CHAPTER 1

MOTION
 MOTION : An object is said to be in motion when its position changes
with respect to time. Eg: Rotation and revolution of earth.
 REST: An object is said to be at rest when its position does not change
with respect to time. Eg: Wall, furniture etc
 SCALAR QUANTITY:These are physical quantities which have only
magnitude but no direction. Eg: Time, distance etc.
 VECTOR QUANTITY :These are physical quantities which have both
magnitude and direction. Eg: force, displacement etc.
 ORIGIN:To describe the position of an object we need to specify a
reference point called origin.
 DISTANCE:The distance travelled by an object is the total path length
covered by it. SI nit of distance is metre. It is a scalar quantity.
 DISPLACEMENT:It is the shortest distance between the initial and final
positions of a moving object. SI unit is metre. It is a vector quantity.
 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Consider the motion of an object along the straight path. Let O be the
origin. A,B,C represents the position of the objects at different instants.

Case 1
In this case the object is moving from O to A.
Distance = OA = 60km
Displacement = OA = 60km

Case 2
In this case the object moves from O to A and back to B
Distance = OA + AB = 60 + 25 = 85km
Displacement = OB = 35km
Case 3
In this case the object moves from O to A and back to C
Distance = OA + AC = 60 + 35 = 95km
Displacement = OC = 25km

Case 4
In this case the object moves from O to A and back to O
Distance = OA + AO = 60 + 60 = 120km
Displacement = OA - AO = 0

 Note : In case 1 the distance travelled is equal to displacement. But in all

other cases distance travelled is greater than displacement. So we can
conclude that the distance travelled is either greater than or equal to the
displacement.
 Distance cannot be zero but displacement can be zero.

COMPARISON BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT

It is the total path length covered It s the shortest distance between

by an object. the initial and final positions.

It has only magnitude no direction. It has both magnitude and direction.

Hence it is a scalar quantity. Hence it is a vector quantity.

SI unit is metre(m). SI unit is metre(m).

Distance cannot be zero. Displacement can be zero.

 UNIFORM MOTION: If an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time the object is said to be in uniform motion.
 NONUNIFORM MOTION:If an object covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time the object is said to be in nonuniform motion.
 SPEED: Speed is the distance covered by an object in unit time. It is a
scalar quantity
 .SI unit of speed is m/s.
 Speed of object = distance
time
 AVERAGE SPEED: In non uniform motion the rate of motion is
described by average speed.
 Average speed = total distance travelled
total time taken
 VELOCITY: Speed with direction is called velocity.
 It is a vector quantity.
 SI unit of velocity is m/s.
 Velocity = displacement
time
 The velocity of an object can be uniform or variable.
 It can be changed by changing the objects speed, direction of motion or
both.
 Average speed = Initial velocity + Final velocity
2
 ACCELERATION: The change in velocity of an object per unit time is
called acceleration.
 Acceleration = change in velocity
Time
a=v–u
t
a = acceleration, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, t= time.
 When the velocity of an object changes the motion is called accelerated
motion.
 SI unit of acceleration is m/s2.
 If the velocity of an object increases with time it is known as positive
acceleration or acceleration.
 If the velocity of an object decreases with time it is known as negative
acceleration, deceleration or retardation.
 If an object travels along a straight line and its velocity increases or
decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, it is known as
uniform acceleration. Eg: Freely falling body.
 If the velocity of an object increases or decreases by unequal amounts in
equal intervals of time then the acceleration is said to be non uniform.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN SPEED AND VELOCITY

SPEED VELOCITY
Speed is the distance travelled by Velocity is the displacement of an
an object in unit time. object in unit time.

Speed of object = distance Velocity = displacement

time time

Speed is a scalar quantity Velocity is a vector quantity

SI unit of speed is m/s SI unit of speed is m/s

Speed of an object is always Velocity can be positive, negative

positive or zero.

 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

1. DISTANCE TIME GRAPH: It is a line graph drawn by taking distance

values along y axis and time values along x axis.
 The change in position of an object with time can be represented
by distance time graph.

(a) OBJECT AT REST: For an object at rest the distance time

graph is a straight line parallel to time axis.
 (b) OBJECT IN UNIFORM MOTION: The distance time graph for
an object in uniform motion is a straight line inclined to time
axis.

 This graph can be used to find the speed of the object.

From the graph
AC = time interval
= t 2 – t1
BC = distance covered in the time interval (t2 – t1)
= (S2 – S1)
Slope of the graph = BC
AC
= (S2 – S1)
(t2 – t1)
 = speed of the object

The slope of the distance time graph gives the speed of the object.

(c) OBJECT IN NON UNIFORM MOTION: The distance time

graph for an object in non uniform motion is not a straight line.

2. VELOCITY TIME GRAPH: The variation in velocity with time for an

object moving in straight line is represented by a velocity time graph. In a
velocity time graph time is represented along x-axis and velocity along y-
axis.

(a) OBJECT IN UNIFORM MOTION: The velocity time graph for an

object in uniform motion is a straight line parallel to time axis.
Area enclosed by the velocity time graph and time axis

= Area of rectangle ABCD

=lxb

= AC x AB

= v x (t2 – t1) --------------(1)

Velocity = displacement
Time
Displacement = velocity x time-----------------(2)
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)

The area enclosed by the velocity time graph and time axis gives the
displacement.
(b) OBJECT IN UNIFORM ACCELERATION: The velocity time graph for
an object moving with uniform acceleration is a straight line inclined to
time axis.

The slope of the v-t graph gives the acceleration of the object.

(c) OBJECT MOVING WITH VELOCITY DECREASING WITH

TIME(DECELERATION)
(d) OBJECT IN NON UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

EQUATIONS OF MOTION
When an object moves along a straight line with uniform
acceleration, the equations relating its acceleration, velocity, time
interval and distance covered are known as equations of motion.
The three equations of motion are
(1) v = u + at (velocity – time relation)
(2) s = ut + ½ at2 (position – time relation)
(3) 2as = v2 – u2 (position – velocity relation)

Here,
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = time
s = distance travelled
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its
motion is called uniform motion.
 During uniform circular motion the object moves with a velocity of
constant magnitude along a circular path, the only change in the
velocity is due to change in the direction of motion. Hence uniform
circular motion is an accelerated motion.
 If an object takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of
radius r, the velocity is given by v = 2∏r
t