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Brief Contents
Clarity
1 Tighten wordy sentences.
2 Prefer active verbs.
3 Balance parallel ideas.
4 Add needed words.
5 Eliminate confusing shifts.
6 Untangle mixed constructions.
7 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers.
8 Provide sentence variety.
9 Find an appropriate voice.
Grammar
10 Make subjects and verbs agree.
11 Be alert to other problems with verbs.
12 Use pronouns with care.
13 Use adjectives and adverbs appropriately.
14 Repair sentence fragments.
15 Revise run-on sentences.
16 Consider grammar topics for multilingual writers.
Punctuation
17 The comma
18 The semicolon and the colon
19 The apostrophe
20 Quotation marks
21 Other marks
Mechanics
22 Capitalization
23 Abbreviations, numbers, and italics
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24 Spelling and the hyphen
Research
25 Posing a research question
26 Finding appropriate sources
27 Evaluating sources
28 Managing information; avoiding plagiarism
MLA Papers
29 Supporting a thesis
30 Avoiding plagiarism
31 Integrating sources
32 Integrating literary quotations
33 MLA documentation style
34 MLA manuscript format; sample pages
APA Papers
35 Supporting a thesis
36 Avoiding plagiarism
37 Integrating sources
38 APA documentation style
39 APA manuscript format; sample pages
Chicago Papers
40 Supporting a thesis
41 Avoiding plagiarism
42 Integrating sources
43 Chicago documentation style
44 Chicago manuscript format; sample pages
CSE Papers
45 CSE documentation style
46 CSE manuscript format
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Glossaries
Glossary of usage
Glossary of grammatical terms
Index
Revision symbols
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Welcome to
A POCKET Style Manual
EIGHTH EDITION
Faster and more reliable than a Google search, A Pocket Style Manual
covers everything you need for college writing—especially researched
writing. You can turn to it for help with finding, evaluating,
integrating, and citing sources—as well as for advice on revising
sentences for clarity, grammar, and punctuation. The following
reference aids will help you find everything you need to be a successful
college writer in any course.
The brief and detailed contents inside the front and back covers allow
you to quickly spot the help you need.
The index at the back of the book includes plain-language entries like
“I vs. me” to point to common problems like pronoun case.
Color-coded MLA, APA, Chicago, and CSE sections give discipline-
specific advice for working with sources. Directories at the
beginning of each section list documentation models.
The glossaries on pages 293–310 offer useful definitions and help
with commonly confused or misused words such as affect/effect.
If your instructor has assigned a Hacker Handbooks media product,
even more help is at your fingertips:
Nearly 300 exercises help you improve your writing and effectively
work with sources.
50 model papers in 5 documentation styles provide guidance in
writing and formatting your work in any course.
33 LearningCurve quizzes offer game-like sentence-level practice and
let you track your progress.
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EIGHTH EDITION
A POCKET
Style Manual
Diana Hacker
Nancy Sommers
Harvard University
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For Bedford/St. Martin’s
Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Learning Humanities: Edwin Hill
Senior Program Director for English: Leasa Burton
Senior Program Manager: Stacey Purviance
Executive Editor: Michelle M. Clark
Marketing Manager: Vivian Garcia
Director of Content Development: Jane Knetzger
Senior Editor: Mara Weible
Senior Media Editor: Barbara G. Flanagan
Senior Content Project Manager: Gregory Erb
Senior Media Project Manager: Allison Hart
Senior Workflow Manager: Jennifer Wetzel
Production Supervisor: Robert Cherry
Associate Editor: Stephanie Thomas
Copy Editor: Arthur Johnson
Indexer: Ellen Kuhl Repetto
Photo Editor: Martha Friedman
Permissions Manager: Kalina Ingham
Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik
Text Design: Claire Seng-Niemoeller
Cover Design: William Boardman
Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services
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Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments and copyrights for images appear on the same page as
the selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights
constitute an extension of the copyright page. It is a violation of the law to
reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written
permission of the copyright holder.
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Table of Contents
Clarity
1 Wordy sentences
2 Active verbs
a vs. be verbs
b vs. passive verbs
3 Parallelism
a Items in a series
b Paired ideas
4 Needed words
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
5 Shifts
a Point of view
b Tense
6 Mixed constructions
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, reason . . . is because
7 Misplaced and dangling modifiers
a Misplaced words
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Dangling modifiers
d Split infinitives
8 Sentence variety
a Combining choppy sentences
b Varying sentence openings
9 Appropriate voice
a Jargon
b Clichés
c Slang
d Sexist language
e Offensive language
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Grammar
10 Subject-verb agreement
a Words between subject and verb
b Subjects with and
c Subjects with or, nor
d Indefinite pronouns such as someone
e Collective nouns such as jury
f Subject after verb
g who, which, that
h Plural form, singular meaning
i Titles, company names, words as words
11 Other problems with verbs
a Irregular verbs
b Tense
c Mood
12 Pronouns
a Agreement
b Reference
c Case (I vs. me etc.)
d who or whom
13 Adjectives and adverbs
a Adjectives
b Adverbs
c Comparatives and superlatives
14 Sentence fragments
a Clauses
b Phrases
c Acceptable fragments
15 Run-on sentences
a Revision with comma and coordinating conjunction
b With semicolon (or colon or dash)
c By separating sentences
d By restructuring
16 Grammar topics for multilingual writers
a Verbs
b Articles (a, an, the)
c Sentence structure
d Prepositions showing time and place
Punctuation
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17 The comma
a Independent clauses with coordinating conjunction
b Introductory elements
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive elements
f Transitions, parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasts
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections
h he said etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles
j Misuses
18 The semicolon and the colon
19 The apostrophe
a Possessives
b Contractions
c Conventional uses
d Misuses
20 Quotation marks
a Direct quotations
b Titles of short works
c Words as words
d With other punctuation
e Misuses
21 Other marks
a Period
b Question mark
c Exclamation point
d Dash
e Parentheses
f Brackets
g Ellipsis mark
h Slash
Mechanics
22 Capitalization
a Proper vs. common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles of works
d First word of a sentence or quoted sentence
e First word following a colon
f Abbreviations
23 Abbreviations, numbers, and italics
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24 Spelling and the hyphen
Research
MLA Papers
29 Supporting a thesis
30 Avoiding plagiarism
31 Integrating sources
32 Integrating literary quotations
33 MLA documentation style
34 MLA manuscript format; sample pages
APA Papers
35 Supporting a thesis
36 Avoiding plagiarism
37 Integrating sources
38 APA documentation style
39 APA manuscript format; sample pages
Chicago Papers
40 Supporting a thesis
41 Avoiding plagiarism
42 Integrating sources
43 Chicago documentation style
44 Chicago manuscript format; sample pages
CSE Papers
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45 CSE documentation style
46 CSE manuscript format
Glossaries
Glossary of usage
Glossary of grammatical terms
Index
Revision symbols
16
Clarity
1 Wordy sentences
2 Active verbs
3 Parallelism
4 Needed words
5 Shifts
6 Mixed constructions
7 Misplaced and dangling modifiers
8 Sentence variety
9 Appropriate voice
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1 Tighten wordy sentences.
Chapter Outline
1a Redundancies
1b Empty or inflated phrases
1c Needlessly complex structures
Long sentences are not necessarily wordy, nor are short sentences
always concise. A sentence is wordy if it can be tightened without loss
of meaning.
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1a Redundancies
Redundancies such as cooperate together, yellow in color, and basic
essentials are a common source of wordiness. There is no need to say
the same thing twice.
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1b Empty or inflated phrases
An empty word or phrase can be cut with little or no loss of meaning.
An inflated phrase can be reduced to a word or two.
INFLATED CONCISE
along the lines of like
at the present time now, currently
because of the fact that because
by means of by
due to the fact that because
for the reason that because
in order to to
in spite of the fact that although, though
in the event that if
until such time as until
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1c Needlessly complex structures
Simplifying sentences and using stronger verbs can help make writing
clearer and more direct.
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2 Prefer active verbs.
Chapter Outline
2a When to replace be verbs
2b When to replace passive verbs
As a rule, active verbs express meaning more vigorously than forms of
the verb be or verbs in the passive voice. Forms of be (be, am, is, are,
was, were, being, been) lack vigor because they convey no action.
Passive verbs lack strength because their subjects receive the action
instead of doing it.
Forms of be and passive verbs have legitimate uses, but choose an
active verb whenever possible.
BE A surge of power was responsible for the destruction of the
VERB pumps.
PASSIVE The pumps were destroyed by a surge of power.
ACTIVE A surge of power destroyed the pumps.
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2a When to replace be verbs
Not every be verb needs replacing. The forms of be (be, am, is, are,
was, were, being, been) work well when you want to link a subject to a
noun that clearly renames it or to an adjective that describes it:
Orchard House was the home of Louisa May Alcott. The harvest will
be bountiful after the summer rains.
If using a be verb makes a sentence needlessly wordy, consider
replacing it. Often a phrase following the verb contains a noun or an
adjective (such as violation or resistant) that suggests a more vigorous,
active verb (violate, resisted).
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2b When to replace passive verbs
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action; in
the passive, the subject receives the action.
ACTIVE The committee reached a decision.
PASSIVE A decision was reached by the committee.
In passive sentences, the actor (in this case committee) frequently does
not appear: A decision was reached.
In most cases, you will want to emphasize the actor, so you should
use the active voice. To replace a passive verb with an active one,
make the actor the subject of the sentence.
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3 Balance parallel ideas.
Chapter Outline
3a Items in a series
3b Paired ideas
If two or more ideas are parallel, they should be expressed in parallel
grammatical form.
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Another random document with
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escape, he took the pet from the basket, and placed him in Lady
Jane’s arms.
“See here,” he said, “I’ve sewed this band of leather around his
leg, and you can fasten a strong string to it. If your mama allows you
to have him, you can always tie him to something when you go out,
and leave him alone, and he will be there quite safe when you come
back.”
“I should never leave him alone. I should keep him with me
always,” said the child.
“But, if you should lose him,” continued the boy, spreading one of
the pretty wings over Lady Jane’s plump little arm, “I’ll tell you how
you can always know him. He’s marked. It’s as good as a brand. See
those three black crosses on his wing feathers. As he grows larger
they will grow too, and no matter how long a time should pass
without your seeing him, you’d always know him by these three little
crosses.”
“If mama says I can have him, I can take him with me, can’t I?”
“Certainly, this basket is very light. You can carry it yourself.”
“You know,” she whispered, glancing at her mother, who had
leaned her head on the back of the seat in front of her, and appeared
to be sleeping, “I want to see Carlo and kitty, and the ranch, and all
the lambs; but I mustn’t let mama know, because it’ll make her cry.”
“You’re a good little girl to think of your mother,” said the boy, who
was anxious to cultivate her confidence, but too well-bred to question
her.
“She has no one now but me to love her,” she continued, lowering
her voice. “They took papa from us, and carried him away, and
mama says he’ll never come back. He’s not gone to San Antonio,
he’s gone to heaven; and we can’t go there now. We’re going to New
York; but I’d rather go to heaven where papa is, only mama says
there are no trains or ships to take us there, now, but by-and-by
we’re going if we’re very good.”
The boy listened to her innocent prattle with a sad smile, glancing
uneasily now and then at the mother, fearful lest the plaintive little
voice might reach her ear; but she seemed to be sleeping, sleeping
uneasily, and with that hot flush still burning on her cheeks.
“Have you ever been in New York?” he asked, looking tenderly at
the little head nestled against his arm. She had taken off her hat, and
was very comfortably curled up on the seat with Tony in her lap. The
bird also seemed perfectly satisfied with his position.
“Oh, no; I’ve never been anywhere only on the ranch. That’s
where Carlo, and kitty, and the lambs were, and my pony, Sunflower;
he was named Sunflower, because he was yellow. I used to ride on
him, and papa lifted me on, and took me off; and Sunflower was so
gentle. Dear papa—I—loved him best of all and now he’s gone
away, and I can’t see him again.”
Here the rosy little face was buried in Tony’s feathers, and
something like a sob made the listener’s heart ache.
“Come, come,” he said softly, “you mustn’t cry, or I shall think you
don’t care for the blue heron.”
In a moment, her little head was raised, and a smile shone through
her tears. “Oh, I do, I do. And if I can have him I won’t cry for the
others.”
“I’m quite sure your mama will consent. Now, let me tell you about
my home. I live in New Orleans, and I have lots of pets,” and the boy
went on to describe so many delightful things that the child forgot her
grief in listening; and soon, very soon the weary little head drooped,
and she was sleeping with her rosy cheek pressed against his
shoulder, and Tony clasped close in her arms.
And so the long, hot afternoon passed away, and the train sped on
toward its destination, while the mother and the child slept, happily
unconscious of the strange fate that awaited them in that city, of
which the spires and walls were even now visible, bathed in the red
light of the evening sun.
CHAPTER II
TONY GOES WITH LADY JANE
A ND now that the end of the journey was so near, the drowsy
passengers began to bestir themselves. In order to look a little
more presentable, dusty faces and hands were hastily wiped, frowsy
heads were smoothed, tumbled hats and bonnets were arranged,
and even the fretful babies, pulled and coaxed into shape, looked
less miserable in their soiled garments, while their mothers wore an
expression of mingled relief and expectation.
Lady Jane did not open her eyes until her companion gently tried
to disengage Tony from her clasp in order to consign him to his
basket; then she looked up with a smile of surprise at her mother,
who was bending over her. “Why, mama,” she said brightly, “I’ve
been asleep, and I had such a lovely dream; I thought I was at the
ranch, and the blue heron was there too. Oh, I’m sorry it was only a
dream!”
“My dear, you must thank this kind young gentleman for his care of
you. We are near New Orleans now, and the bird must go to his
basket. Come, let me smooth your hair and put on your hat.”
“But, mama, am I to have Tony?”
The boy was tying the cover over the basket, and, at the child’s
question, he looked at the mother entreatingly. “It will amuse her,” he
said, “and it’ll be no trouble. May she have it?”
“I suppose I must consent; she has set her heart on it.”
The boy held out the little basket, and Lady Jane grasped it
rapturously.
“Oh, how good you are!” she cried. “I’ll never, never forget you,
and I’ll love Tony always.”
At that moment the young fellow, although he was smiling brightly,
was smothering a pang of regret, not at parting with the blue heron,
which he really prized, but because his heart had gone out to the
charming child, and she was about to leave him, without any
certainty of their ever meeting again. While this thought was vaguely
passing through his mind, the lady turned and said to him:
“I am going to Jackson Street, which I believe is uptown. Is there
not a nearer station for that part of the city, than the lower one?”
“Certainly, you can stop at Gretna; the train will be there in a few
minutes. You cross the river there, and the ferry-landing is at the foot
of Jackson Street, where you will find carriages and horse-cars to
take you where you wish to go, and you will save an hour.”
“I’m very glad of that; my friends are not expecting me, and I
should like to reach them before dark. Is it far to the ferry?”
“Only a few blocks; you’ll have no trouble finding it,” and he was
about to add, “Can’t I go with you and show you the way?” when the
conductor flung open the door and bawled, “Grate-na! Grate-na!
passengers for Grate-na!”
Before he could give expression to the request, the conductor had
seized the lady’s satchel, and was hurrying them toward the door.
When he reached the platform, the train had stopped, and they had
already stepped off. For a moment, he saw them standing on the
dusty road, the river and the setting sun behind them—the black-
robed, graceful figure of the woman, and the fair-haired child with her
violet eyes raised to his, while she clasped the little basket and
smiled.
He touched his hat and waved his hand in farewell; the mother
lifted her veil and sent him a sad good-by smile, and the child
pressed her rosy fingers to her lips, and gracefully and gravely threw
him a kiss. Then the train moved on; and the last he saw of them,
they were walking hand in hand toward the river.
As the boy went back to his seat, he was reproaching himself for
his neglect and stupidity. “Why didn’t I find out her name?—or the
name of the people to whom she was going?—or why didn’t I go with
her? It was too bad to leave her to cross alone, and she a stranger
and looking so ill. She seemed hardly able to walk and carry her bag.
I don’t see how I could have been so stupid. It wouldn’t have been
much out of my way, and, if I’d crossed with them, I should have
found out who they were. I didn’t want to seem too presuming, and
especially after I gave the child the heron; but I wish I’d gone with
them. Oh, she’s left something,” and in an instant he was reaching
under the seat lately occupied by the object of his solicitude.
“It’s a book, ‘Daily Devotions,’ bound in russia, silver clasp,
monogram ‘J. C.,’” he said, as he opened it; “and here’s a name.”
On the fly-leaf was written
Jane Chetwynd.
From Papa,
New York, Christmas, 18—.
“‘Jane Chetwynd,’ that must be the mother. It can’t be the child,
because the date is ten years ago. ‘New York.’ They’re from the
North then; I thought they were. Hello! here’s a photograph.”
It was a group, a family group—the father, the mother, and the
child; the father’s a bright, handsome, almost boyish face, the
mother’s not pale and tear-stained, but fresh and winsome, with
smiling lips and merry eyes, and the child, the little “Lady Jane,”
clinging to her father’s neck, two years younger, perhaps, but the
same lovely, golden-haired child.
The boy’s heart bounded with pleasure as he looked at the sweet
little face that had such a fascination for him.
“I wish I could keep it,” he thought, “but it’s not mine, and I must try
to return to it the owner. Poor woman! she will be miserable when
she misses it. I’ll advertise it to-morrow, and through it I’m likely to
find out all about them.”
Next morning some of the readers of the principal New Orleans
journals noticed an odd little advertisement among the personals:
Found, “Daily Devotions”; bound in red russia-leather, silver clasp,
with monogram, “J. C.” Address,
Blue Heron, P. O. Box 1121.
T HE next morning, Madame Jozain sent Raste across the river for
Dr. Debrot, for the sick woman still lay in a heavy stupor, her dull
eyes partly closed, her lips parched and dry, and the crimson flush of
fever burning on cheek and brow.
Before Raste went, Madame Jozain took the traveling bag into the
kitchen, and together they examined its contents. There were the
two baggage-checks, the tickets and money, besides the usual
articles of clothing, and odds and ends; but there was no letter, nor
card, nor name, except the monogram, J. C., on the silver fittings, to
assist in establishing the stranger’s identity.
“Hadn’t I better take these,” said Raste, slipping the baggage-
checks into his pocket, “and have her baggage sent over? When she
comes to, you can tell her that she and the young one needed
clothes, and you thought it was best to get them. You can make that
all right when she gets well,” and Raste smiled knowingly at
madame, whose face wore an expression of grave solicitude as she
said:
“Hurry, my son, and bring the doctor back with you. I’m so anxious
about the poor thing, and I dread to have the child wake and find her
mother no better.”
When Doctor Debrot entered Madame Jozain’s front room, his
head was not as clear as it ought to have been, and he did not
observe anything peculiar in the situation. He had known madame,
more or less, for a number of years, and he might be considered one
of the friends who thought well of her. Therefore, he never suspected
that the young woman lying there in a stupor was any other than the
relative from Texas madame represented her to be. And she was
very ill, of that there could be no doubt; so ill as to awaken all the
doctor’s long dormant professional ambition. There were new