Chapter - 11

Sound
———————————
Sound is a form of energy, it is that form of energy
which makes us here, it needs medium to travel.

Waves
A wave is a vibratory disturbance in a medium which
carries energy from one point to another.

Types of waves:
there are two types of waves
longitudinal waves and transverse waves

Longitudinal waves
A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate
back and forth in the same direction in which the wave
is moving is called longitudinal waves. These are called
sound waves also, these waves produced in solid, liquid
and gas.

Note:
Sound waves are longitudinal waves

Compression:
A compression is that part of a longitudinal wave in
which the particles of the medium are closer to one
another.

Rarefaction:
Rarefaction is that part of a longitudinal wave in which
the particles of the medium are further apart than
normal.

Graphical representation of sound waves:-

Transverse wave:
A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate up
and down at right angles to the direction in which the
wave is moving is called a transverse wave.
Note:
Transverse waves can be produced only in solids and
liquids but not in gases.

Note:
Transverse waves are electromagnetic waves like radio
waves and light waves.

Transverse wave consist of crests and troughs

Crests:
The elevation formed in transverse waves is called
crust.

Trough:
The depression formed in a transverse wave is called
trough.

Q. What do you mean by one complete oscillation ?

Ans: The full cycle of a periodic motion such as
back-forth movement or up and down movement
Characteristics of a sound wave:
5 characteristics:
● Wavelength
● Amplitude
● Time period
● Frequency
● Velocity

Wavelength:- The minimum distance in which a sound

wave repeats itself is called its wavelength.
denoted by lambda
(λ)
Amplitude:-
The maximum displacement or distance moved by a
point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its
equilibrium position.

Time-period:- The time required to produce one

complete wave is called time-period of the wave.

Frequency:- The number of complete waves produced

in one second is called frequency of the wave.
Velocity:- The distance travelled by a wave in one
second is called velocity of the wave.
v=f×λ

Production of sound:-
Sound is produced when an object vibrates
Sound is produced in our mouth by the vibration of
vocal chords in our throat.
———————————
Propagation of sound:
Sound needs medium to travel, solid, liquid, or gases,
sound cannot move in vacuum.
Experiment:-
 Initially when the jar
has normal air inside it, sound waves produced by the ringing bell
are heard outside the jar. The vacuum pump is started and the air
from the jar is gradually drawn out. As air inside the jar decreases,
the sound becomes disappear.

Speed of sound:-
At room temperature the speed of sound is
344 m/s

Note:-
● Speed of sound depend on nature of material
● Speed of sound depends on temperature
 ● Speed of sound depend on humidity of air

Note: If temperature increases the speed of sound also

increases.

Speed of sound is less in dry air and more in humid air.

Experiment:-
We can hear the sound of a train approaching us by
putting our ear on the railway track but at the same
time we cannot hear the sound of a train approaching
us by the air.

Sonic boom:-
Sonic boom is an explosive noise caused by shock
waves from an aircraft which is travelling faster than
the speed of sound.

Note:-
In the rainy season the flash of lightning is seen first
and the sound of thunder is heard a little later because
the speed of light is very very faster than the speed of
sound.
———————————
Reflection of sound
The bouncing back of sound when it strikes a hard
surface is called reflection of sound like wall, metal
sheet, hardwood etc.
Law of reflection:-
 ∠i = ∠r
Why the ceilings of conference hall and cinema hall are
curved
Ans: Because after reflection from the curved ceiling
sound reaches all parts of the hall.
———————————
Echo:-
The repetition of sound caused by the reflection of
sound waves is called an echo

Note:
The minimum distance from a sound reflecting surface
to hear an echo is 17.2 m at 20°C.
———————————
Reverberation:-
If a sound is made in a big hall the sound waves are
reflecting repeatedly from the walls ceilings and floor of
the hall and produce many echoes this is called
reverberation.

Various methods used for reducing reverberation:-

 ● Heavy curtains are put on doors and windows to
absorb sound.
● Carpet are used on the floor.
● Sound absorbing materials are used to making
seats.
● Soft and porous materials are used to decorating
walls and ceilings.
———————————
Range of hearing Human beings:
The range of frequency from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is
known as the frequency range of hearing in human
being.

Infrasound:-
The sound of frequencies lower than 20 Hz are known
as infra sound.

Ultrasound:-
The sound of frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are
known as ultrasound.

Note:
Human being cannot hear infrasound and ultrasound.

Note:
Bats and dogs can hear ultrasonic or ultrasound

Bats can produce ultrasonic sound to fly at night to

search their prey.
Some applications of ultrasound:
● The cracks (flaw) etc in the metal blocks are
detected by using ultrasound
● Ultrasound is used in industries to clean electronic
components, odd shaped machines, spiral tubes etc
● Ultrasound is used to investigate the internal
organs of the human body such as the liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, uterus, heart etc.
● Ultrasound is used to monitor the development of
fetus inside the mothers womb
● Ultrasound issues to break kidney stones.
● Ultrasound is used in sonar to measure the depth
of the sea etc.

Sonar:-
The word Sonar stands for sound navigation and
ranging.
Sonar is a device which is used to find out the depth of
the sea or to locate the underwater things like big fishes
submarines etc.
———————————
Characteristics of sound:
Sound has three characteristics
● Loudness
● Pitch
● Timbre (quality)

Loudness:-
● The loudness of sound is the measure of the sound
energy reaching the ear per second.
● The loudness of sound depends on the amplitude of
the sound waves
● Greater the amplitude of sound wave, louder the
sound
● The loudness of sound is measured in decibels (dB)
Pitch:-
● Pitch is that characteristic of sound by which we
can distinguish between different sounds of the
same loudness
● Pitch of a sound is directly proportional to its
frequency.

Timbre (quality):-
The quality or timbre of a musical sound depends on
the shape of sound waves produced by it.

———————————
The Human Ear:
Internal parts of human ears divided into main three
parts
outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.

Outer ear :-
The outer ear is the auricle or pinna. The outer ear is
made up of cartilage and skin.

Middle ear :-
It includes three small bones
hammer (malleus) anvil (incus)
stirrup (stapes).

Inner ear :-
Cochlea: This contains the nerves for hearing.

Vestibule: Contains receptors for balance.

Semicircular canals:
This contains receptors for balance.

Working of Human ear:

The sound waves pass through the auditory canal and
reach the eardrum. The vibrations produced pass
through the tympanic membrane, then these Vibrations
are amplified several times by three bones hammer,
anvil and stirrup, then middle ear transmit these
vibrations to the cochlea, liquid present in cochlea set
up electrical signals to auditory nerve which transmit
them to the brain and the brain interpret them as
sound.