominal wall muscles: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus
abdominis.

- Quadratus lumborum forms the posterior abdominal wall.

### Thoracic Muscles

- Diaphragm plays a crucial role in breathing.

- External and internal intercostal muscles aid in changing rib cage shape during breathing.

- Pelvic floor muscles support organs and act as sphincters.

## 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

### Pectoral Girdle Muscles

- Subclavius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior (anterior thoracic).

- Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor (posterior thoracic).

- Shoulder joint muscles: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and others.

### Forearm and Hand Muscles

- Flexors: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis.

- Extensors: triceps brachii, anconeus.

- Pronators: pronator teres, pronator quadratus.

- Intrinsic muscles allow precise hand movements.

## 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

### Pelvic Girdle and Hip Muscles

- Muscles attaching legs to the axial skeleton.

- Gluteal muscles, iliopsoas, lateral rotators, adductors, pectineus.

### Thigh Muscles

- Divided into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments.

- Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius).

- Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus).

### Leg Muscles

- Divided into anterior, lateral, superficial-posterior, and deep-posterior compartments.

- Various muscles responsible for foot and toe movements.

### 28. Fascicle Arrangement and Muscle Action:

**Effect:** Fascicle arrangement influences a muscle's action by determining its range of motion,
force generation, and efficiency. Different arrangements (parallel, circular, convergent, pennate,
fusiform, triangular) provide muscles with specific abilities and limitations in terms of contraction
and movement.

### 29. Muscle Arrangement Around Joints:

**Description:** Muscles around joints work in coordination to produce movements. Agonists

(prime movers) cause the desired action, antagonists oppose it, and synergists assist. The
arrangement ensures stability, flexibility, and precision in joint movements.

### 30. Synergist as a Fixator:

**Explanation:** A synergist, acting as a fixator, stabilizes the insertion point of the agonist (prime
mover). This enhances the efficiency of the agonist by preventing unnecessary movement at the
insertion site, allowing the agonist to perform its primary action more effectively.

### 31. Criteria for Naming Skeletal Muscles:

**Criteria:**

1. **Location:** e.g., gluteal muscles.

2. **Size and Location:** e.g., pectoralis major.

3. **Bones Associated:** e.g., tibialis anterior.

4. **Shapes:** e.g., deltoid.

5. **Fiber Direction:** e.g., rectus abdominis.

6. **Origin/Insertion:** e.g., biceps brachii, triceps brachii.

### 32. Axial vs. Appendicular Muscles:

**Difference:** Axial muscles are located in the body's central axis (head, neck, trunk), while
appendicular muscles are found in the limbs. Axial muscles primarily control posture and movement
of the head and spine, while appendicular muscles facilitate movement of the limbs.

### 33. Muscles of the Anterior Neck:

**Description:** Muscles include the sternocleidomastoid, which divides the neck, and muscles
facilitating swallowing and speech (stabilizing the hyoid bone and positioning the larynx).

### 34. Face Muscles vs. Skeletal Muscles:

**Difference:** Face muscles insert into the skin rather than onto bone, allowing for facial
expressions. They are more superficial and involved in intricate facial movements, unlike typical
skeletal muscles.

### 35. Fascicle Arrangement in Abdominal Wall Muscles:

**Description:** Abdominal wall muscles have various fascicle arrangements, such as rectus
abdominis with parallel fibers and oblique muscles with converging or circular arrangements. These
arrangements contribute to abdominal wall strength, flexibility, and support.

### 36. Diaphragm vs. Pelvic Diaphragm:

**Similarities:**

- Both play roles in bodily functions (breathing, support).

- Composed of muscle and connective tissue.

**Differences:**

- Diaphragm is dome-shaped and aids in breathing.

- Pelvic diaphragm supports pelvic organs and acts as sphincters.

### 37. Rotator Cuff Tendons and Importance:

**Tendons Forming Rotator Cuff:** Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS).

**Importance:** Stabilize the shoulder joint, ensuring proper movement and preventing dislocation.
Vital for shoulder strength and function.

### 38. Muscle Groups of Shoulders and Upper Limbs:

**Groups:**

1. Anterior thoracic (subclavius, pectoralis minor).

2. Posterior thoracic (trapezius, levator scapulae).

3. Shoulder joint muscles (deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi).

### 39. Hamstring Muscles and Function:

**Muscles:** Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

**Function:** Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip, important in walking and running.

### 40. Quadriceps Muscles and Function:

**Muscles:** Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius.

**Function:** Extension of the knee, crucial for activities like walking, standing, and jumping.