HYDRALIC STRUCTURES – BCE 3213

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY BRANCH CAMPUS SRI LANKA

REPORT
FILED VISIT & SELF STUDY
AT
SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

Submitted by : H.M.A.E.KUMARAWANSHA

: D.B.K.K. KARUNANAYAKE

Module : HYDRALIC STRUCTURES – BCE 3213

Course : BEng. CIVIL ENGINNERING TECHNOLOGY

 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

PREFACE

This We, H.M.A.E. Kumarawansha and D.B.K.K. Karunanayake, undergraduate students in the field
of Civil Engineering, had the privilege of conducting a comprehensive field visit to the Soranatota Mini
Hydro Plant, situated in proximity to our home areas. This visit was an integral component of our
academic journey, aligning with the module on Hydraulic Structures under the guidance of our
esteemed lecturer, Mr. Eng. Dulan Nalaka, as part of the Bachelor of Civil Engineering Technology
with Honours.

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant served as an ideal real-world application of the principles and
concepts learned in our course work module. Mr. Eng. Dulan Nalaka's expertise in the field has been a
source of inspiration, guiding us through the intricacies of hydraulic structures. This report encapsulates
our observations, analyses, and insights gained during the visit, providing a tangible connection
between theoretical knowledge and practical applications.

We express our gratitude to Mr. Eng. Dulan Nalaka for imparting his knowledge and fostering our
understanding of hydraulic structures. This report stands as a testament to our commitment to academic
excellence and the practical application of engineering principles

1. H.M.A.E. KUMARAWANSHA
2. D.B.K.K. KARUNANAYAKE

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION/ ACRONYMS

1. BEng.: Bachelor of Engineering
2. Eng.: Engineer
3. Pvt: Private
4. Ltd: Limited
5. MW: Megawatt
6. Biodiversity: Biological diversity
7. m³/s: Cubic meters per second
8. m²: Square meters
9. mm: Millimeters
10. km²: Square kilometers
11. °C: Degrees Celsius
12. W: Watt
13. kW: Kilowatt
14. HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
15. LED: Light Emitting Diode
16. Sri Lanka: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

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 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

01 Figures

Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………………………..08

Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………….….09

Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………………………..09

Figure 4…………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………………………..13

Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………………………. 13

Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………………………..15

Figure 10…………………………………………………………………………………………15

Figure 11…………………………………………………………………………………………16

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02 Tables

Table 1……………………………………………………………………………………………09

Table 2……………………………………………………………………………………………10

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our sincere gratitude to Mr. Eng. Dulan Nalaka, our lecturer for the Hydraulic Structures
module in the BEng. Civil Engineering Technology program, for his invaluable guidance, unwavering
support, and wealth of knowledge. His mentorship has been instrumental in shaping our understanding
of hydraulic engineering concepts.

Our heartfelt thanks also go to the staff and management of the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant for their
warm welcome and cooperation during our field visit. Their willingness to share insights and provide
access to the operational aspects of the facility greatly enriched our learning experience.

We appreciate the encouragement and support received from our fellow students and friends throughout
the course of this project. Their collaborative spirit and shared knowledges have made this endeavor all
the more rewarding.

Lastly, we express our deepest appreciation to our families for their understanding, encouragement, and
continuous support, without which this academic pursuit would not have been possible.

1. H.M.A.E. Kumarawansha
2. D.B.K.K. Karunanayake

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 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

CONTENT

PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………………………2

LIST OF ABBREVIATION / ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………3

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS – 01 -FIGURES……………………………………………………….4

02 -TABLES………………………………………………………...5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..………………6

CONTENT……………………………………………………………………………………………...7

01 INTRODUCTION OF SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT ………………………………8

02 LOCATION MAP…………………………………………………. ………………………………9

03 CAPACITY OF THE PLANT …………………………………….……………………………..10

04 SCHEMATIC FLOW OF THE HYDRO PLANT……………….………………………..….…11

05 COMPONETS OF THE HYDRO PLANT …………….………………………………………..13

06 IMPACT ON THE ENVIROMENT……………………………....……………………………..17

07 MAINTENANCE, FAILURES, AND CHALLENGES..………………………………………..19

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………..…22

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 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

01 INTRODUCTION OF SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

FIGURE – 1: SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant, situated along the Badulla - Mahinyanganaya road in closer to
Badulla, is a notable testament of sustainable energy solutions in the Sri Lankan context. Its unique
operational framework hinges on the utilization of run-off water from Badulu Oya, a watercourse
originating from the Namunukula hills. The river's course spans an impressive 40 kilometers before
converging with the Mahaweli Ganga, boasting a catchment area that spans 318 square kilometers.
Usually, Badulu Oya receives an annual rainfall of 2000 mm and sustains a mean stream flow of 12
m3/s.

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant is Operated and owned by Access Energy Solutions (Pvt) Ltd & It
is a testament to effective collaboration between private entities and governmental bodies. The Sri
Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority played a pivotal role as the consultant, while Hydro Power
International (Pvt) Ltd undertook the responsibilities of construction.

Commencing construction in 2005, the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant reached a milestone in
December 2008 when it was officially commissioned. Boasting an installed capacity of 1.4 MW, this
hydroelectric facility plays a crucial role in supplying sustainable power to the national electricity
grid. As a beacon of environmentally friendly energy production, the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant
exemplifies the successful integration of natural resources into the country's energy infrastructure.

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02 LOCATION MAP

FIGURE – 2: LOCATION MAP 1

FIGURE – 3: LOCATION MAP 2

Address Ambgahaoya, Soranathota, Badulla, Srilanka

GPS 7.0343879956979745, 81.05860359056867

Coordinates
Google https://maps.app.goo.gl/td2tZuuzMvyuVdcQ6
Map
TABLE – 1: LOCATION DATA

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03 CAPACITY OF THE PLANT

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Power Plant boasts a significant capacity for generating electricity by
harnessing the kinetic energy of the Badulu Oya river's water flow and converting it into both mechanical
and electrical energy through a generator. This generated electricity plays a pivotal role in supporting
the national power grid and fulfilling the energy needs of residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

Type OF Plant Run-Of-The-Water

Design Capacity 1.4 MW
Design head 15 m
Design Flow 3.0 m3/s
Annual Energy Output 12 GWh

TABLE – 2: CAPACITY DATA

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04 SCHEMATIC FLOW OF THE HYDRO PLANT

FIGURE – 4: SCHEMATIC FLOW CHART

Soranatota Mini hydro power plants harness the energy of flowing water to generate electricity in a
compact and efficient manner. The process begins with water intake, an Open Channel diverted from
the Badulu Oya river, and guided through to a Pressure Tank first, then it moves to penstocks – the
narrow pipes that controls and directs the water flow. Unlike larger hydro plants, this mini hydro
system uses a simple weir structure to channel water directly without a dam.

The controlled water flow is then directed towards a turbine, which is a key component in converting
the water's kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The turbines blades spin as water passes through,
initiating the rotation of the turbines. Those Mini hydro turbines are smaller and designed for lower
flow rates compared to their larger counterparts.

Connected to the turbines are the generators, where the mechanical energy from the turbines are
transformed into electrical energy. The generators in this type of mini hydro power plants typically
consists of wire coils and a magnet, similar to larger hydro generators but on a smaller scale. As the
turbine rotates, it induces a current in the wire coils, producing electricity.

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The generated electric current is then collected and sent to the local electrical grid. Similar to larger
hydro plants, this mini hydro power plant uses some transformers to adjust the voltage for
transmission over longer distances. This step-up in voltage facilitates efficient power transmission
before reaching its final destination. After passing through the generator, the water is released back
into the Badulu oya watercourse, ensuring minimal environmental impact. Typically, this eco-
friendly aspect is a significant advantage of those type of mini hydro power plants, contributing to
their appeal as a sustainable and renewable energy source for localized electricity generation.

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05 COMPONETS OF THE HYDRO PLANT

Weir
The Small Weir serves as the initial point for water intake of the hydro plant, regulating the flow
from Badulla Oya Run Off Water into the hydropower plant. This crucial component ensures
controlled water entry, preventing sudden surges and facilitating a steady flow for subsequent stages
of power generation.

FIGURE –5: WEIR

Divert Channel
Following the Small Weir, the Divert Channel directs the controlled water flow towards the
powerhouse of the plant. This channel plays a pivotal role in guiding the water efficiently, optimizing
its kinetic energy for harnessing maximum power during the subsequent stages of the hydropower
generation process.

FIGURE –6: DIVERT CHANNEL

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Screens
Screens are strategically placed to filter out debris and other particles from the diverted water before
it enters the system. This preventive measure not only ensures the longevity and efficient operation
of downstream components but also safeguards the turbines and generators from potential damage.

FIGURE –7: SCREENS

Pressure Tank
The Pressure Tank acts as a buffer, managing fluctuations in water pressure. By maintaining a
consistent pressure, it optimizes the performance of downstream components of the hydro plant,
ensuring a stable and reliable operation of the hydropower plant.

Surge Tank
The Surge Tank acts as a pressure relief system, absorbing sudden changes in water flow and
pressure. This component of this plant helps prevent water hammer effects, safeguarding the turbines
and other sensitive equipment from potential damage during fluctuations in the system.

Penstocks
Penstocks are large pipes that transport water from the source to the turbines in the powerhouse of
the plant. These conduits play a critical role in controlling the flow and directing the water with
precision, maximizing the potential energy conversion in the hydropower generation process.

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FIGURE –8: PENSTOCKS
 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

Power House
The Power House is the heart of the hydropower soranatota plant, housing the turbines, generators,
and other essential equipment. It is here that the kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted into
mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electrical energy for distribution.

Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines are the prime movers in this hydropower plant, converting the kinetic energy of
flowing water into mechanical energy. These turbines come in type of, Pelton suited for different
hydraulic conditions of the soranatota plant..

FIGURE –9: TURBINES

Generators
Generators play a crucial role in transforming the mechanical energy generated by the turbines into
electrical energy. This conversion is achieved through electromagnetic induction, producing the
power that is eventually fed into the electrical grid for distribution.

Transformers
Transformers are employed to adjust the voltage levels of the generated electrical energy, facilitating
efficient transmission and distribution. They play a vital role in maintaining the electrical integrity
of the power output from the hydropower plant.

FIGURE –10: TRANSFORMERS | 15

 HYDRALIC STRUCTURES SORANATOTA MINI HYDRO PLANT

Tail Race
The Tail Race is the channel through which water exits the hydropower plant after passing through
the turbines. It returns the water to the Badulu Oya watercourse, completing the cycle. Proper design
and management of the tail race are essential to minimize environmental impacts and ensure the
sustainable operation of the hydropower plant.

FIGURE –11: TAIL RACE

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06 IMPACT ON THE ENVIROMENT

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant, while contributing significantly to clean energy generation, is not
without environmental impacts, and it is essential to assess and address these concerns.

Impact on Local Ecosystems

The construction and operation of the mini hydro plant has led to habitat alteration and disruption,
particularly with the creation the weir and changes in water flow patterns. These alterations may
adversely affect local ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity, leading to potential displacement of
species.

Water Quality Changes

The establishment of the weir & the divert Channel can induce sedimentation, potentially reducing
water quality downstream. Changes in dissolved oxygen levels and temperature fluctuations in
aquatic ecosystems may impact fish migration, spawning grounds, and overall biodiversity.

Presence of Invasive Species

Altering water flow patterns and creating new habitats may invite the introduction of invasive
species, posing a threat to native flora and fauna and potentially disrupting the balance of local
ecosystems.

Temperature and Humidity Changes

Changes in water flow and temperature caused by the hydropower plant may influence local climate
conditions, impacting humidity levels and potentially affecting the surrounding environment &
Hydroelectric power plants create large reservoirs, releasing methane from decaying organic matter,
contributing to climate change, and potentially affecting carbon neutrality.

Habitat Loss and Disruption

The construction phase of the power plant, involving the creation of weir and infrastructure, can
result in habitat loss, leading to the disruption of ecosystems and potential displacement of wildlife.
Hydroelectric power plant construction may displacement communities, disrupt traditional
livelihoods, cause social unrest & loss of cultural heritage, causing social and cultural impacts. Also,
Deforestation occurs when forests are cleared for access roads, transmission lines, and power plants,
causing biodiversity loss, ecosystem disruption, and climate change by reducing carbon
sequestration capacity.

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Environmental impacts of hydroelectric power plants can vary depending on factors like project
design, mitigation measures, and local environmental sensitivity. To minimize negative effects,
proper assessments, strategies, and stakeholder engagement are crucial.

Mitigation Measures
To address these environmental concerns, it is crucial to inquire about and implement effective
mitigation measures. At this moment some measures have already carried out & but might need to
be develop them to minimize negative effects to the environment.

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Implement measures to protect and enhance local biodiversity,

including reforestation efforts and the creation of wildlife corridors.

2. Water Quality Management: Employ sedimentation control measures, such as erosion control
practices and sediment traps, to minimize the impact on downstream water quality.

3. Fish Habitat Restoration: Implement programs to restore and maintain fish habitats, ensuring the
preservation of critical spawning grounds and migration routes.

4. Invasive Species Management: Develop and implement measures to monitor and control the
spread of invasive species in and around the plant's operational area.

5. Community Engagement and Compensation: Involve local communities in decision-making

processes, providing compensation and support for those affected by the project to address social
and cultural impacts.

6. Climate Impact Mitigation: Implement measures to mitigate the release of methane from
reservoirs, such as managing water levels to minimize organic matter decay.

7. Sustainable Construction Practices: Adopt sustainable construction practices to minimize

deforestation, habitat loss, and ecosystem disruption during the construction phase.

By incorporating these mitigation measures, the environmental impact of the Soranatota Mini Hydro
Plant can be minimized, promoting a balance between clean energy generation and ecological
sustainability.

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07 MAINTENANCE, FAILURES, AND CHALLENGES

The Badulu Oya Hydropower Plant stands as a vital source of renewable energy in a picturesque
location, providing the local community with clean and sustainable electricity. Yet, akin to any
intricate engineering facility, the plant encounters diverse maintenance issues, failures, and
challenges that can influence its effectiveness and dependability.

Maintenance of Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant

The Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant requires regular and systematic maintenance to ensure optimal
performance and longevity. Key aspects of maintenance include:

1. Turbine Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of hydraulic turbines to address wear
and tear, ensure proper alignment, and optimize efficiency.

2. Generator Maintenance: Routine checks on generators, addressing issues such as insulation

integrity, bearing conditions, and electrical connections to maintain consistent power output.

3. Monitoring and Control Systems: Continuous monitoring of control systems, sensors, and
automation components to detect and address any deviations from normal operating conditions.

4. Screen and Intake Maintenance: Periodic cleaning and maintenance of intake screens to prevent
clogging and ensure uninterrupted water flow to the turbines.

5. Penstock Inspection: Regular inspection of penstocks for corrosion, leaks, or structural issues,
with timely repairs or replacements as needed.

6. Transformer and Electrical Infrastructure Maintenance: Inspections of transformers, switchgear,

and electrical infrastructure to prevent electrical failures and ensure a reliable power transmission.

Failures and Challenges:

Despite robust maintenance practices, soranatota hydropower plants may face various failures and
challenges:

1. Mechanical Failures: Turbine or generator failures due to mechanical issues such as misalignment,
wear, or unexpected damage.

2. Electrical Failures: Malfunctions in electrical components, leading to power outages or disruptions

in electricity generation.

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3. Natural Disasters: Vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, or landslides,

which can cause severe damage to the plant infrastructure.

4. Environmental Impact: Challenges related to environmental impact, including sedimentation,

changes in water quality, and potential disruption of local ecosystems.

5. Operational Challenges: Issues arising from operational complexities, such as changes in water
flow patterns, temperature variations, or unforeseen operational constraints.

6. Environmental Impact: The construction and operation of a hydropower plant can have detrimental
effects on the surrounding environment. Dams may disrupt natural river ecosystems, affecting fish
migration and altering habitats. Striking a balance between energy generation and environmental
preservation poses a significant challenge.

7. Financial Viability: The initial investment in building the plant, coupled with ongoing
maintenance and operational expenses, may pose financial challenges. The profitability of the
hydropower plant is susceptible to fluctuations in energy prices and competition from alternative
energy sources.

8. Technical Expertise: Ensuring the efficient operation and maintenance of the hydropower plant
requires a skilled workforce. Acquiring personnel with the necessary technical knowledge is crucial,
especially in remote areas where accessing qualified individuals might prove challenging.

Mitigation and Resolution Strategies Proposals:

1. Comprehensive Monitoring Systems: Implement advanced monitoring systems to detect early

signs of mechanical or electrical failures, allowing for prompt intervention.

2. Emergency Response Plans: Develop and regularly update emergency response plans to address
unforeseen challenges, ensuring a swift and effective response to incidents.

3. Environmental Impact Mitigation: Continuously monitor and refine environmental mitigation

measures to minimize the impact on local ecosystems and address any emerging challenges.

4. Community Engagement: Foster strong relationships with local communities to address concerns
and facilitate cooperation during any unforeseen events or challenges.

5. Regular Training and Skill Development: Invest in ongoing training programs for plant operators
and maintenance personnel to enhance their skills and ensure they are well-equipped to handle
diverse challenges.

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6. Climate Resilience Measures: Integrate climate resilience measures into the plant's design and
operation to withstand potential extreme weather events.

By implementing proactive maintenance practices, addressing failures promptly, and adopting robust
strategies to overcome challenges, the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant can continue to contribute
efficiently and sustainably to the energy needs of the region.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant exemplifies the successful integration of sustainable
energy and responsible engineering. This report delves into its components, environmental impacts, and
challenges, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to hydropower projects.

Our gratitude extends to Mr. Eng. Dulan Nalaka, whose guidance enriched our understanding of
hydraulic structures, and to the Soranatota Mini Hydro Plant staff for their cooperation during our visit.
Their insights were invaluable.

As the plant navigates maintenance, failures, and environmental considerations, it underscores the
importance of innovation and resilience. This facility not only signifies responsible engineering but also
inspires future endeavors in harmonizing energy needs with environmental preservation. We appreciate
the opportunity to explore and learn from this pioneering project.

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