Chapter - 7

Motion ➯
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Motion:-
Motion is a change in position of an object over time.
Motion is described in terms of displacement, distance,
velocity, acceleration, time and speed.

Distance:-
The magnitude of the length covered by a moving
object is called distance. It has no direction.

Displacement is the shortest distance between two

points, it has magnitude as well as direction.

Note:
Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.

Magnitude:-
Magnitude is the size or extent of a physical quantity.
Types:- scalar and vector quantities.

Scalar quantities are only expressed as magnitude, it

has no direction.
E.g: time, distance, mass, temperature, area, volume,
etc.

Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as

the direction of the object.
E.g: Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force,
acceleration, etc.

Time is the duration of an event that is expressed in

seconds. It is a scalar quantity.

Speed is the rate of change of distance.

It is a scalar quantity.

Speed = distance / time

Velocity is the distance travelled by the body per unit of

time in a given direction, it has magnitude and
direction.

Velocity = displacement / time

Average speed is the

total distance upon total time taken.

Average speed = total distance / total time taken

The instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a

particular moment in time.
Uniform motion:-
When an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time it is in uniform motion.
Examples:
Motion of earth around the sun, Pendulum, etc.

When an object covers unequal distances in equal

intervals of time it is said to be in non-uniform motion.
Bouncing ball, Running horse, Moving train etc.

Acceleration (a) :-
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is
a vector quantity.“a”
Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

When Acceleration is negative it is called retardation or

negative acceleration or deacceleration

Formula:-
a=v−u
t
a = acceleration
u = initially velocity
v = final velocity
t = time

Distance-Time graph:-

Distance time graphs show the change in position of an

object with respect to time.
 ● OA implies uniform motion with constant speed.
● AB implies the body is at rest.
● B to C is non-uniform motion

Velocity-Time Graph:-
● Velocity time graphs show the change in velocity
with respect to time.

● OA = constant acceleration,
● AB = constant velocity,
● BC = constant retardation

Equations of Motion:-
v = u + at

v² = u² + 2as

s = ut + ½ at²
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a = acceleration
u = initially velocity
v = final velocity
t = time
s = distance
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Uniform circular motion:

● If an object moves in a circular path with uniform
speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.
● Velocity is changing as direction keeps changing.
● Acceleration is constant.
● formula is v = 2r
t
Examples:-
● Motion of artificial satellites around the earth.
● The motion of blades of the windmills and fans, etc.
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Derivation of
[v = u + at]

Velocity – Time Graph

From the above velocity time graph,
A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A
and goes to B with constant acceleration ‘a’

Draw a line AD parallel to OC,

BC = v
OA = u
OC = AD = t
Now,
we know that
a = change in velocity
time taken

change in velocity = BC − CD
∴ change in velocity =
v−u
∴ a= v−u
t

∴ v = u + at
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Derivation of
s = ut + ½ at²

s = distance travel

The distance traveled by an object is obtained by area

enclose OABC,
from the above velocity time graph,
OABC is a trapezium
Now,
Area of trapezium equals to area of rectangle (OADC) +
area of triangle (ADB)
Now,
Area (OADC)= OC × OA
Area (OADC)= t × u
Area (ADB) = ½×b×h
Area(ADB) = ½×AD×DB
Area(ADB) = ½ × t × DB
Area of trapezium = OC × OA + ½ AD × DB
t × u + ½ t × DB
DB = v − u
s = Area of trapezium
s = t × u + ½ t × (v − u)
s = ut + ½ t × at
∴ s = ut + ½ at²
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Derivation of
v² − u² = 2as
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From the above velocity time graph,
Area of trapezium = (a+b)h
2
Area of trapezium = (BC+ OA)OC
2

Area of trapezium = s

s = (v + u)t ——— (1)

2
Now, we know that
v = u + at

v−u=t
a

Put the value of ‘t’ in eq (1)

s = (v + u)(v − u)
2a

2as = v² − u²
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