Dep 31380126-Tso, Piping Pipe Stress Analysis Requirements

DEP-TSO SPECIFICATION
PIPING – PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023-v47
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE
DEM1
© 2023 Shell Group of companies
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, published or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner or Shell Global Solutions International BV.
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
Page 2
PREFACE
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DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................
1.1 SCOPE.............................................................................................................
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY
CONSIDERATIONS.........................................................................................
1.3 DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES...................................................................................
1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES.....................................................................
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP.............................................................................
1.7 DUAL UNITS....................................................................................................
1.8 NON NORMATIVE TEXT (COMMENTARY)....................................................
2. PIPE SIZING..................................................................................................
3. PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS, VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND PIPE
SUPPORTING................................................................................................
3.1 GENERAL......................................................................................................
3.2 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS..........................................................................
3.3 PIPE SUPPORTS...........................................................................................
3.4 SMALL BORE PIPING....................................................................................
3.5 PIPING IN VIBRATING SERVICE..................................................................
4. PIPING ADJACENT TO EQUIPMENT...........................................................
4.1 PUMP, COMPRESSOR AND STEAM TURBINE PIPING..............................
4.2 PRESSURE VESSEL PIPING........................................................................
4.3 LEVEL GAUGES............................................................................................
5. UTILITY PIPING.............................................................................................
6. TANK FARM PIPING......................................................................................
6.1 GENERAL......................................................................................................
6.2 PIPING CONNECTIONS................................................................................
7. PIPING FOR TRUCK LOADING AND JETTY FACILITIES............................
7.1 PIPING FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING FACILITIES ON JETTIES.........
7.2 PIPING FOR TRUCK LOADING FACILITIES................................................
8. PIPING COMPONENTS.................................................................................
9. INSPECTION AND TESTING.........................................................................
10. INSULATION..................................................................................................
11. REFERENCES...............................................................................................
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. PIPE SPANS FOR PIPES RESTING ON MORE THAN TWO
SUPPORTS....................................................................................................
APPENDIX B. SCREENING REQUIREMENTS FOR AVOIDING VIBRATION INDUCED
FATIGUE FAILURE OF PIPING SYSTEMS...................................................
APPENDIX C. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PIPING
SYSTEMS......................................................................................................
APPENDIX D. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFSHORE PIPING SYSTEMS........
APPENDIX E. TYPICAL LOAD CASES FOR PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS.........................
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for completing the pipe stress
analysis for piping systems built in accordance with ASME B31.3 and pipeline facilities
(pump stations, compressor stations, valve stations, pig stations) built in accordance with
pipeline codes such as ISO 13623 , ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 , NEN 3650 and PD 8010.
It applies to piping for all types of process fluids (including fluidised solids), and all utility
fluids.
Piping covered under equipment design codes is excluded from the scope of this DEP.
Oil and gas risers, hull piping subjected to Classification Society rules (except for piping
associated with topsides process systems), subsea piping systems, utility piping in living
quarters and plant buildings are excluded from the scope of this DEP.
Cross-country sections of pipelines - with the exception of pipeline facilities - designed in
accordance with codes such as ISO 13623 , ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, NEN 3650 and
PD 8010 are excluded from the scope of this DEP. Sketches of the interface between
pipelines and other equipment are included in ASME B31.8 and ISO 13623. See also
DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen.
Piping fabrication requirements are covered in DEP 31.38.01.31-Gen.
Piping systems of “boiler proper piping” as referenced in ASME B31.1 , Section 100.1.1 are
covered by ASME Section I.
Piping systems of “boiler external piping” (steam, feed water and blow down piping
systems) as referenced in ASME B31.1, Section 100.1.1 are covered by ASME B31.1.
Piping systems for package refrigeration units are covered by ASME B31.5, except that
impact test requirements are covered by DEP 30.10.02.31-Gen.
DEPs are intended for use in oil and gas exploration, production and transport, oil refining,
chemical processing, supply and distribution. This DEP also can be applied in other similar
facilities including non-hydrocarbon energy applications.
This DEP contains mandatory requirements to mitigate process safety risks in accordance
with Design Engineering Manual (DEM) 1 – Application of Technical Standards.
This is a revision of the DEP of the same number dated February 2022; see (1.5) regarding
the changes.
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Unless otherwise authorised by Shell GSI, the distribution of this DEP is confined to Shell
companies and, where necessary, to Contractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers nominated
by them. Any authorised access to DEPs does not for that reason constitute an
authorisation to any documents, data or information to which the DEPs refer.
When DEPs are applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process is necessary. MOC is
of particular importance when modifying existing facilities.
If national or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements could be more
stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine which of the requirements are the
more stringent and which combination of requirements will be acceptable with regards to
the safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all cases, the Contractor shall
inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this DEP which is considered
to be necessary in order to comply with national or local regulations. The Principal can then
negotiate with the Authorities concerned, the objective being to obtain agreement to follow
this DEP as closely as possible.
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 General definitions
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for it. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the
Principal.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The capitalised term SHALL [PS] indicates a process safety requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.
The word may indicates a permitted option.
1.3.2 Specific definitions
The following definitions are specific to this DEP.
Term Definition
Dead leg Components of a piping system that normally have no significant flow. Some
examples include blanked branches, lines with normally closed block valves,
lines with one end blanked, pressurized dummy support legs, stagnant control
valve bypass piping, spare pump piping, level bridles, relief valve inlet and
outlet header piping, pump trim bypass lines, high-point vents, sample points,
drains, bleeders, and instrument connections.
Diameter The DN prefix indicating the nominal diameter of a piping system component
Nominal in millimetres.
Execute phase Detailed engineering and implementation stage of the project
Flashing fluid Fluids listed in Energy Institute EI 15 as Class 0, I, II(1) in pressure class 300
and above, II (2), III (1) in pressure class 300 and above, and III (2).
Pressurised leaks of flammable fluids with flash point below 100 °C (212 °F)
can form an aerosol cloud that is ignitable by a hot surface in the vicinity.
Flowline Piping which carries well fluid from wellhead to manifold or first process vessel
Fluid gas, vapour, liquid, slurry, solids or combinations thereof
Hydrogen Service in which the hydrogen partial pressure is greater than 345 kPa
Service absolute (50 psia) at any temperature. See also API RP 941, Figure 1.
(H2 Service)
Long-run Piping with length more than one pipe support span
piping
Nominal Pipe Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) as a prefix indicates the nominal diameter of a
Size piping system component in inches.
Pipe stress Engineer approved by the Principal to undertake pipe stress analysis for a
engineer project. The engineer is responsible for obtaining data from disciplines as
appropriate, creation, maintenance and issue of the pertinent pipe stress
analysis documentation detailed within this standard, analysis and approval of
all stress critical lines and the timely dissemination of pipe support/restraint
information
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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Term Definition
Pipe track Piping route typically consisting of multiple pipes, where pipes are routed at
grade level using concrete sleepers as pipe supports
Pipeline System of pipes and other components used for the transportation of fluids
between (but not within) plants. A pipeline typically extends from pig trap to pig
trap (including the pig traps). If no pig trap is fitted, the pipeline extends to the
first isolation valve within the plant boundaries.
Piping Assembly of straight and bent pipes, fittings, flanges, gaskets, valves and
other components (e.g., expansion joints, swivel joints, strainers, devices for
mixing, separating, distributing, metering and flow control). It also includes
pipe supporting elements and insulation. Piping does not include supporting
structures (such as frames of buildings, stanchions or foundations) or
equipment (e.g., heat exchangers, vessels, columns, pumps) or instrument
impulse pipes. Instrument specifications apply downstream the last joint of the
last process to instrument valve or valve assembly, defined for the instrument
connection in the mechanical piping class. This can include the 5 mm
restriction nipple where applicable.
Piping class Assembly of piping components, suitable for a defined service and design
limits, in a piping system. The piping classes are contained in the following
DEP binders: DEP 31.38.01.14-Gen. - Piping classes; DEP 31.38.01.23-Gen.
- Piping classes developed primarily for use in the oil, multi-phase, water and
gas pipeline systems from a wellhead to a plant facility administered primarily
to the CSA Z662 standard.
Safety/relief Pressure relief valve that is designed to relieve excessive pressure.
valve
Small bore Piping components of size DN 50 (NPS 2) and below
Spec break Physical location as a single point dividing one piping class from another.
Static analysis A method of pipe stress analysis to determine the primary (sustained)
stresses, secondary (displacement) stresses, restraint loads (viz., piping loads
on equipment nozzles, loads at pipe supports) due to loads caused by the
internal static pressure, deadweight of the pipe (including content, insulation,
snow and ice accumulation, valves, etc.) and other sustained and
displacement loads.
Trunnion Type of pipe support that extended hung on structure or spring support.
support
Very toxic Substances that are hazardous for the environment or human health, as
(substances) specified in DEP 01.00.01.30-Gen., which also references databases of "toxic"
substances and further classifies very toxic substances as "very toxic - acute",
"very toxic - chronic" and "very toxic - environment".
1.3.3 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are specific to this DEP.
Term Definition
CAD Computer Aided Design
DN Diameter Nominal
EJMA Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
NPS Nominal Pipe Size
P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section or
clause number is shown in brackets ( ). Other documents referenced by this DEP are listed
in (11).
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES

This is a revision of the DEP of the same number dated February 2022. This update is a
minor update being done for the reasons described in the following table. This table also
provides the updates from the 2022 revision, which represented the most recent full
technical update:
FOR THE 2023 REVISION
Section/Clause Change
1.3.2 Updated definition of “flashing fluid”
3.2.3, Item 3 Updated clause to include piping systems that require closure welds.
11 Updated reference titles
FOR THE 2022 REVISION
Section/Clause Change
1.3.2 Additional terms: “Static Analysis”, “Trunnion support” have been

incorporated
1.3.2 Deleted definition of “Valve: Fouling/Scaling Service”, “Valve: Trunnion”,

“Valves: Bellows”
3 This section has been generally updated to streamline the flow of

document. This also includes update to critical lines selection and
analysis methods
Appendix B, B.1 Table B.1 has been updated for flow induced vibration analysis
requirements related to gas service
Appendix B, B.3 Error in Equation B.1 has been rectified
Appendix C, C.2 Additional informative text has been included to give clarity
Appendix C, C.3 Section has been generally updated
Appendix C, New requirement for verification of slug frequency w.r.t. natural

C.5.2. frequency of piping system
Appendix D, Requirement has been updated to give clarity

D.1.1, Item 1
Appendix D, Title of this section has been updated

D.1.3.3
Appendix D, Requirement has been updated to give clarity

D.1.3.3, Item 1
Appendix D, New requirements for topsides analysis of piping systems.

D.1.3.3, Item 4
and Item 5
Appendix E New Appendix – “Load Cases for Piping stress analysis”

DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP

Comments on this DEP may be submitted to the Administrator using one of the following
options:
Shell DEPs Online Enter the Shell DEPs Online system at

(Users with access to https://www.shelldeps.com
Shell DEPs Online) Select a DEP and then go to the details
screen for that DEP.
Click on the “Give feedback” link, fill in the
online form and submit.
DEP Feedback System Enter comments directly in the DEP

(Users with access to Feedback System which is accessible from
the Technical Standards Portal
Shell Wide Web)
http://sww.shell.com/standards.
Select “Submit DEP Feedback”, fill in the
online form and submit.
DEP Standard Form Use DEP Standard Form 00.00.05.80-Gen.

(other users) to record feedback and email the form to the
Administrator at standards@shell.com.
Feedback that has been registered in the DEP Feedback System by using one of the above
options will be reviewed by the DEP Custodian for potential improvements to the DEP.
1.7 DUAL UNITS
This DEP contains both the International System (SI) units, as well as the corresponding
US Customary (USC) units, which are given following the SI units in brackets. When agreed
by the Principal, the indicated USC values/units may be used.
1.8 NON NORMATIVE TEXT (COMMENTARY)
Text shown in italic style in this DEP indicates text that is non-normative and is provided as
explanation or background information only.
Non-normative text is normally indented slightly to the right of the relevant DEP
clause.
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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2. PIPE SIZING
1. Refer to DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen. for the requirements for completing the surge analyses.
3. PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS, VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND PIPE SUPPORTING
3.1 GENERAL
1. Refer to Part II of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for piping requirements.
2. Refer to Part III of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for piping layout requirements.
3. Span distances for support of straight pipe shall be per (Appendix A).
4. The effect of blast loads shall be evaluated for piping which is required to maintain the
integrity in an explosion event.
a. Refer to DEP 37.01.10.11-Gen. for guidance on blast loadings.
5. Refer to DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for the classifications and requirements for
penetrations.
3.2 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS
3.2.1 General
1. Piping systems shall be routed, supported, anchored and guided so that stresses in the
piping do not exceed those permitted by ASME B31.3 and so that loads on the
connected equipment do not exceed the equipment design code for stresses arising
from the following:
a. thermal expansion/contraction;
b. weight effects including the pipe contents, insulation and any other superimposed
loads;
c. any other live loads superimposed when simultaneous occurrence is credible;
d. pressure effects;
e. vibration or movements due to earthquakes or storms.
Rationale: To prevent failure of piping components due to overstress, to prevent
leaks at joints, and to prevent excessive loads and moments on connected
equipment and pipe support.
2. Refer to DEP 31.38.01.29-Gen. for the requirements for pipe support design.
3.2.2 Piping stress analysis - Local regulatory requirements
Local regulatory requirements of the country in which the plant will operate might have
more stringent requirements than the codes and standards stated within this DEP. The pipe
stress analysis is governed by the most stringent criterion.
3.2.3 Stress analysis critical line list

1. The computer program used for formal comprehensive stress analysis shall be a fully
licensed product, recognised in the industry and approved by the Principal.
a. If pipe stress calculations require the approval of national or local authorities, they
shall be performed by methods approved by those authorities.
The purpose of the analysis is to calculate the thermal expansion/sustained or
dynamic stresses, nozzle loads on the connected equipment and determine the type
of pipe supports required.
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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2. The following lines SHALL [PS] be included on the critical line-list and investigated by
the Contractor’s pipe stress engineer (1.3.2) using formal comprehensive computer
analysis:
a. piping systems shown in the (Table 1);
b. pipe size larger than DN 600 (NPS 24);
c. pipe size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) connected to rotating equipment;
d. pipes of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) connected to air-cooled heat
exchangers and plate type heat exchangers;
e. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger where external movements,
such as differential settlement of equipment or supports could cause unacceptable
stresses or reaction forces;
f. all pipe sizes in cyclic service (regeneration/batch process) resulting in a stress
range factor f<0.7 per ASME B31.3 Fig. 302.3.5;
g. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger where engineered items are required like
spring supports, expansion joints, snubbers;
h. piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) subjected to slug
flow or water hammer;
i. piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) subjected to two-
phase flow;
j. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and above subjected to relief loads;
k. non-metallic piping systems sized DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger;
l. jacketed piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above);
m. pipes connected to Wellheads and X-mas trees;
n. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger with hub clamp connectors or
compact flanges;
o. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger along the derrick and the flare structure;
p. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger associated with offshore platform
bridges;
q. for all sizes of glass-lined pipe or piping connected to glass-lined equipment.
Table 1 Piping systems requiring formal comprehensive computer analysis
Size Range Design Temperature °C (° F)
Carbon and low alloy steel All other metallic piping systems
piping systems
DN 80 up to and Greater than 200 °C (390 °F) Greater than 150 °C (300 °F)
including DN 350 Or or
(NPS 3 up to and Less than - 50 °C (- 58 °F) Less than - 100 °C (- 150 °F)
including NPS 14)
DN 400 up to and Greater than 150 °C (300 °F) Greater than 70 °C (160 °F)
including DN 600 Or or
(NPS 16 up to and Less than - 50 °C (- 58 °F) Less than - 73 °C (- 100 °F)
including NPS 24)
DEP 31.38.01.26-TSO
February 2023
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3. For the following piping systems, as a minimum, a formal simplified or approximate

analysis (using manual methods) shall be performed:
a. for piping systems shown in (Table 2);
b. for piping systems that require closure welds.
The formal simplified or approximate analysis method includes analytical and chart
methods that provide an evaluation of the forces, moments and stresses caused by
displacement strains.
Table 2 Piping systems requiring formal simplified or approximate or formal comprehensive
analysis
Size Range Design Temperature °C (° F)
Carbon and low alloy steel piping All other metallic piping systems
systems
DN 80 up to and including From 100 °C (210 °F) and From 100 °C (210 °F) up to and
DN 350 200 °C (390 °F) including 150 °C (300 °F)
(NPS 3 up to and including
NPS 14)
DN 250 and above - From -50 °C (-58 °F) down to

(NPS 10 and above) and including -100 °C (-150 °F)
DN 400 up to and including From 50 °C (120 °F) up to and -

DN 600 including 150 °C (300 °F)
(NPS 16 up to and including
NPS 24)
4. For any modifications to existing piping systems, the applicable requirement from
(3.2.3, Items 2 through 3) shall be applied.
5. All critical lines (3.2.3, Items 2) shall be identified on the project line-list.
6. The Contractor shall ensure the integrity and flexibility of lines that are not on the
critical line list (“non-critical”).
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3.2.4 Piping stress analysis load cases and basis

3.2.4.1 Load Analysis
1. All critical piping systems identified through (3.2.3, Item 2) SHALL [PS] be checked for
stresses caused by the following:
a. pressure (internal/external pressures);
b. weight effects of piping components and fluids;
c. equipment vibration;
d. thermal expansion and contraction;
e. external loadings such as:
i. wind loads;
ii. seismic loads;
iii. settlement;
iv. frost heave;
v. snow loads;
f. stiffness changes;
g. enforced displacements;
h. shock loadings;
i. as limited by the nozzle loading requirements in Appendix D of
DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen.
2. The Project line list shall form the basis of calculation for all the stresses.
3. All critical piping systems identified through (3.2.3, Item 2) shall be analysed for the
detailed analysis conditions listed in Table 3.
Generally, most piping movements are due to thermal expansion, but the
comprehensive stress analysis will address all of the conditions in Table 3.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
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Table 3 Detailed analysis conditions for critical piping systems

Pressure Temperature conditions Other conditions Occasional conditions
conditions
Analyse the Analyse the following cases: 1. Sustained loads analysed, e.g., weight of 1. Wind loads1: analysed according to the applicable
following 1. Design temperature pipe and contents, insulation, fluid, valve and standard.
cases: special items. a. Wind effects analysed by applying wind load in all
2. Lower design temperature
1. Design 2. Thermal displacement of equipment four horizontal perpendicular directions which would
3. Maximum operating temperature
Pressure nozzles calculated using the relevant piping induce maximum stress in the piping stress.
4. Operating temperature temperature.
2. Maximum 2. Seismic loads2:
Operating 5. Transient temperature conditions possibly 3. Effects of frictional resistance to thermal a. in earthquake prone zones, earthquake loads are
Pressure caused by the following load cases: movement on piping systems. analysed to ensure structural integrity of pipe support
3. Operating a. start-up and shut-down; a. Friction force calculated based on structures.
Pressure b. protective steam heating or electrical properties of the sliding surface and b. the frequency of earthquake occurrences,
4. Cyclic heating including winterising; contact material. intensity and duration derived from seismic data or
pressure c. decoking; b. Following values used to select the accelerograms (i.e., recordings of actual ground
conditions d. regeneration; static friction coefficient: accelerations during earthquakes), local codes and
5. Test standards or as specified by the Principal;
e. compressor recycle; Contact Surface Friction Coefficient
pressure c. for piping design with seismic loads, see (3.5);
f. temperature drop by pressure relief, or
Stainless Steel on PTFE 0.1 d. seismic effects analysed by applying seismic
depressurisation effect;
load in all four horizontal perpendicular directions
The specific pressure - temperature envelope can be Steel on Steel 0.4
defined as a specific load case to take credit for which would induce maximum stress in the piping
pressure reduction at low temperatures. Steel on Concrete 0.6 stress.
g. solar radiation; 3. Snow loads: Snow loads analysed, where applicable.
c. Code stress checks and actual piping
h. steam-out conditions. forces and moments for equipment 4. Blast loading (refer to 3.1, Item 5).
6. Where applicable, flare radiation scenario nozzles qualified with and without friction a. piping systems whose failure could lead to major
analysed in accordance with the following factor at pipe supports. flammable fluid release or rupture in the event of blast
requirements: 4. Stiffness changes: Stiffness changes analysed for blast loading. Stress analysis performed
analysed where applicable. to limit the stresses due to blast, wherever applicable;
a. piping exposed to flare radiation: stress
analysis accounts for the increase in 5. Barge accelerations, relative movement b. maximum allowable stress in blast case is the
temperature of the piping system due to flare of platforms minimum of 2.4 x S or 1.5 x SY, where S is the
radiation. ASME B 31.3 allowable stress limit and SY is the pipe
material yield stress. This blast over pressures is
applied as wind loading in the appropriate directions.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 15
b. piping connected to flare tips: additional 5. Blast load analysed by applying as surface (wind)
thermal cases (low pressure flare piping system pressure in all six directions with a shape factor of 1.0
subjected to radiation due to high pressure flare 6. Supports (with gaps or reinforcement) to be suitably
piping system and vice versa) analysed; designed to limit the stresses within allowable limit.
c. low pressure / high pressure combined flare
tip: analyse one operating and one standby and the
standby subjected to radiation temperature;
d. piping designed to withstand the flare tip
thrust forces; the small bore piping connected to
the flare tip designed to withstand the flare
radiation temperature and flare tip thermal
movement.
NOTES: 1. Wind loading is applied in all four horizontal perpendicular directions to find out the governing direction.
2. Seismic loading is applied in all four directions to find out the governing direction
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 16
4. Expansion stress range SHALL [PS] be calculated using a differential temperature of

maximum metal temperature and minimum metal temperature of piping system (per
Part II of DEP 01.00.01.30-Gen.) to confirm that the calculated stress range is within
the Code allowable.
5. Expansion loops or offsets shall be provided in piping systems where improved
flexibility is required.
6. Expansion joints or swivel joints shall not be used if the fluid fouling properties make
them ineffective or will lead to leakage.
a. Expansion joints or swivel joints may be installed only where loops or offsets
cannot be used (e.g., due to limited space) or will not give sufficient flexibility.
7. The proposal to use expansion joints or swivel joints shall be presented to the Principal
for review and approval prior to detailed design development.
8. Expansion joints (bellows) shall be designed as follows:
a. the design displacement of the expansion joints is at least 1.5 times the actual
displacements;
b. minimum expansion bellow thickness is at least 1.6 mm (1/16 in).
9. Expansion joint (bellow) materials shall undergo heat treatment after forming.
10. Expansion joints shall be provided with guides and anchors to withstand forces
generated by the internal pressure.
a. Where there is a potential that unbalanced forces arise due to uneven flow,
expansion joints shall be installed with liners or internal sleeves, and with
additional supports or anchors to protect the expansion joints.
b. The stresses, forces and movements on expansion joints shall be within the limits
stated by the Manufacturer/Supplier.
c. Location of supports should follow the recommendations in the EJMA standard.
11. Expansion joints SHALL [PS] not be used for either of the following:
a. in very toxic (1.3.2) services or;
b. in systems with fluid services other than Category D (Appendix D,
DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen.) where they would be subjected to torsional loads.
12. Swivel joints SHALL [PS] not be used for either of the following:
a. in very toxic (1.3.2) services or;
b. in systems with fluid services other than Category D (Appendix D,
DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen.) where they would be subjected to bending loads.
13. If the line is in vapour service, or in liquid service with density less than water, then the
hydrostatic test weight shall be included in the analysis.
14. Cold-spring SHALL [PS] not be used to reduce thrust and moments on flanged joints or
equipment nozzles (refer to para. 319.2.4 in ASME B31.3).
15. The application of cold-spring for purposes other than to reduce thrust and moments on
flanged joints or equipment nozzles shall be subject to approval of the Principal’s
designated Mechanical Static technical authority.
16. The reaction loads resulting from thermal movement shall include the effects of friction
of the pipe or pipe shoes on the pipe supports.
17. Lateral guides shall be provided as necessary to control pipe movements and to
prevent buckling at the pipe section level.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
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18. Refer to DEP 80.45.10.10-Gen. for specific design requirements of flare piping
systems.
19. Supports specifically designed for blast case shall have no impact on other design
cases.
20. For evaluation of piping systems constructed of impact tested carbon steel and
subjected to a temperature lower than the impact test temperature, refer to (5.4) of
DEP 30.10.02.31-Gen.
21. For static analysis, load cases shall be implemented in accordance with (Appendix E).
3.2.4.2 Seismic Loads
1. A piping system in an earthquake region shall have sufficient flexibility to absorb large
movements without leading to excessive strain or failure.
a. Where vertical accelerations larger than 0.4g are defined by local seismic data,
dynamic analysis shall be part of the assessment process.
2. Piping shall be provided with sufficient flexibility between two anchor points, taking into
account that the two anchor points may respond in different modes during an
earthquake.
3. Piping offsets, expansion loops, are normally only provided for absorbing thermal
movements.
a. Suitable limit stops shall be provided to restrict this movement in the event of a
seismic shock.
4. Supports for branch-off pipes and supports for safety critical equipment shall be
subjected to review by the Principal.
5. Instrumentation piping shall have sufficient flexibility to absorb seismic movements of
the columns, pipe rack and structures from which pipe supports are taken.
6. Piping going through bund walls, building walls and floors shall be provided with
sleeves large enough to allow for the anticipated differential movements due to seismic
loads.
a. Dampening and sealing material shall be provided in order to maintain a liquid
tight connection.
7. Where vertical seismic acceleration values have not been defined in the code
applicable to the project or by the Principal, the vertical component of the seismic
acceleration shall be taken as 2/3 of the horizontal acceleration.
8. Following types of pipe supporting aspects shall be included in the design:
a. providing additional limit stops for both horizontal and vertical pipes at locations
where the pipe has significant thermal movement, thus preventing further
movement in the event of a seismic shock load;
b. providing restraints for risers (vertical piping, usually with wind load guides) in the
longitudinal pipe direction, thus preventing the pipe jumping in the event of a
seismic shock force;
c. providing additional guides at column resting supports;
d. providing sway braces or sway struts;
e. providing snubbers;
f. providing jump restraining pipe clamps or clips, thus preventing the pipes from
jumping off their support member (especially for horizontal pipes running along
pipe racks or pipe tracks in places where no branch-off pipes are holding the pipe
in place).
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 18
9. For seismic risk categorization, seismic design of piping system for respective risk
category and for performance requirement of piping designed for seismic condition,
refer to DEP 34.00.01.10-Gen.
3.2.5 Piping stress analysis methods
1. The analysis method and design load cases shall be subject to review and approval by
the Principal.
2. The method of analysis shall be determined by the requirements of ASME B31.3 para.
319.4.2.
a. As a minimum all piping systems identified as critical lines (3.2.3, item 2) shall be
subjected to static analysis using formal comprehensive computer analysis.
Note: For additional dynamic analysis requirements, see item 3.2.5, item 6.
3. Stress analysis by manual methods shall be applied only when the conditions of
ASME B31.3 , para. 319.4.2(b) are met and when the piping is symmetrical in all
places, is of simple configuration and is within the scope of published handbook
methods.
a. Complex piping systems shall not be reduced to simple configurations by the
otherwise-unnecessary introduction of intermediate anchors or guides
4. Detailed computerised analysis shall be performed when the maximum combined
displacement stress range, (incorporating appropriate applicable stress intensification
factors, estimated by approximate or simplified methods) exceeds the allowable stress
range.
5. Buried lines operating at temperatures above 100 °C (210 °F) SHALL [PS] be checked
for upheaval buckling.
See DEP 31.40.10.16-Gen. for guidance.
6. All lines likely subject to vibration due to high velocity flow (i.e., where the classification
of susceptibility to failure is "high" based on (Appendix B, B.1)), high-pressure drop,
water hammer or mechanical excitation (pulsation beyond the criteria specified in
(Appendix B, B.2) shall be analysed by dynamic analysis in accordance with
(Appendix C).
a. Also refer to (3.5) for additional guidance on piping in vibrating service.
7. For piping systems greater than DN 50 (NPS 2) subjected to excitation forces from
two-phase slug and plug flow (per Section 2.3.5 of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen.), shall be
subjected to dynamic analysis in accordance with (Appendix C).
8. At points where flow conditions change (e.g., where diameter or flow direction change)
the possible occurrence of movements shall be analysed and adequate measures
taken to hold the pipes in place, without the pipes and the supporting structure being
over-stressed by expansion or settlement.
9. Flanges and mechanical pipe joints as per the criteria specified in Appendix D,
Table D.2 and Table D.3 of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. shall be assessed for the applied
external forces and moments to ensure that flange and bolt stresses are not excessive
and joint leakage will not occur.
a. Forces and moments applied to flange joints should be assessed in accordance
with ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 2 by considering equivalent
pressure method or alternatively by using ASME Section VIII Div 2 part 4.16 or
ASME Section III, NC-3658.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 19
10. Longitudinal pressure strain shall only be taken into account for long runs of pipe for
high pressure piping systems (Category K system in accordance with Appendix D,
Table D.2 of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen.).
During the assessment of metallic piping, the so-called "Bourdon effect" (pipe
elongation due to the axial pipe strain resulting from internal pressure), in general, is
negligible
11. Piping systems subjected to cyclic loadings of significant stress cycles due to all
causes exceeds 100,000 shall be evaluated in accordance with Appendix W of
ASME B31.3.
12. For unloaded supports, the more conservative result obtained by the following iterative
procedure shall be applied whenever a pipe is lifted-off:
a. Calculate the vertical pipe centreline displacements at the applicable support
locations in the operational load case.
b. Re-run all load cases for a new support arrangement where the supports
unloaded in the first iteration are now showing a vertical clearance equal to the in
the first iteration's determined displacements at the applicable locations.
13. All underground piping shall be designed to withstand the stresses due to soil
settlement and thermal expansion of the piping.
3.2.6 Piping stress analysis - Additional requirements
3.2.6.1 Piping connected to rotating equipment
1. For piping connected to rotating equipment, the pipe stress analysis shall be based on
the following methods:
a. calculate piping loads on rotating equipment nozzles and combine in accordance
with API methods;
b. conduct a static, pulsation and mechanical analysis on piping systems for
reciprocation machinery or machinery subject to pulsating flows where the
equipment code/applicable DEP requires pulsation analysis.
2. Suction and discharge nozzle mating piping flanges (of rotating/reciprocating
equipment) shall be designed to maintain the misalignment within tolerances as
specified in Appendix H of DEP 31.38.01.31-Gen.
a. The lateral misalignment shall be measured by disconnecting the piping flange
with the connected equipment.
b. Refer to Clause H3.1 of Appendix H of DEP 31.38.01.31-Gen. for the allowable
measured misalignment limits.
3. Piping connected to more than one piece of equipment (e.g., a pump and its spare)
shall be designed and supported in accordance with the following:
a. actual piping loads on equipment do not exceed the allowable loads/moments
when one branch of the pipe is disconnected (e.g., during maintenance
operations);
b. if multiple nozzles are applied (e.g., on air cooler banks) the connecting piping is
designed so that small dimensional errors in construction can be accommodated;
c. the piping itself is adequately designed to compensate for any thermal expansion
due to differential temperatures between operating equipment and stand-by
equipment.
Intent is to design piping system to compensate for thermal expansion due to
differential temperatures between (multiple) operating equipment and (multiple)
stand-by equipment
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 20
4. For critical piping systems (3.2.3, Item 2) connected to rotating equipment, pipe stress
analysis shall be performed including occasional loads (e.g., Seismic, wind) in
combination with Pressure conditions, Temperature conditions and Other conditions as
defined in Table 3.
3.2.6.2 Wellhead Piping and flowlines
1. A stress assessment shall be done for the following:
a. pipe stress in the reducing fitting directly connected to the wellhead flowline
flange;
b. loads exerted by the flowline on the wellhead/X-mas tree joints (typically the
flanged connections).
2. Loads/stresses resulting from nozzle/wellhead displacements or relative platform
displacements in off-shore applications shall be evaluated.
3. Wellhead flowlines shall be sufficiently flexible to absorb all of the following:
a. vertical movement of the X-mas tree relative to the platform, the settlement of
wells, and the settlement of the platform;
b. horizontal movements of the X-mas tree relative to the platform, caused by the
conductor-guide-to-conductor-to-wellhead clearances.
4. In the case of nozzle/wellhead displacement, it shall be verified whether the
displacement induced loads are self-limiting, paying special attention to when a support
is unloaded (pipe lifted-off) in the operational load condition.
5. To prevent pipe lift-off from its supports, realistic wellhead growth shall be confirmed
during commissioning and startup through regular field measurements.
6. Well head growth shall be applied to piping structural integrity analyses models.
a. The models shall be subject to review and approval by the Principal.
Well head growth varies significantly for onshore and offshore installations
7. On wellheads, provisions shall be made (markers) to facilitate regular measurement
and checking of wellhead growth.
8. The fundamental natural frequency (using modal analysis) of flowlines shall be in
excess of 4 Hz.
9. Flowline movements shall be below the level that would have a detrimental effect on
operating and maintenance personnel.
10. Production flowlines shall be designed for slugging loads anticipated during the life time
of the well.
11. The effect of lift-off of the first support downstream the wellhead/X-mas tree due to well
thermal growth/shrinkage shall be included in the determination of loads and stresses.
12. When computing loads on wellhead/X-mas tree connections, the magnitude of acting
forces and moments imposed on the wellhead/X-mas tree joints by the flowlines shall
be subjected to approval by well engineering technical authority.
13. External loads on flanges conforming to ISO10423 / API 6A shall be kept within the
limits of API TR 6AF and API TR AF2.
3.2.6.3 Offshore Piping systems
1. For additional requirements specific to offshore piping systems, refer to (Appendix D).
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
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3.2.6.4 Flare and Relief piping systems

1. Refer to DEP 80.45.10.10-Gen. for the requirements for flare piping systems subject to
two-phase flow.
2. Safety relief valve discharge piping SHALL [PS] be designed to withstand both the
dead loads and the reactive or thrust loads taking into account the most severe case,
such as possible flashing conditions and liquid entrainment in vapour flows.
3.2.7 Allowable loads
1. Unless the Manufacturer/Supplier can submit documented design analysis or validation
test that higher loads/moments can be tolerated, allowable loads and moments on
equipment nozzles SHALL [PS] be in accordance with the relevant section of the following
DEP specifications and their associated standards (e.g., ASME, API, ISO standards) for the
following equipment:
a. Unfired pressure vessels Appendix C of DEP 31.22.00.31-Gen.

or
Section 5.6 of IOGP S-619
b. Shell and tube heat Section 7.6.9 of IOGP S-614
exchangers (which amends API 660)
c. Fired heaters Part III, Section 9.2 of DEP
31.24.00.30-Gen.
(which amends API 560)
d. Air-cooled heat exchangers Section 7.1.10 of API 661
e. Centrifugal pumps Section 6.5 of ISO 13709
f. Reciprocating positive Section 6.6 of API 674
displacement pumps
g. Flare details Part IV of DEP 80.45.10.10-Gen.
(which adopts IOGP S-722 and
amends API 537)
h. Axial, centrifugal, and Part III, Part 2, Section 4.6.6 of
expander compressors DEP 31.29.40.30-Gen.
(which amends API 617)
i. Welded tanks for oil storage Annex P of API 650
j. Plate-and-frame heat Section 7.7 of ISO 15547-1
exchangers
k. Brazed aluminium plate-fin Section 6.8 of ISO 15557-2
heat exchangers
Usually, the initial pipe stress analysis will be carried out using the standard
allowable loads/moments from the applicable DEPs or external standards.
Subsequent verification for the final analysis usually will be done in consultation with
the Manufacturer/Supplier.
2. For equipment not specified in (3.2.7, Item 1), allowable loads and moments
SHALL [PS] be followed in accordance with Manufacturer/Supplier specified values.
In specifying the nozzle loads, the Contractor will need to ensure that the values are
sufficient for reasonably expected piping loads but not so high that they require
unnecessary nozzle reinforcement.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 22
3. The Contractor should provide additional flexibility in the piping rather than require
additional nozzle reinforcement.
4. Dynamic/cyclic piping loads transferred from the piping to equipment shall within the
defined allowable equipment nozzle loads.
3.2.8 Documentation
1. At the completion of a project, stress reports shall be prepared for each system
including the final versions of the critical line lists, stress sketches, and the stress
analysis reports along with any changes made during construction or start-up.
2. The documentation of the results of piping stress analysis shall include the following:
a. Assumptions made;
b. Input data to stress analysis including stress isometrics with the following data:
i. method used (software revision, handbook ISDN);
ii. co-ordinates and elevation of at least one reference point to assist in locating
on orthographics/electronic model;
iii. marked-up P&IDs with calculation break/limits;
iv. uniform acceleration data;
v. wind/wave data;
vi. load cases considered;
vii. stress model configuration/settings report;
viii. stress model input report;
ix. branch points complete with line number;
x. critical clearances from piping and equipment;
xi. design/upset and operating pressures and temperature;
xii. dimensions ± 50 mm (2 in), where possible, with the dimensions shown from
support to support, support to branch or fitting to fitting;
xiii. nature of contained fluid (vapour, liquid, 2-phase);
xiv. direction of flow and tracing type (if any);
xv. insulation type and thickness;
xvi. line numbers and line sizes;
xvii. location and size of reducers;
xviii. location and type of all proposed pipe supports or as a minimum, the location
of structural steel for supports;
xix. location of wall, floor or roof penetrations;
xx. location of fixed end of horizontal vessels and heat exchangers;
xxi. nozzle number of each vessel or heat exchanger connection;
xxii. location of nozzle centre lines relative to fixed points or anchors for horizontal
vessels and bottom tangent lines for vertical vessels;
xxiii. north arrow;
xxiv. piping class and specification breaks;
xxv. node number marking and support marking;
xxvi. input model native files as part of documentation.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 23
c. Output results of stress analysis including the following data:

i. displacement report;
ii. restraint summary (Forces and Moments);
iii. compliance report of actual piping loads on nozzle with respect to allowable
loads;
iv. fatigue calculations (if any);
v. stress compliance report with respect to applicable codes and standards;
vi. spring hanger datasheet(s);
vii. special support element data (e.g., Rigid hanger, Rigid strut, Sliding plate,
Sway brace, Snubbers) along with special support drawings (if any);
viii. bellows type expansion joint data sheet(s);
ix. flange leakage calculations (if any);
x. equipment general arrangement drawings with allowable nozzle loads;
xi. relief valve thrust force data sheets (if any);
xii. slug force calculations (if any);
xiii. modal analysis results (if any);
xiv. base support (trunnion support) design calculations (if any);
d. A Conclusion/Recommendation section to state the following:
i. compliance to code allowed stresses (with and without friction);
ii. compliance to vendor allowed forces and moments on equipment nozzles with
details of nozzle flexibility considered, agreement with vendor for increased
nozzle forces and moments if any (with and without friction);
iii. first natural frequency of the system (for piping subjected to acoustic induced
vibration/flow induced vibration or connecting to rotating equipment) and its
acceptability with respect to excitation frequency;
iv. design misalignment of suction and discharge flanges of rotating/reciprocating
equipment and its acceptability with respect to Appendix H of DEP
31.38.01.31-Gen.
3. For piping systems categorised as formal simplified or approximate analysis (using
manual methods), analysis report shall be prepared for each piping system.
a. The documentation of the results of analysis shall include the following:
i. Piping routing sketches;
ii. Detailed calculation providing restraint forces and moments, stress
compliance with respect to applicable codes and standards.
3.3 PIPE SUPPORTS
3.3.1 General
1. Pipe supports shall be in accordance with DEP 31.38.01.29-Gen.
2. In the absence of specific pipe support span calculations, the span between horizontal
pipe supports shall be selected in accordance with (Appendix A).
3. Pipes should be supported in groups at a common support elevation.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 24
4. Since civil design is often done earlier than piping support design, structural provisions
for connecting pipe supports (such as inserts poured in concrete beams or supporting
structures) should be provided at standard locations during the civil design.
5. All pipe supports shall be identified in the 3D-CAD model, on piping plan drawings and
on piping isometric drawings.
6. Supports and supporting structures shall be able to sustain the hydrostatic test load as
follows:
a. permanent pipe supports and supporting structure are able to sustain the
hydrostatic test load;
b. spring supports may be blocked, or removed and replaced by temporary supports
which are able to sustain the hydrostatic test load;
c. temporary supports may be applied in piping systems of size DN 600 (NPS 24)
and above in gas/vapour service.
7. Weld-on attachments of pipe supports should be welded to the pipe during
prefabrication of the pipe spools.
8. Where necessary to use spring supports, snubbers or sway braces, they shall be
permanently accessible or accessible by mobile platform.
9. Although the most commonly applied type of spring assembly is the "variable load" unit,
if very low variable loads are essential, such as pipes connected to strain-sensitive
equipment or for critical systems with large movements, "constant load" type units shall
be used.
10. Guides near expansion loops in piping system should be of the goal post type to arrest
lift off.
11. Supports should be located as close as reasonably practicable to changes in direction
but allow adequate flexibility for thermal expansion and settlement of the pipe.
12. Piping systems that have slope requirements (e.g., flare piping systems) shall be
supported such that the required gradient is continuous with no pockets formed by
means of sagging.
3.3.2 Flowline pipe supports
3.3.2.1 General
1. For piping hangers and supports, refer to the pipe support standards and standard
drawings as specified in DEP 31.38.01.29-Gen.
2. Hangers and supports should not be welded to the flowlines and manifold headers.
3. To absorb large vertical movement of the flowlines, constant load spring supports shall
be incorporated to support all hard piped flowlines.
a. These supports should provide a uniform supporting force throughout the range of
travel and be provided with position indicators.
4. Pipe supports should be attached to the overhead floor support beams, which need to
be run transversely to the flowlines to provide suitable support location points.
a. Where this is impractical, a separate dedicated steel framework for pipe supports
may be considered.
5. To prevent hot work during installation, bolted attachments to steel work shall be used
for the pipe supports.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 25
6. Flowlines shall be supported and secured to minimise vibration and to prevent pipe
dislocation.
Dynamic load conditions to be anticipated in flowlines are, e.g., slug and/or hydrate
formation.
When designing supports for offshore flowlines even though the wellhead might be
fixed, there is a possibility of independent wellhead movement due to wave induced
effects on the conductor and the jacket.
3.3.2.2 Wind and wave effects
Wind and waves have an effect on the platform and their conductors and on X-mas trees.
The X-mas tree can move horizontally relative to the platform due to the following
clearances:
o Clearance between the bottom landing flange and conductor;
o Clearance between conductor and conductor guide.
1. Both clearances between the bottom landing flange and conductor and between
conductor and conductor guide should be minimised in order to reduce the flowline
stress levels and to maximise the allowable wellhead growth.
3.3.2.3 Settlement
Settlement is an ongoing phenomenon, affecting concrete gravity platforms, resulting in the
wells growing relative to the platform.
1. The settlement of each platform shall be individually assessed as it depends on:
a. the load-bearing characteristics of the seabed strata;
b. the load-per-unit-area imposed by the structure on the supporting strata;
c. the method of distributing the load from the structure to the supporting strata.
3.3.2.4 Flowline support – Production/injection effects
The main effect of production/injection on the wellhead assembly, and consequently the
flowline, is thermal growth/shrinkage of the well. This effect is much greater than the
thermal expansion of the flowline due to the fluid temperature.
1. The extent of the wellhead thermal growth/shrinkage shall be the subject of detailed
analysis on a case-by-case basis.
It depends on the wellhead details, formation, fluid temperatures, flowrates, well
casing scheme and top of cement level for each casing. The predicted growth will
therefore vary considerably both from platform to platform, on- and offshore, and for
different types of wells.
2. The engineering Contractor shall use the wells thermal growth/shrinkage specified by
Principal.
The consequences of designing for zero well vertical movement and then finding
during operation that movement does occur could result in serious problems.
3. A minimum vertical upward movement of 50 mm (2 in) should be used for design.
4. Where detailed analysis of wells (if possible confirmed by regular field measurements
or monitoring) indicates vertical upward movement higher than 50 mm (2 in), then the
measured growth/shrinkage values shall be used.
5. Markers shall be used to regularly measure and check wellhead/X-mas tree growth.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
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3.3.3 Piping loads for design of structures

1. As a minimum, the following type of piping loads shall be included in the piping load
data for the design of structures:
a. piping loads (including wind and seismic loads) based on pipe stress analysis
conditions (3.2.4);
b. piping loads based on operational conditions where the density of the liquid is
higher than water;
c. piping system’s pipe friction forces and (reaction) pipe anchor loads;
d. piping system test loads (hydrotest loads);
e. piping system empty weight loads;
f. piping system transient pipe loads.
3.4 SMALL BORE PIPING
1. Small bore branch connections in vibrating service meeting any of the following criteria
SHALL [PS] have minimum branch size equal or larger than Table 4:
a. flow induced vibrations evaluated in accordance with screening criterion given in
(Appendix B, B.2) with medium and high Classification for susceptibility to failure;
b. equipment induced vibrations exceeding the criterion in (Appendix B, B.1);
c. run pipe high frequency acoustic excitation vibrations evaluated in accordance
with screening criterion given in (Appendix B, B.4) with sound power level (PWL)
exceeding 155 dB.
Table 4 Minimum branch size to run pipe size
Run Size Branch Size
DN 20 through DN 50 (NPS ¾ through NPS 2) DN 20 (NPS ¾)
DN 80 through DN 300 (NPS 3 through NPS 12) DN 25 (NPS 1)
Greater than DN 300 (Greater than NPS 12) DN 40 (NPS 1 ½)
2. Unsupported branch connections shall be braced where piping is subjected to flow

induced vibrations with LOF more than 0.3 as per EI Guidelines and Appendix B.
a. The design shall address the bracing of these branches to the run-pipe
(see Standard Drawings S 44.030, S 44.031, and S 44.032).
3. Unsupported branch connections with a mass concentration attached shall be braced
for the following irrespective of flow induced vibration analysis screening outcome in
accordance with Appendix B:
a. piping connected to rotating and reciprocating equipment;
b. piping subject to slugging ;
c. gas piping with velocities greater than 60 m/s and ρv² > 30 000 kg/ms².
d. well stream piping.
4. Tubing design installation and support shall be in accordance with
DEP 32.37.10.11-Gen.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 27
3.5 PIPING IN VIBRATING SERVICE

1. Piping SHALL [PS] be screened using (Appendix B) to determine the susceptibility to
failure due to flow-induced vibrations.
2. All piping systems potentially subject to vibration due to high velocity flow where the
classification of susceptibility to failure is "high" based on (Appendix B, B.2),
high-pressure drop, water hammer or mechanical excitation (pulsation beyond the
criteria specified in (Appendix B, B.3) shall be considered to be piping systems in
vibrating service.
3. Piping classified as “high” susceptibility category, per (Appendix B) SHALL [PS] be
further assessed and designed in accordance with the requirements in Section 3 of the
“Energy Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in
process pipework”.
4. Equipment induced pulsations shall be limited to within the requirements of clause 7.9
of DEP 31.29.40.31-Gen. and clause 7.7 of API 674 , as applicable.
5. Piping subject to pulsating vibrations, shall be anchored and guided by means of heavy
duty pipe clamps specially designed for this type of service.
4. PIPING ADJACENT TO EQUIPMENT
4.1 PUMP, COMPRESSOR AND STEAM TURBINE PIPING
Piping at pumps, compressors and steam turbines needs to be sufficiently flexible and
adequately supported to prevent the equipment nozzles from being subjected to any stress
that could disturb their alignment or internal clearances or otherwise affect the equipment
and jeopardise its operation.
1. In order to prevent transmission of vibrations to a compressor house, compressor
piping shall not be supported or otherwise connected to the building structure.
2. Pulsation study results shall be implemented in piping stress analysis for finalising pipe
support design of piping system.
a. Piping system design, pulsation study report and pipe stress analysis calculation
results shall be submitted to the Principal for approval.
3. Refer to DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. and DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen. for the requirements for
pumps.
4. For pump alignment purpose, adjustable type supports shall be provided in suction and
discharge piping at a minimum distance from the pump suction and discharge nozzles.
5. To prevent fatigue failure of compressor piping, the following checks shall be
performed:
a. screen for the potential for flow induced vibrations per (Appendix B);
b. conduct a piping flexibility analysis including pressure surge scenarios; refer to
Section 2.3.4 of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen.
6. Compressor inter-stage and discharge piping shall be sufficiently flexible to allow
expansion due to the heat of compression.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 28
4.2 PRESSURE VESSEL PIPING

1. Vertical pipes branching from columns and other vertical vessels shall have a resting
support near the nozzle and be guided at regular intervals to protect the pipe against
vibrations, wind load and/or buckling.
a. If the loads on this resting support are too high, a spring support should be
positioned at a lower elevation in order to reduce them.
b. For the required flexibility of the piping, attention should be paid to the location of
the lowest guiding support.
2. Pipe supports on pressure vessels shall be bolted to cleats welded to the vessel.
a. The cleats designed by the Contractor shall form an integral part of the pressure
vessel.
b. The cleats designed by the Contractor should be standardised where practical.
c. Cleats and the connected pipe supports or supporting steel shall be designed as
part of the insulation system to mitigate water ingress.
4.3 LEVEL GAUGES
1. Magnetic type level gauges with an operating temperature above 260 °C (500 °F) shall
be subjected to a differential thermal expansion stress analysis.
2. Loads on equipment nozzles, caused by the weight or thermal expansion of stand
pipes with level gauges or by magnetic type level gauges, shall be verified.
a. To verify the thermal expansion forces, it shall be assumed that the equipment is
at design temperature and the stand pipe or magnetic type level gauge is at
ambient temperature.
5. UTILITY PIPING
1. Large cooling water pipes should be assessed for special supports to prevent
subsidence.
6. TANK FARM PIPING
6.1 GENERAL
1. Pipes connected to tanks shall be sufficiently flexible to cope with thermal
expansion/contraction, tank settlement, the outward movement of the shell and the
inclination of nozzles under hydrostatic load; refer to DEP 34.51.01.31-Gen.
a. The first pipe support shall be located sufficiently far away from the tank to allow
for tank settlement and the thermal expansion of the vertical pipe leg.
i. The distances indicated in Table 5 may be used as a guide.
b. If tank settlement above an acceptable limit is expected, precautions shall be
taken to cope with this settlement (e.g., by using loops or expansion joints).
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 29
Table 5 Distance between a tank and first support
Pipe size Distance between tank and first support
DN 100 and smaller

5 m (16 ft)
(NPS 4 and smaller)
DN 150 (NPS 6) 6 m (20 ft)
DN 200 (NPS 8) 7 m (23 ft)
DN 250 (NPS 10) 8 m (26 ft)
DN 300 (NPS 12) 9 m (30 ft)
DN 350 (NPS 14) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 400 (NPS 16) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 450 (NPS 18) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 500 and larger

12 m (40 ft)
(NPS 20 and larger)
2. For tank pipes of DN 500 and larger (NPS 20 and larger), spring or balanced supports
may be considered.
3. Piping in tank farms shall be supported by concrete sleepers or steel frames.
6.2 PIPING CONNECTIONS
1. Tank settlement, outward movement of the shell and nozzle inclination under full liquid
load conditions shall be taken into account when calculating bending moments and
forces on tank nozzles.
7. PIPING FOR TRUCK LOADING AND JETTY FACILITIES
7.1 PIPING FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING FACILITIES ON JETTIES
1. Piping reaction forces on the loading arm flange shall be minimised.
7.2 PIPING FOR TRUCK LOADING FACILITIES
1. Refer to DEP 31.06.11.11-Gen. for the requirements of piping for truck loading
facilities.
8. PIPING COMPONENTS
1. Refer to Part II of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for the requirements for piping components
9. INSPECTION AND TESTING
1. Refer to Part II of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for inspection and testing requirements.
10. INSULATION
1. Refer to DEP Part II of DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. for insulation requirements.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 30
11. REFERENCES
In this DEP, reference is made to the following publications:
Unless specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used,
together with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereto.
SHELL STANDARDS
DEP 00.00.05.80-Gen. DEP feedback form
DEP 30.10.02.31-Gen. Metallic materials - Prevention of brittle fracture in new assets
DEP 31.06.11.11-Gen. Loading facilities for bulk road vehicles
DEP 31.22.00.31-Gen. Unfired pressure vessels (Including adoption of IOGP S-619)
DEP 31.24.00.30-Gen. Fired heaters (amendments/supplements to API STD 560)
DEP 31.29.40.30-Gen. Axial, centrifugal and expander compressors
(amendments/supplements to API STD 617)
DEP 31.29.40.31-Gen. Reciprocating compressors (amendments/supplements to API 618)
DEP 31.38.01.14-Gen. Piping classes
DEP 31.38.01.23-Gen. Piping classes - CSA Z662
DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. Piping – Engineering and layout requirements
DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen. Piping – Process design requirements
DEP 31.38.01.29-Gen. Pipe supports
DEP 31.38.01.31-Gen. Shop and field fabrication of piping
DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen. Pipeline engineering (amendments/supplements to ISO 13623)
DEP 31.40.10.16-Gen. Upheaval buckling of pipelines
DEP 32.37.10.11-Gen. Installation of on-line instruments incorporating small bore tubing
and fittings (adoption of IOGP S-716)
DEP 34.00.01.10-Gen. Earthquake design for onshore facilities – seismic hazard
assessment (amendments/supplements to ASCE 7-22)
DEP 34.51.01.31-Gen. Vertical steel storage tanks - Selection design and construction
(amendments/supplements to EN 14015)
DEP 37.00.10.10-Gen Meteorological and oceanographic design and operating
considerations (amendments/supplement to ISO 19901-1:2015)
DEP 37.01.10.11-Gen. Design of offshore topsides facilities against fire and blast loading
(amendments/supplements to API RP 2FB)
DEP 80.45.10.10-Gen. Design of flare and vent systems (amendments/supplements to API
STD 521 Chapter 5 and API STD 537, and adoption of IOGP S-
722)
DEM1 Shell HSSE & SP Control Framework, Design Engineering Manual
(DEM) 1 – Application of Technical Standards
GS.09.54405 Background to S-RBI Vibration Degradation Module and Best
Practice Guidelines for Assessment of Pipework Vibration
GS.09.54406 Detailed Screening Assessment Procedures for Vibration Induced
Fatigue in Process Pipework
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 31
STANDARD DRAWINGS
S 44.030 Typical bracings for small bore branches of piping (e.g., drain/vent
point)
S 44.031 Typical bracings for small bore branches of piping (e.g., orifice
instrument connection)
S 44.032 Typical bracings for small bore branches of piping (e.g., pressure
instrument connection)
AMERICAN STANDARDS
API TR 6AF Technical report on capabilities of API flanges under combinations
of load
API TR AF2 Technical report on capabilities of API integral flanges under
combination of loading - Phase II
API RP 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical
Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0,
Zone 1, and Zone 2
API RP 941 Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and
Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
API STD 650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage - Twelfth Edition
API 674 Positive displacement pumps-reciprocating - Third Edition; ERTA:
May 2014; ERTA 2: April 2015
ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline transportation systems for liquids and slurries
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping system
ASME BPVC Section VIII Rules for construction of pressure vessels
ASME Section III, NC-3658 Analysis of flanged joints
EJMA STANDARDS Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc.
BRITISH STANDARDS
EI Guidelines for the design, installation and management of small
bore tubing assemblies, Energy Institute, 2nd edition (2013)
EI Guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in
process pipework (2008) Issued by: Energy Institute
PD 5500 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels
BSI PD 8010 Pipeline systems - Code of practice for pipelines
Issued by: British Standards Institution
DUTCH STANDARDS
NEN 3650 Requirements for steel pipeline transportation systems
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 32
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
ISO 10423 Petroleum and natural gas industries. Drilling and production
equipment. Wellhead and christmas tree equipment
ISO 13623 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Pipeline transportation
systems
ISO 19901-5 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Specific requirements for
offshore structures - Part 5: Weight control during engineering and
construction
ISO 15547-1 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries Plate-type
heat exchangers Part 1: Plate-and-frame heat exchangers - First
Edition
ISO 15547-2 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Plate-type
heat exchangers - Part 2: Brazed aluminium plate-fin heat
exchangers - First Edition; Together with ISO 15547-1 replaces ISO
15547:2000
ISO 13706:2011 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Air-cooled
heat exchangers (ISO 13706:2011)
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 33
APPENDIX A. PIPE SPANS FOR PIPES RESTING ON MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS
A.1 CARBON STEEL AND HEAVY WALL STAINLESS STEEL
1. For systems where (A.1, Item 2) does not apply, refer to Table A.1 for span data
applicable to the following:
a. carbon steel pipes for sizes DN 50 (NPS 2) and above, STD wall and heavier, with
a maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F);
b. austenitic stainless steel pipes, schedule 40S and heavier, DN < 400 (NPS < 16),
with a maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F);
c. carbon steel pipes for sizes DN 15 (NPS ½) to DN 40 (NPS 1 ½), schedule 80 wall
and heavier, with a maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F).
2. For free draining pipes with a slope shallower than 1:240, Table A.1 shall not be used.
3. Spans shown in Table A.1 are based on straight pipe; other configurations shall be
multiplied by a shape factor in accordance with the sketch shown in Table A.1.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 34
Table A.1 Maximum spans for carbon steel and heavy wall stainless steel
Pipe size Maximum span1)
Vapour service Liquid service
Bare Insulated2) Bare Insulated2)
DN 15 (NPS ½) 900 mm (3 ft) 800 mm (2 ½ ft) 900 mm (3 ft) 800 mm (2 ½ ft)
DN 20 (NPS ¾) 1,400 mm (4 ½ ft) 1,200 mm (3.9 ft) 1,400 mm (4 ½ ft) 1,200 mm (3.9 ft)
DN 25 (NPS 1) 3,600 mm (11.8 ft) 2,300 mm (7.5 ft) 3,450 mm (11.3 ft) 2,250 mm (7.3 ft)
DN 40 (NPS 1 ½) 3,600 mm (11.8 ft) 3,000 mm (9.8 ft) 3,450 mm (11.3 ft) 2,800 mm (9.1 ft)
DN 80 (NPS 3) 6,550 mm (21.4 ft) 4,600 mm (15 ft) 5,450 mm (17.8 ft) 4,200 mm (13.7 ft)
DN 100 (NPS 4) 7,500 mm (24.6 ft) 5,550 mm (18.2 ft) 6,100 mm (20 ft) 4,900 mm (16 ft)
DN 150 (NPS 6) 9,150 mm (30 ft) 6,800 mm (22.3 ft) 7,100 mm (23.2 ft) 5,800 mm (19 ft)
DN 200 (NPS 8) 10,500 mm (34.4 ft) 8,050 mm (26.4 ft) 7,950 mm (26 ft) 6,700 mm (21.9 ft)
DN 300 (NPS 12) 12,900 mm (42.3 ft) 9,800 mm (32.1 ft) 9,150 mm (30 ft) 7,800 mm (25.5 ft)
DN 350 (NPS 14) 15,150 mm (49.7 ft)3) 11,850 mm (38.8 ft) 10,850 mm (35.5 ft) 9,300 mm (30.5 ft)
3)
DN 750 (NPS 30) 21,000 mm (68.9 ft)3) 17,500 mm (57.4 ft) 13,100 mm (43 ft) 11,500 mm (37.7 ft)
DN 900 (NPS 36) 22,700 mm (74.5 ft)3) 18,500 mm (60.7 ft) 13,700 mm (45 ft) 12,500 mm (41 ft)
DN 1050 (NPS 42) 23,400 mm (76.8 ft)3) 19,500 mm (64 ft) 14,300 mm (47 ft) 13,000 mm (42.6 ft)
DN 1200 (NPS 48) 25,000 mm (82 ft)3) 20,500 mm (67.2 ft) 14,600 mm (48 ft) 13,400 mm (44 ft)
NOTES: 1. Spans are based on straight pipe. A shape factor, as illustrated in the following sketches, applies for other configurations
2. The weight of insulation and sheeting is based on insulation thickness varying from 50 mm (2 in) for DN 15 (NPS ½ ) to
160 mm (6 ¼ in) for DN 1200 (NPS 48) and a density of 190 kg/m 3 (12 lb/ft3).
3. Spans limited by deflection. All other spans are limited by longitudinal bending stress.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
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A.2 STAINLESS STEEL, SCHEDULE 10S
1. For systems where (A.2, Item 2) does not apply, refer to Table A.2 for span data
applicable to the following:
a. austenitic stainless steel pipes, schedule 10S with a maximum temperature of
350 °C (660 °F);
b. duplex stainless steel pipes, schedule 10S and heavier, with a maximum
temperature of 280 °C (535 °F).
2. For free draining pipes with a slope shallower than 1:900, Table A.2 shall not be used.
3. Spans shown in Table A.2 are based on straight pipe; other configurations shall be
multiplied by a shape factor in accordance with the sketch shown in Table A.2.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 36
Table A.2 Maximum spans for stainless steel, schedule 10S

Pipe size Maximum span1), 2)
Vapour service Liquid service
Bare Insulated3) Bare Insulated3)
DN 40 (NPS 1 ½) 2,800 mm (9.1 ft) 2,500 mm (8.2 ft) 2,400 mm (7.8 ft) 2,500 mm (8.2 ft)
DN 80 (NPS 3) 6,400 mm (21 ft) 4,050 mm (13.2 ft) 4,950 mm (16.2 ft) 3,500 mm (11.4 ft)
DN 150 (NPS 6) 9,400 mm (30.8 ft) 5,750 mm (18.8 ft) 5,950 mm (19.5 ft) 4,600 mm (15 ft)
DN 400 (NPS 16) 11,000 mm (36 ft) 9,450 mm (31 ft) 7,750 mm (25.4 ft) 6,550 mm (21.4 ft)
DN 1050 (NPS 42) 18,000 mm (59 ft) 16,500 mm (54 ft) 12,500 mm (41 ft) 11,500 mm (37.7 ft)
NOTES:
1. Spans are based on straight pipe. A shape factor, as illustrated in the following sketches, applies for other configurations .
2. Spans are limited by longitudinal bending stress.

3. The weight of insulation and sheeting is based on insulation thickness varying from 50 mm (2 in) for DN 25 (NPS 1) to
160 mm (6¼ in) for DN 1200 (NPS 48) and a density of 190 kg/m 3 (12 lb/ft3).
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 37
APPENDIX B. SCREENING REQUIREMENTS FOR AVOIDING VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE

FAILURE OF PIPING SYSTEMS
B.1 GENERAL
1. Refer to the following sections for the screening requirements to prevent vibration
induced fatigue failure of piping systems due to the following types of vibrations:
a. Appendix B.2: Flow induced vibrations;
b. Appendix B.3: Pulsation and transient vibrations;
c. Appendix B.4: High frequency acoustic excitation.
2. For types of vibrations other than those mentioned in (B.1, Item 1) or where vibration is
anticipated or where there is a history of vibration problems piping system shall be
assessed and designed in accordance to “Energy Institute guidelines for the avoidance
of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
B.2 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS
Flow induced vibrations (FIV) are more predominant in turbulent flow regime piping
systems. The turbulent flow regime generates potentially high levels of kinetic energy local
to the turbulent source. This energy is distributed across a wide frequency range, the
majority of the excitation is concentrated at low frequency. This type of vibration leads to
displacement of piping system and in some cases also leads to damage to pipe supports.
1. Table B.1 shall be followed for the susceptibility to failure of piping systems due to flow
induced vibrations:
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 38
Table B.1 Susceptibility of failure
Aspect Fluid phase Classification for susceptibility to failure
Negligible Medium High
Kinetic Liquid and multi- ρv2 < 10000 kg/ms2 10000< ρv2 < ρv2 ≥ 20000 kg/ms2
energy of phase 20000 kg/ms2
piping
system
(ρv2 < 6700 lb/fts2) (6700< ρv2 < (ρv2 ≥ 13400 lb/fts2)
13400 lb/fts2)
Non-corrosive / ρv2 < 30000 kg/ms2 - ρv2 ≥ 30000 kg/ms2

Non-erosive Air (ρv2 < 20000 lb/fts2) (ρv2 ≥ 20000 lb/fts2)
and
other gases
with liquid
content is
Or Or
< 1 vol%
Other gases ρv2 established in accordance with (2.3.7) of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen.
Note: For non-corrosive/non-erosive fluid service details, see 2.3.7 of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 39
2. For flare and vent piping system FIV criterion, refer to Section 2.2.6 of DEP
31.38.01.25-Gen.
3. Based on the classification in Table B.1 for susceptibility to failure, the piping systems
shall satisfy the following:
a. For “Negligible” classification for susceptibility to failure:
i. pipe support span requirements in accordance with (Appendix A);
ii. small bore branch connection requirements in accordance with (3.4).
b. For “Medium” classification for susceptibility to failure, piping system design:
i. pipe support span requirements in accordance with (Appendix A)
ii. Small bore branch connection requirements in accordance with (3.4).
Around excitation sources (valves, tees, elbows) of piping systems, this implies
that the support span will be reduced to 2/3rds of the support span of
(Appendix A).
For liquid service piping systems with wall thickness less than or equal to
Sch.10S, the support span will be reduced to 2/3rds of the support span of
(Appendix A).
iii. For multiphase piping systems with wall thickness less than or equal to
Schedule 10S, are to be designed in accordance with Section 3 of “Energy
Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in
c. For “High” classification for susceptibility to failure, refer to (3.5, item 3).
B.3 PULSATION AND TRANSIENT VIBRATIONS
1. Pulsation due to periodic flow induced excitation, which is only relevant for gas lines
(e.g., condensable gasses) containing dead legs, should satisfy the criterion described
in Equation (B.1) or Equation (B.2) as applicable.
Where D is inside diameter of dead leg branch.

2. If the criterion in (B.3, Item 1) is not met for dead legs, then those dead legs in the
piping systems shall be assessed and designed in accordance to “Energy Institute
guidelines to prevent vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
3. If piping system cannot meet the detailed assessment described in (B.3, Item 2), then
the piping system shall be evaluated using dynamic analysis methods or reference
[T2-2] in the “Energy Institute guidelines to prevent vibration induced fatigue failure in
If pulsations are limited to within the requirements of Section 7.9 of
DEP 31.29.40.31-Gen. and also in accordance to Equation B.1 (SI Units) or
Equation B.2 (USC Units), then no additional study is required.
4. If there are piping systems that will experience slug flow, or transient vibrations
(flashing, cavitation, and surge/momentum) then these piping systems shall be
analysed per the “Energy Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced
fatigue failure in process pipework”.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 40
5. If the piping system cannot meet the detailed assessment described in (B.3, Item 4),
then the piping system shall be evaluated in accordance with (Appendix C).
B.4 HIGH FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC EXCITATION
High frequency acoustic excitation is more predominant in gas and two phase flow piping
systems with pressure reducing devices (e.g., relief valve, control valve or orifice plate).
This type of vibration takes the form of local pipe wall flexure resulting in potentially high
dynamic stress levels at circumferential discontinuities on the pipe wall, fabricated tees or
welded pipe supports, small bore connections.
1. For studying the effect of “high frequency acoustic excitation” on piping systems, sound
power level of piping system shall be calculated as per Equation (B.3) or
Equation (B.4).
In Equations B.3 and B.4, SFF is a correction factor to account for multiple
occurrences of sonic flow in a line. If consecutive sonic conditions exist, then SFF=6;
otherwise SFF = 0.
In metric engineering units:
where:
P1 is upstream pressure (bara)
P2 is downstream pressure (bara)
W is flow rate (kg/s)
T is upstream temperature (K)
MW is molecular weight (grams/mole)
In USC engineering units:
where:
P1 is upstream pressure (psia)
P2 is downstream pressure (psia)
W is flow rate (lbm/s)
T is upstream temperature (°R)
MW is molecular weight (lbm/mole)
2. Piping systems with sound power level (PWL) > 155 dB shall be further assessed and
designed in accordance to “Quantitative” methods of Section T-2, Energy Institute
guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 41
APPENDIX C. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS
C.1 GENERAL
The effect of a dynamic load on a piping system is the result of the interaction between the
dynamic excitation force or displacement and the dynamical properties of the piping
system.
In this appendix attention is focused on the following aspects:
o the excitation mechanism or dynamic loads;
o analysis of piping system subjected to dynamic loads.
C.2 DYNAMIC LOADS ON PIPING SYSTEMS
C.2.1 General
1. Dynamic loads on piping systems can be categorised as follows:

a. mechanically induced dynamic loads;
b. fluid mechanical excitation dynamic loads;
c. transient dynamic loads.
C.2.2 Mechanically induced dynamic loads
Mechanically induced excitations apply at the interface between the mechanical source and
the connected piping system.
Mechanically induced dynamic loads are often related to rotating equipment. Typically,
mechanical induced dynamic loads are often sustained dynamic loads.
Mechanical induced dynamic loads are characterized by periodic excitation forces or
displacements of moderate amplitude but of long duration. (of the order of minutes - days).
For the mechanically induced excitation type, mitigation attention is focused on keeping the
natural frequency of the pipe away from the source frequency or isolating the piping system
from vibrating equipment. Important mitigation contributors are support stiffness and mode
shape.
C.2.3 Fluid mechanical excitation dynamic loads
Fluid mechanical excitations dynamic loads are distributed over the piping system. Fluid
mechanical forces consist of two components, a friction component tangential to the pipe
wall and a pressure component normal to the pipe wall. In general, the friction component is
small compared to the pressure contribution. Since pressure forces act normal to the pipe
wall they are generally balanced by the circumferential pipe stress.
C.2.4 Transient dynamic loads
Transient dynamic loads are characterized by relatively large forces of relatively short
duration (fractions of a second).
Typical examples of transient dynamic loads are:
o slug loads;
o relief loads;
o surge (water hammer) loads;
o earthquake.
For the transient excitation the attention is focused on control of support location, type,
span and support stiffness.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
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C.3 ANALYSIS METHODS
C.3.1 Piping system subjected to mechanical induced vibrations
1. For critical piping systems (3.2.3) subjected to mechanical induced vibration shall be
assessed through dynamic analysis methods.
C.3.2 Piping system subjected to transient vibration
1. The effects of the impact of a shock load on a piping system being hazardous for this
kind of dynamical load condition shall be assessed through a dynamic analysis or using
pseudo static analysis where the system contains one dominant degree of freedom.
Note: The decision whether an applicable system possesses one dominant degree
of freedom has to be made in the context of dynamic simulation by static analysis. If
the dynamical deflection (mode shape) of the system under the application of the
dynamic load is similar to the static deflection of the same system under static
application of the same load only in that case the pseudo static analysis predicted
pipe-stresses and support/flange loads is reliable.
2. Piping systems subjected to short duration dynamic loads such as seismic, blast loads
from an explosion, loads from pressure relieving devices, slug loads, pressure surge
loads, but excluding vibrating services, that are analysed by the use of pseudo static
analysis route shall include a dynamic amplification factor (DAF) or dynamic load factor
(DLF).
a. Where the piping system natural frequency is known and the load duration time is
less than 2 times the natural period, the DAF or DLF shall be implemented as a
minimum ‘1.5’.
b. For all other cases, the DAF or DLF shall be implemented as a minimum ‘2’.
C.3.3 Piping system subjected to Fluid mechanical excitation dynamic loads
1. If the piping system cannot meet screening criterion specified in Appendix B, piping
system shall be evaluated using Structural finite element analysis methods in
accordance with T9 of “Energy Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration
induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
C.4 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
C.4.1 General
1. Dynamic analysis shall consist of the following steps.

a. Identify the source of vibration and establish or estimate the excitation forces.
b. Creation of a piping model with required nodes in order to properly describe the
various mode shapes.
c. Application of composite analysis shall be subject to the approval of Principal.
d. If the natural frequencies are calculated and if dynamic loads (magnitude and time
history) are available, a response study may be performed.
C.4.2 Computer program requirements
1. To perform the dynamic analysis, a computer program with the following capabilities
shall be used.
a. Static module, able to incorporate:
i. friction factor;
ii. nonlinear restraints;
iii. flexible restraints.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
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b. Dynamic module, able to incorporate:

i. natural frequencies and mode shape extraction;
ii. harmonic response;
iii. shock load response.
C.5 NATURAL FREQUENCY RANGE
C.5.1 Mechanically induced vibration
1. For mechanically induced vibration, piping natural frequencies and excitation

frequencies should be separated by more than 20 %.
a. For mechanically induced vibration, the allowable piping natural frequency range
shall be determined by the excitation frequency or frequencies.
2. For compressor piping where the excitation consists of several harmonics the lowest
piping natural frequency should be higher than the third compressor harmonic.
3. If (C.5.1, Item 2) cannot be met, then the predicted natural frequencies of piping system
shall be separated from the excitation frequencies by at least 20 %.
In this case, the piping system might experience vibration for a short moment during
start-up/shutdown.
C.5.2 Transient vibration
With respect to the allowable frequency range in transient vibrations, two characteristic time
scales of the time history of shock loads are of interest:
o rising time;
o duration.
The rising time is of importance for the excitation of high frequency mode shapes, and for
the duration for the excitation of low frequency mode shapes.
1. A pseudo static analysis, if approved by the Principal for evaluating the effect of
transient vibrations on piping systems shall include the following:
a. converting the shock load to an equivalent harmonic load;
b. performing frequency domain analysis to find out the dynamic stresses and loads
at supports.
2. For slug flow piping systems, piping natural frequencies SHALL [PS] be separated from
the slugging frequency by a margin greater than 50% of the lower value.
For slugging frequency, see 2.2.7 of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen
C.6 PIPING LAYOUT DESIGN
1. This clause provides design guidelines in decreasing order of importance, which should
be followed for piping layout design to prevent vibration problems:
a. apply double acting support functions with minimum clearance;
b. add pipe supports at all heavy masses and piping discontinuities;
c. eliminate as many bends as possible;
d. add pipe supports at or in the vicinity of a bend;
e. avoid pipe routing through upper tiers of pipe racks;
f. do not use ‘pipe to pipe’ branch connections;
g. provide stiff supports;
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 44
h. vary pipe support spans (if practical);

i. reinforce the small bore piping with braces as suggested in EI guidelines.
C.7 ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND ALLOWABLE LOADS
C.7.1 Mechanically induced vibration
C.7.1.1 General
1. For mechanically induced vibration if a forced response analysis has been performed,
then the stresses in the piping system should be evaluated through the fatigue limit.
C.7.1.2 Fatigue limit
The fatigue limit is the stress level equal to the allowable stress level at corresponding
107 cycles.
Based on this property, it can be concluded that if a component has lasted to its endurance
limit, it is unlikely to ever fail by fatigue unless conditions change.
C.7.1.3 Allowable stress levels
With respect to the structural integrity a more reliable approach is taken if the magnitude of
the alternating stress component is calculated and the result is compared with the
endurance curve for the piping material. (See for instance, PD 5500).
1. Adequate safety factors shall be applied.
In practice safety factors for the allowable stress of 3 to 5 are not unusual.
C.7.2 Transient vibration
1. For piping systems subjected to transient vibrations, allowable stresses shall be

considered in accordance with occasional condition as defined in ASME B31.3.
2. Where a forced response analysis has been performed, the fatigue limit may be
applied.
C.8 DOCUMENTATION
1. In addition to (3.2.8), the dynamic analysis report shall include the following:
a. excitation mechanism, loads;
b. natural frequency up to 30 Hz;
c. dynamic pipe stress;
d. dynamic support loads;
e. dynamic nozzle loads;
f. dynamic pipe displacement amplitudes.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 45
APPENDIX D. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFSHORE PIPING SYSTEMS
D.1 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS AND PIPE SUPPORTS
D.1.1 General
1. For offshore installations, piping stress analysis shall include verification of piping
stresses for wave induced accelerations, differential structural movements
(if applicable).
2. Piping systems shall be designed for the design conditions given in (3.2.4).
3. Piping systems shall be designed for the analysis conditions in addition to the stress
analysis requirements given in (3.2.5).
4. All ROV interfaces shall be flush to the outer face (or faces) of the subsea structure to
facilitate ROV access.
D.1.2 Fixed structure production facilities
D.1.2.1 Transit from fabrication yard

1. For the transit from fabrication yard to assembly yard and assembly yard to field, the
following applies:
a. the piping in the skids, piping within the modules that are to be mounted on
topsides of a fixed platform shall be designed for the wave induced accelerations
(both horizontal and vertical) caused by barge motions during the transit from the
fabrication yard to assembly yard or assembly yard to the offshore site;
b. the relevant operating conditions during the transport of skids, modules, topsides,
shall be applied in the analysis;
c. any temporary supports required to cater for transportation needs shall be
installed.
D.1.2.2 Platform settlement
1. Piping stress analysis shall include differential settlement (e.g., differential settlement
between the platform and wellhead).
D.1.2.3 Platform deflections
1. Interconnecting piping between platforms (piping routed on a bridge) shall be designed
for the differential movements between the platforms.
2. Fatigue analysis shall be performed to limit the fatigue damage of piping system.
D.1.3 Floating production facilities
D.1.3.1 General
1. In addition to (D.1.3.2) and (D.1.3.3), all piping systems shall be designed for the
extreme event (typically due to a 100-year wave return period event, per
DEP 37.00.10.10-Gen.) under operating conditions (e.g., liquid full, slugging).
D.1.3.2 Wave-induced inertial loads
1. For floating production facilities, the topsides piping (piping, nozzles and attachment)
shall be designed to withstand the fatigue due to wave induced inertial loads and
differential deflections.
2. Piping system shall be designed for accelerations caused by the pitch, roll and heave.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 46
D.1.3.3 Topsides displacements and deflections

1. Wave loading on floating structures induces displacement of top side module structures
in both lateral and longitudinal directions. Piping shall be designed for the relative
structural displacement within and between modules.
Wave loading on floating structures induces displacement of top side module
structures in both lateral and longitudinal directions.
In general, the relative displacement within a module is very small. Some pipe stress
programmes deflection as displacement.
2. Design of piping systems shall be able to withstand the impact of hull deflection (due to
sag and hog) to ensure the stresses produced are within the allowable code limits.
3. The piping in the skids, piping within the modules that are to be mounted on topsides
shall be designed for the wave induced accelerations (both horizontal and vertical)
caused by ship motions during the transit from the fabrication yard to the offshore site.
a. Any temporary supports required to cater for transportation needs shall be
installed.
4. Differential displacements, for example between two independently supported modules,
between platforms connected with a bridge and piping running between a pipe rack
and turret shall also be included in calculations where relevant.
5. Piping systems within the skids and modules shall be designed for the structural
displacements and hull deflections during towing conditions.
D.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PARTICULAR PIPING SYSTEMS
1. To avoid the extreme load by combining the relative wave movements and the thermal
expansion of the bridge piping, the following methods should be considered:
a. bridge piping is to be anchored on the bridge at the sliding end, using expansion
loops to absorb thermal expansion and displacement;
b. bridge piping is to be anchored at both ends with expansion loops on the bridge to
absorb the thermal expansion.
2. The design of bridge piping shall be sufficiently flexible to prevent overstress of the
piping system due to platform movements.
Where two platforms are connected by a bridge, one end of the bridge will be sliding
and the other end will be fixed.
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 47
APPENDIX E. TYPICAL LOAD CASES FOR PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress Type Description Stress Evaluation Nozzle Load Displacement

Evaluation
/ Restraint Loads
HYD Weight of Water and Hydrostatic

Pressure
SUS1 Weight with Content and Hanger

Loads
SUS2 Weight without Content and Hanger

Loads
SUS3 Weight with Content and Design

Pressure
SUS4 Weight with Content and Operating

Pressure
OPE1 System operating at Design
Temperature
OPE2x System operating at Operating

Temperature(s)
OPE3 System operating at lower design

Temperature
OPE4x System operating at Design

Temperature with Force (PSV
reaction, Slug force etc.)

Temperature with Wind

Temperature with Seismic

Temperature with Snow Load (if
applicable)
OPE8x System operating at Transient design

conditions (start-up and shut-
down, tracing, decoking,
regeneration, compressor
recycle, steam out etc.,) (if
applicable)

Temperature with Blast Load (if
applicable)
OCC1x SUS3+Force (PSV reaction, Slug

force etc.)
OCC2 SUS3+Wind
OCC3 SUS3+Seismic
DEP 31.38.01.26-Gen.
February 2023
Page 48
Stress Type Description Stress Evaluation Nozzle Load Displacement

Evaluation
/ Restraint Loads
EXP1 Expansion Case for design

temperature
EXP2 Expansion Case for operating

temperature
EXP3 Expansion Case for lower design

temperature
EXP4 Stress range check between design

temperature and lower design
temperature
Legend:
1. HYD - Hydrostatic; SUS - Sustained; OPE - Operating; OCC - Occasional; EXP - Expansion
NOTES:
1. Operating cases required to include imposed displacements on restraints like settlement, pitch,
and roll.
2. Load cases to study hanger design, lift off, equipment nozzle loading, friction impact, flange
leakage, civil loading, transportation or any other similar verification as required to be included
as additional load cases.
3. Where load case has been specified suffix x, for those load cases multiple load cases might be
required to be defined as required.

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DEP-TSO SPECIFICATION

PIPING – PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

© 2023 Shell Group of companies

1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES

FOR THE 2023 REVISION

1.3.2 Updated definition of “flashing fluid”

11 Updated reference titles

FOR THE 2022 REVISION

1.3.2 Additional terms: “Static Analysis”, “Trunnion support” have been

1.3.2 Deleted definition of “Valve: Fouling/Scaling Service”, “Valve: Trunnion”,

3 This section has been generally updated to streamline the flow of

Appendix B, B.3 Error in Equation B.1 has been rectified

Appendix C, C.3 Section has been generally updated

Appendix C, New requirement for verification of slug frequency w.r.t. natural

Appendix D, Requirement has been updated to give clarity

Appendix D, Title of this section has been updated

Appendix D, Requirement has been updated to give clarity

Appendix D, New requirements for topsides analysis of piping systems.

Appendix E New Appendix – “Load Cases for Piping stress analysis”

1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP

Shell DEPs Online Enter the Shell DEPs Online system at

DEP Feedback System Enter comments directly in the DEP

DEP Standard Form Use DEP Standard Form 00.00.05.80-Gen.

3.2.3 Stress analysis critical line list

3. For the following piping systems, as a minimum, a formal simplified or approximate

DN 250 and above - From -50 °C (-58 °F) down to

DN 400 up to and including From 50 °C (120 °F) up to and -

3.2.4 Piping stress analysis load cases and basis

Table 3 Detailed analysis conditions for critical piping systems

4. Expansion stress range SHALL [PS] be calculated using a differential temperature of

3.2.6.4 Flare and Relief piping systems

a. Unfired pressure vessels Appendix C of DEP 31.22.00.31-Gen.

c. Output results of stress analysis including the following data:

3.3.3 Piping loads for design of structures

Run Size Branch Size

DN 20 through DN 50 (NPS ¾ through NPS 2) DN 20 (NPS ¾)

DN 80 through DN 300 (NPS 3 through NPS 12) DN 25 (NPS 1)

Greater than DN 300 (Greater than NPS 12) DN 40 (NPS 1 ½)

2. Unsupported branch connections shall be braced where piping is subjected to flow

3.5 PIPING IN VIBRATING SERVICE

4.2 PRESSURE VESSEL PIPING

Table 5 Distance between a tank and first support

Pipe size Distance between tank and first support

DN 100 and smaller

DN 150 (NPS 6) 6 m (20 ft)

DN 200 (NPS 8) 7 m (23 ft)

DN 250 (NPS 10) 8 m (26 ft)

DN 300 (NPS 12) 9 m (30 ft)

DN 350 (NPS 14) 10 m (33 ft)

DN 400 (NPS 16) 10 m (33 ft)

DN 450 (NPS 18) 10 m (33 ft)

DN 500 and larger

A.1 CARBON STEEL AND HEAVY WALL STAINLESS STEEL

A.2 STAINLESS STEEL, SCHEDULE 10S

Table A.2 Maximum spans for stainless steel, schedule 10S

Vapour service Liquid service

Bare Insulated3) Bare Insulated3)

2. Spans are limited by longitudinal bending stress.

APPENDIX B. SCREENING REQUIREMENTS FOR AVOIDING VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE

Table B.1 Susceptibility of failure

Aspect Fluid phase Classification for susceptibility to failure

Negligible Medium High

Non-corrosive / ρv2 < 30000 kg/ms2 - ρv2 ≥ 30000 kg/ms2