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Power, Policy, and Personality of the

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 •
About the Author XVI

Preface xvii
1 The Struggle for Texas: Demographics, Culture, and Political
Power 2

2 The Texas Constitution 32

3 Federalism 66

4 Voting and Elections 96

5 Political Parties: Texas in Blue and Red 132

6 Interest Groups 164

7 The Legislature 196

8 Governors of Texas 232

9 The Plural Executive and the Bureaucracy 266

10 The Texas Judiciary 302

11 Criminal Justice 338

12 Local Government 368

13 Budget, Finances, and Policy 402

Glossary G-442
Notes N-448
Credits C-468
Index 1-471
 •
About the Author XVI

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 The Struggle for Texas: Demographics, Culture,

and Political Power 2
'6' The Origins of Texas 4 ,a, Continuity and Change in the Texas
Native Americans 4 Demographics 15
Spanish Settlers 6 State Population Growth 15
Tejanos 6 IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? us States with the Largest
Anglos 7 Population Increases, 2000- 2010 16
African Americans 7 Challenges of Population Growth 18
Racial and Ethnic Trends in Texas 18
'6' Continuity and Change in the
Challenges of Shifting Racial and Ethnic Trends 20
Texas Economy 8 An Aging State 22
Food and Fiber 9 Challenges of an Aging Texas 22
Fuel 9
King Cattle (And Other Four-Legged ,a, Continuity and Change in Texas Political
Friends) 11 Culture 23
Manufacturing 11 INSIDER INTERVIEW: Joe Holley, Houston Chronicle
Military and Defense Industries 11 Writer 23
HighTech 11 Individualistic Political Culture 25
Health Care 13 ANGLES OF POWER: Individual Rights, Equality, and
Recreation and Retirement 13 Religious Freedom 26
Assessing the "Texas Miracle" 13 Traditionalistic Political Culture 26
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Raising the Culture Conflicts 28
Minimum Wage 13
'6' The Insider View 30

Chapter 2 The Texas Constitution 32

'6' Constitutional Government 34 '6' The 1836 Constitution of the Republic 38

'6' The Roots of Rebellion and the Declaration '6' The 1845 Constitution of the (New) State of
oflndependence 35 Texas 40
 •
CONTENTS IX

\Ill Secession, Reconstruction, and the
Constitutions of 1861, 1866, and 1869 42
The 1861 Constitution "The Confederacy
Constitution" 44
The 1866 Constitution "The Readmission
Constitution" 44
The 1869 Constitution "The Reconstruction
Constitution" 45
\Ill The Constitution of 1876-The Current
Constitution 47
The Crafting of the 1876 Constitution 47
Principles of the Texas Constitution 48
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Former Chief Justice Tom
Phillips 50
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Confederate Flag
License Plates and the Battle over Free
Speech 52
,a, Amending the Constitution 53
Constitutional Amendments 53
Recent Major Reform Attempts 59
ISITBIGGERIN TEXAS? Number of Words in State
Constitutions 60
ANGLES OF POWER: Debates About Amending the
Constitution 61
·•· The Insider View 63

Chapter3 Federalism 66

·•· Organizing the Constitutional System 68 ,.,, Styles of Federalism 83

The Supremacy Clause 69 Dual Federalism 83
Enumerated and Implied Powers 70 Cooperative Federal ism 83
Reserved Powers 72 New Federalism 84
Concurrent Powers 72 Coercive Federalism 85
Full Faith and Credit 73 INSIDER INTERVIEW: George Kel leman' President of the
Texas Retailers Association 86
·a, Advantages of Federalism 74
A Stronger Central Government 74 ,.,, Texas and Conflicts Over Federalism 88
ANGLES OF POWER: Texas, the Military, and Jade Texas Versus Wash ington 88
Helm 75 Tidelands Controversy 90
Representation 75 Immigration 91
Policy Innovation 75 Voter Identification at Election Places 91
Trust in Levels of Government 77 GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Sanctuary Cities 92
Common Core Education Standards 93
·•· Texas and Federal Funding 78
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Federal Aid as a Percentage of ·a, The Insider View 93
General Revenue 79

Chapter4 Voting and Elections 96

,a,voting in Texas 98 ,a, Suffrage Struggles and
Registration 98 Their Consequences 103
Types of Elections 99 Literacy Tests 103
Early Voting 99 Poll Tax 104
Mobile Voting 101 White Primary 104
Election Day 101 Hispanics 105
x CONTENTS
ANGLES OF POWER: Political Machines 105
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Victor Morales, us Senatorial
Candidate in 1996 107
African Americans 107
Women 109
Asian Americans 111
,a, Voter Turnout in Texas 112
Why Texans Don't Vote 112
Social Pressure and Political Socialization 113
How Can Voter Turnout be Increased? 114
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Voter Turnout by State, 2016 115
Voter ID 116
,a, How to Campaign, Texas Style 117
Building Campaign Infrastructure 118
Image, Limelight, and the Media 118
Chapter5 Political Parties: Texas in Blue and Red
,a, The Functions of Parties 134
Simplifying Electoral Choices 134
Recruiting Candidates 135
Mobilizing Voters 135
Articulating Interests 136
Organizing Government 137
,a, Party Organization 137
Precinct Chairs 137
County Party Chairs 138
State Party Chair 138
Party Executive Committees 139
Party Conventions 139
State Party Platforms 139
'6' Rise and Fall of Political Parties
in Texas 141
Democratic Reign in the Postbellum Era
The Decline of the Democrats 142
The Rise of the Republ icans 144
Tea Party 146
Fissures in the Republican Party 149
Lessons from Texas Party Politics 149
Negative Campaigning 118
Courting the Base 119
Microtargeting 120
Surfing National Trends 120
Funding Elections 120
,a, Who Wins and Why 123
Money and Election Outcomes 123
Parties and Straight Ticket Voting 125
Incumbents and Voter Turnout 127
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Straight Ticket
Voting 127
The Electoral System 128
Will Texas Turn Blue? 128
'6' The Insider View 129
132
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Jared Woodfill, Former Harris
County Republican Party Chair 150
,a, Party Competition 151
Redistricting and Party Competition 151
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Party Competition,
1972-2015 152
The 2001 and 2003 Redistricting Battles: The
Drama Begins 154
ANGLES OF POWER: The 2003 Redistricting Battle and
the Killer Ds 155
Redistricting in 2011: Maps and More Maps 155
Redistricting in 2013: Back to Court 155
Party Switch ing 157
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Switch ing Parties 158
·a, Third Parties and Independents 159
La Raza Unida Party 159
141 Libertarian Party of Texas 160
Green Party of Texas 161
Independents 161
'6' The Insider View 162
 •
CONTENTS XI

Chapter 6 Interest Groups 164

·&· Interest Groups in the Political Lobbying the Courts, the Legislature, and the
Process 167 Executive Branch 178

Pluralist Theory 167 '6' Lobbying: The Third House 179

Elite Theory 167
Transactional Theory 168
Wh ich Theory Fits Texas? 168
'6' Why Join Interest Groups
The Free Rider Problem 169
Selective Benefits 170
'6' Types of Interest Groups
Business Groups 171
Trade Associations and Professional
Organizations 171
ISITBIGGERIN TEXAS? Rates of Union Membership
Labor Unions 173
Identity Groups 173
Public Interest Groups 174
Single-Issue Groups 174
Government Interests 174
'6' What Interest Groups Do
Education 175
Citizen Campaigns 175
Electioneering 176
The Role of Lobbyists 179
What Lobbyists Do 179
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Andrea McWilliams,
co-founder of McWilliams Government
169 Affairs Consultants 183
Iron Triangles in Texas 184
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Number of Years Elected
171 Officials Must Wait Before Becoming
Lobbyists 185
'6' Scandals and Reforms 186
Sharpstown Scandal 187
172 The 1991 Reforms 187
"A Session of Ethics" 188
'6' Oversight of Interest Groups 189
Texas Ethics Commission 189
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Enforcing Ethics
Violations 192
175 Recusal 192
Disclosure 193
'6' The Insider View 193

Chapter7 The Legislature 196

'6' The Functions of the Legislature and
Legislators 19 8
Powers of the Legislature 198
Texas House v. Senate 199
Casework 201
Position Taking 201
Credit Claiming 201
'6' The Texas Legislature in Context
Incumbency and Turnover 207
Consequences of the Texas Legislative
Structure 209
'6' How the Legislature is
Organized 209
The Committee System 209
Speaker of the House 210
203 The Lieutenant Governor 212

The Legislative Session 203 '6' The Legislative Process 212

IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Length of Legislative Session 205 In Committee 214
Legislative Staff 206 On the Floor 214
Legislative Boards and Councils 206 House and Senate Agreement 215
Salary 206 In Conference Committee 215
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Should Texas Have
Annual Legislative Sessions? 207
 ••
XII CONTENTS

The Real Enemy: The Calendar 216 Speeding It Up 224

Rules Rule the Chambers 217 Increasing Partisanship 224
ANGLES OF POWER: Politics Sometimes Makes Unlikely
·a, Demographic Representation 226
Bedfellows 218
Women Legislators 226
·&·Working Together 219 African Americans 228
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Ellie Sahualla, Chief of Staff Hispanics 228
and General Counsel to Representative Race, Religion, and Other Factors 228
Joe Moody 220
Slowing It Down 220 ,a,, The Insider View 229

Chapter 8 Governors of Texas 232

,a,, Rules of the Office 234 ,a, Informal Powers of Texas Governors 251
Eligibility 234 Legislative Bargaining 251
Informal Qualifications 235 INSIDER INTERVIEW: Former Democratic Governor Mark
Terms 235 White 252
Removal from Office 236 Agenda Setting 253
Succession 237 GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Personal Relations
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Governor Staff Size 238 Between Governors and Lieutenant
Salary and Staff 239 Governors 254

,a,, Formal Powers of Texas Governors 239 ·a, Weak and Strong Governor 260
Sheer Length of Term 260
Execution of Laws 239
Appointees 260
Appointment Powers 241
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Map of Gubernatorial
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Unilateral Executive Orders by
Governor in Select States 242 Power 261
Party Power 262
Legislative Powers 244
Military Powers 249 Criticisms and Reforms 262
ANGLES OF POWER: Governor Perry's Veto of Corruption ,a, The Insider View 264
Unit Funds 250
Judicial Powers: Pardon and Clemency 250

Chapter 9 The Plural Executive and the Bureaucracy 266

,a,, Bureaucracy in Texas 268
The Size of the Texas Bureaucracy 269
What the Texas Bureaucracy Does 269
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? State Employees Per 10,000
Residents, 2015 270
The Structure of the Texas Bureaucracy 272
,a,, Independently Elected Officers
Lieutenant Governor 273
ANGLES OF POWER: The Power of the Lieutenant
Governor Beyond Politics 275
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Bill Hobby, Former Democratic
Lieutenant Governor of Texas 276
Attorney General 278
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? State Attorneys General Cases
Filed, 1980-2013 279
273 Comptroller of Public Accounts 282
Commissioner of the General Land Office 283

Agriculture Commissioner 284
Plural Executive Feuds 285
,a, Governor-Appointed, Single-Head
Agencies 286
Secretary of State 286
Commissioner for Health and Human
Services 287
Department of Insurance 287
,a, Governor-Appointed, Multimember
Agencies 288
Public Utility Commission 288
Department of Transportation 288
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 289
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Chapter IO The Texas Judiciary 302
·•The Role of the Court 304
Dispensing Justice 304
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Total Tria l Courts 306
Interpreting the Law 307
,a, Trial Courts 308
Local Courts 309
County Trial Courts 311
State District Courts 311
-,a, Appellate Courts 312
Intermediate Appellate Courts 314
Appellate Courts of Last Resort 314
,a, Quality of Justice in Texas 316
ANGLES OF POWER: Two Supreme Courts?
Caseload: Overworked Judges? 317
Length of Court Cases 317
Salary: Underpaid Judges? 318
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Salaries of Judges in the Five
Most Populous States 319
TurnoverofJudges 319
Access to Justice 320
,a, Judicial Selection and Removal
Judicial Selection in Texas 321
•••
CONTENTS XIII
·•· Multimember Elected Commissions
and Hybrid Agencies 290
Texas Railroad Commission 290
Texas Ethics Commission 291
State Board of Education 291
,a, Controlling the Bureaucracy 292
Selection of the Bureaucracy 292
Sluggish Policymaking 293
Oversight and Change 295
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Sunset Sunset? 297
·•· The Insider View 299
289
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Primary Judicial Selection
Process by State 322
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Former Chief Justice Tom
Philips 323
Censure and Removal from Office 324
Judicial Qua Iifications 324
Problems with Partisan Elections 325
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: The First Negative
Judicial Race 327
,a, Who Are the Justices? 330
Women 332
African Americans 332
Hispanics 332
Asians 333
317
,a, Reforming the System 333
Nonpartisan Elections 333
Public Financing of Elections 333
Limiting Fund raising Totals 334
Merit Selection 334
·•· The Insider View 335
321
xiv CONTENTS

Chapter 11 Criminal Justice 338

'6' Texan Justice 341 GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Prison Conditions in
Texas 355
Rights of the Accused 342
Death Penalty 356
Victim Rights 342
'6' Life After Prison 359
'6' Types of Crimes 343
Restricted Licensing, Employment, and Access to
Misdemeanors 344 Programs 359
Felonies 345 Voting Rights 360
Drug Crimes 345
Parole 360
Juvenile Crime 346 IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Restrictions on Voting Post felony
'6' Criminal Justice Process in Texas 346 by State 361

Pretrial 346 '6' Reforms 362

Trial 347 Alternatives to Incarceration 362
Punishment 348 Bail Reforms 363
ANGLES OF POWER: Race and Finances in the Texas Addressing Prison Suicides 363
Prison System 349
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Court of Criminal Appeals Judge
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Comparing State Community Cathy Cochran 363
Supervision Populations 350 Grand Jury Reform 364
Incarceration 351 Death Penalty Reform 364
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? State and Federal Prisoners under
Jurisdiction of Correctional Authorities 352 '6' The Insider View 365

Chapter12 Local Government 368

'6' The Powers and Functions of Local '6' Types of City Government 3 81
Government 370 Mayor-Council System 381
Dillon's Rule 370 Commission Government 382
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Ban the Bag? 371 Council-Manager System 383
Local Regulation 371
'6' Special Districts 385
ANGLES OF POWER: Holding Out for a HERO 372
School Districts 385
'6' County Government 373 IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Special Purpose Districts
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Number of Local Nationwide 386
Governments 374 Special Improvement Districts 387
County Judge and Commissioner's Court 375 Junior/Community College Districts 387
County Sheriff 375 Library Districts 387
County Prosecutors 376 Municipal Utility Districts (MU Ds) 388
County Admin istrators 376 Hospital Districts 388
County Finance Officials 377 Homeowners' Associations 388

'6' City Governments 377 '6' Elections 389

General Law Cities 377 County Elections 389
Home Ru le Cities 378 City Elections 389
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Local Activist Barry Klein, Texas Minority Representation in Municipal
Property Rights Association 379 Governments 390
 CONTENTS xv

Low Turnout in Municipal Elections 390 Cooperation Across Governments 397

Voting and Corruption 392 Sprawl 397
To Zone or Not to Zone 398
,a, Issues in Local Government 392
Pensions 398
Local Governments Short on Cash 392
Rising Debt 394 '6' The Insider View 399

Chapter13 Budget, Finances, and Policy 402

,a, Taxes and Other Revenue Sources 404 Children's Health Insurance Program (CH IP) 422
Sales Tax 404 The Affordable Care Act 422
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? Health Care Sign Ups 423
IS IT BIGGER IN TEXAS? State and Local Sales Taxes,
2016 406 Social Security 424
Property Tax 407 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Franchise (Business) Taxes 408 (TANF) 424
GREAT TEXAS POLITICAL DEBATES: Drug Testing for
Oil and Natural Gas Taxes 408
Benefits 425
Car Taxes: Motor Fuel Tax ("Gas" Tax) and Motor
Workers' Compensation 425
Veh icle Taxes 409
Sin Taxes 409 ,a, Immigration and Border Security 426
Fees and Fines 410
The Rainy Day and Other Funds 410 '6' Education 428
Why No Income Tax? 411 Sources of K-12 Funding 428
Debates Over Taxes 411 School Finance 428
ANGLES OF POWER: School Finance 429
,a, The Budget 413
Teacher, Student, and School Performance 431
Budget Cycle 413 Diversity in Public Education 432
Budget Limitations 413 Vouchers 434
Budget Players and Process 414 Higher Education 434
Policy Priorities and Expenditure 419
'6' Transportation 436
'6' Health Care and Welfare 419
Medicare 420 '6' Energy and the Environment 436
INSIDER INTERVIEW: Eva Deluna Castro, State Water 436
Budget Analyst, Center for Public Policy Energy Sources 438
Priorities 420
Medicaid 421 '6' The Insider View 440

Glossary G-442
Notes N-448
Credits C-468
Index 1-471
 BRANDON ROTTINGHAUS is a Professor of Political Science at the
University of Houston. He is a Dallas native who has published research and
taught American and Texas government for more than 15 years, but has also
worked in Texas politics at every level. Dr. Rottinghaus regularly provides
commentary on national and Texas politics in hundreds of media outlets.
His research interests include Texas politics, executive and legislative pol-
itics, and research methods. His work on these subjects has appeared in doz-
ens of academic journals and multiple edited volumes. He is also the author of
three other books: The Provisional Pulpit: Modern Conditional Presidential
Leadership of Public Opinion (Texas A&M University Press, 2010), The
Institutional Effects ofExecutive Scandal (Cambridge University Press, 2015),
and The Dual Executive: Unilateral Orders in Separated and Shared Powers
System (Stanford University Press, 2017).
The author frequently partners with Houston Public Media (Houston's
PBS) to produce relevant and topical coverage of public affairs, and is a reg-
ular guest on Houston Matters, the station's daily news discussion program.
Dr. Rottinghaus also co-hosts Political Perspectives, a digital series on cur-
rent events, and a podcast on national and state politics. He is also the creator
and weekly contributor to Monday Morning Politics on Houston's Fox 26 that
reviews the political events of the past week and previews the week to come.
His commentary on national and Texas politics has also appeared in the
Texas Tribune, the Houston Chronicle, the Dallas Morning News, the Austin-
American Statesman, the Corpus Christi Caller, the Lubbock Avalanche
Journal, the McAllen Monitor, the San Antonio Express-News, the El Paso
Times, CNN, The Texas Standard, National Public Radio, the Guardian, the
Washington Post, and the New York Times .

•
XVI
THE LATE MOLLY IVINS oncewrote, "Goodthingwe'vegotpolitics
in Texas-finest form of free entertainment ever invented." Or, as she put it later
in her career, "If Texas were a sane place, it wouldn't be nearly as much fun."
The characters in Texas politics are among the most interesting and in-
fluential in all levels of government. Three of the last nine presidents hailed
from Texas. Incensed by a federal ban on Mirax, a Texas exterminator became
US House majority leader, determined to exact revenge on the Environmental
Protection Agency. State officials frequently come to blows over education,
taxation, and smaller issues like whether teachers should be allowed to shoot
students on school buses in self-defense. The state legislature tries to ban cities
from offering sanctuary to undocumented immigrants while cities go to battle
against state agencies that plan to store nuclear waste in their backyards.
Teaching Texas government and politics is exciting because the history of
the state is rich with these stories of political struggles, and speculation about
the future of Texas politics provides for intriguing learning opportunities.

THEME
True to the title-Inside Texas Politics-the book takes a unique tactic to de-
scribing and analyzing Texas politics from an insider's perspective. I wrote
the text to make the material on Texas government and politics accessible
and memorable for today's students, and to provide an insider's perspec-
tive on how power struggles have shaped Texas institutions and political
processes. My goal is to bring Texas government to life by recounting how
colorful characters and Texans from all walks of life have both influenced
and been influenced by the governing process. The chapters are rich with
historical accounts, engaging recent examples, and relevant (but accessible)
statistical data.
The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) requirements
have recently added additional fundamental component areas for social and
personal responsibility, where students are asked to understand knowledge
of civic responsibility, community engagement, and connecting actions and
consequences to ethical decision making. The theme and data presentation
developed in this text lends itself well to executing and assessing these re-
quirements. Marginal questions query students to consider concepts from a
social and personal responsibility perspective. Questions below every figure
and table ask students to practice analyzing the data, to think critically about
it, to evaluate trends, and to communicate them.
••
XVII
 •••
XVIII PREFACE

This book exploits use of original data (collected for this project by the
author) and institutional data (from official government sources) to provide
a whole picture of government and politics in Texas. Data literacy is a major
component of how material is presented and students will be able to build
skills to serve as a foundation for future learning.

FEATURES
The book is rich in features that draw students in and explore the important
features and events from Texas politics from an insider's perspective. Opening
vignettes explore a particular political struggle and how Texans shape and
are shaped by government. A concluding section of each chapter, "The Insider
View," provides a summary of the chapter's theme, emphasizing how the insti-
tutions and processes discussed in the chapter are evolving. In addition, each
chapter has four boxed features.

Insider Interviews. Following the theme of an inside look at politics in Texas,

each chapter has an "Insider Interview'' with an individual who is a practi-
tioner in the subject of the chapter. For example, in Chapter 8 former Texas
governor Mark White discusses the challenges he faced as governor and his
insights on the office.

Great Texas Political Debates. These features tell the story behind a current
event or issue, such as texting-while-driving legislation and the 2014 lawsuit
against Governor Perry. These features are organized around concepts, such
as political culture and the formal powers of the Texas governor. After reading
the context, students assess two or more perspectives.

Is it Bigger in Texas? Each chapter contains at least one "Is it Bigger in Texas?''
boxed features that compares Texas with other states in the union. Like the
figures and tables, each feature presents a question related to THECB goals
and provides bulleted observations for students to consider.

Angles of Power. This feature investigates political and personal interactions

between the politics or personality of individuals and groups and how this
shapes state politics or policy. The feature then asks students to explain or
analyze the situation.

ENSURING STUDENT SUCCESS

Oxford University Press offers instructors and students a comprehensive an-
cillary package for qualified adopters of Inside Texas Politics.

Ancillary Resource Center (ARC): This convenient, instructor-focused website

provides access to all of the up-to-date teaching resources for this text while
 •
PREFACE XIX

guaranteeing the security of grade-significant resources. In addition, it allows

Oxford University Press to keep instructors informed when new content be-
comes available. Register for access and create your individual user account
by visiting www.oup.com/us/Rottinghaus.
The following items are available on the ARC:
• Instructor's Manual and Test Bank: includes chapter objectives,
detailed chapter outlines, lecture suggestions and activities, discussion
questions, and video and Web resources. The test bank includes
multiple-choice, short answer, and essay questions.
• Computerized Test Bank: utilizes Diploma, a test authoring and
management tool. Diploma is designed for both novice and advanced
users and enables instructors to create and edit questions, compose
randomized quizzes and test with an intuitive drag-and-drop tool,
post quizzes and tests to online courses, and print quizzes and tests for
paper-based assessments.
• Downloadable and customizable PowerPoint slides: including one
set for in-class presentations and the other for text images
• Access to fifteen CNN videos correlated to the chapter topics of the
text. Each clip is approximately five to ten minutes long, offering a great
way to launch your lecture
Companion website at www.oup.com/us/Rottinghaus. This open access compan-
ion website includes a number of learning tools to help students study and
review key concepts presented in the text including learning objectives, key-
concept summaries, quizzes, essay questions, Web activities, and Web links.

Dashboard (www.oup.com/us/dashboard). Oxford University Press's nationally

hosted learning management system. Designed to offer students and instruc-
tors maximum flexibility, numerous assessment options, a variety of interac-
tive content organized by chapter, and adaptive learning tools, this learning
management system offers best in class, cutting edge functionality.
• Numerous Assessment Options: Every chapter has many chapter-level
tests to help your students learn-and not memorize-important concepts.
• Available Anytime/Anywhere: Everything is in one place, and is
accessible from any device, anywhere students can get connected.
• Interactive Content: Students have access to fifteen CNN videos, as
well as others, Interactive Graphics, and Key Terms Flashcards.
For more information about Dashboard, and ordering information, con-
tact your Oxford University Press Representative or call 800.280.0280

Course Cartridges containing student and instructor resources are available

through Angel, Blackboard, Canvas, D2L, Moodle, Respondus, or whatever
course management system you prefer.
xx PREFACE

Format Choices. Oxford University Press offers cost-saving alternatives to

meet the needs of all students. This text offered in a Loose Leaf format at
a 30 percent discount off the list price of the text; and in an eBook format,
through CourseSmart for a 50 percent discount. You can also customize our
textbooks to create the course material you want for your class. For more in-
formation, please contact your Oxford University Press sales representative at
800.280.0280, or visit us online at www.oup.com/us/morone.

PAC GING OPTIONS

Adopters of Inside Texas Politics can package any Oxford University Press
book with the text for a 20 percent savings off the total package price. See our
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OUP sales representative to request a package ISBN.

OWLEDGMENTS
John Graves wrote in Goodbye to a River, "Mankind is one thing; a man's self
is another. What that self is tangles itself knottily with what his people were,
and what they came out of. Mine came out of Texas, as did I. If those were
louts, they were my own louts." Writing a book is a self-reflective undertaking,
but no book is written from one perspective alone.
Special thanks to friends and colleagues in politics and journalism
who kindly shared insights or observations about Texas politics, each shap-
ing the content or coverage here in subtle or major ways, including Rebecca
Acuna, John Austin, Jordan Berry, Bobby Blanchard, Scott Braddock, Bobby
Cervantes, Craig Cohen, Kiah Collier, Kevin Diaz, Rebecca Elliott, Peggy
Fikac, Joe Holley, Jay Leeson, Katie Leslie, Enrique Rangel, Marty Schalden,
Andrew Schneider, Patrick Svitek, Anna Tinsley, and Mike Ward.
Enormous thanks are due to those interviewed for the "Insider Interview''
feature. Generous with their time and insightful in their comments, each was
too modest to call himself or herself an "insider," but each has clearly left a
mark on the state and indelibly on this book.
It is genuinely hard to imagine a better team to work with than Oxford
University Press. Jen Carpenter, Executive Editor, was the architect of the
project and encouraging from start to finish. Tony Mathias gave great ad-
vice on framing and big picture presentation. Naomi Friedman, Senior
Development Editor, deserves her own section in the acknowledgements for
all the time she took to bring this project to life. No one has helped to bring the
ideas in my head to fruition like Naomi and she shares incomparably in what-
ever success this book finds. Research assistants Philip Waggoner, Leonardo
Antenangeli, and Sarah Scott ably helped collect data for the book.
 •
PREFACE XXI

BJ and Benjamin, the two best top hands a dad could ask for, were patient
longer than kids should be for this book to be finished. I'm looking forward
to returning to our travels around the Lone Star State, deadline free. Finally,
this book is dedicated to Tracy, whose heart is as big as Dallas and whose
mind is as big as all Texas.

We are greatly indebted to the many talented scholars and instructors who
reviewed the manuscript of Inside Texas Government. Their insight and sug-
gestions helped shape the work.

Kevin Bailey Raymond Sandoval Lisa Perez

Houston Community College Richland College Austin Community College
Michelle Belco Tom Miles Lydia Andrade
Houston University University of North Texas University of Incarnate Word
Madelyn Bowman Maribel Santoyo Sara Price
Tarrant County College El Paso Community College Odessa College and Portland Community
College
Rachel Bzostek Lanny S. Lambert
Collin College North East Lakeview College Drew Landry
South Plains College
Philip Crosby Patrizio Amezcua
Brian Bearry
Central Texas College San Jacinto College
University of Texas at Dallas
Heidi Galito Tiffany Cartwright
Sonia Iwanek
Houston Community College Collin College Collin College
Mary M. Louis Fiona Ross Patrick Moore
Houston Community College Lone Star College-Montgomery Richland College
Michael McConachie Mark A. Cichock Corena White
Collin College University of Texas at Arlington Tarrant County College
Sharon Navarro John Carnes Jennifer Danley-Scott
University of Texas at San Antonio Lone Star College-Kingwood Texas Women's University
William Parent GabrielUme Jose Gutierrez
San Jacinto College Palo Alto College University of Texas at Arlington
.· ~
Although government may seem like a remote concept, Texans don't LEARNING OBJECTIVES
even have to leave their homes to feel the life-changing consequences
of government policies. In 2015 in Pecos, Texas, a pit bull attacked 1.1 Describe the settlement
and killed an eighty-three-year-old man, Noberto Legardo, who was history of Texas.
sitting outside in his daughter's backyard. Legardo was one of 232
1.2 Assess the impact
Americans killed by pit bulls between 2005 and 2015-one death
industries have made to
every seventeen days. A friend of Legardo, speaking to reporters, the Texas economy from
urged officials to do something about these attacks so that this never 1860 to today.

happens again.1 In Texas, the state legislature has tried and failed to
ban pit bulls. Some city governments have prohibited ownership of 1.3 Analyze how the
changing demographics
this breed-although not Pecos. of the state affect
In 2016, most of the residents of Nordheim, Texas (population 316), government.
descended on Austin, wearing yellow "Concerned About Pollution"
t-shirts, to protest the state's decision to locate a 143-acre waste 1.4 Examine the source
and impact of political
material facility in their community. Texas Railroad Commission culture in Texas.
experts had decided that the facility would not pollute the town's
groundwater, but exasperated eighty-year-old resident Kermit
Koehler told reporters, "that's what you call a little town getting
sh&% on."2
Texas's energy industry employs tens of thousands of workers,
some undocumented. Undocumented workers are more vulnerable
to wage fraud, but when forty-one-year-old Guillermo Perez's boss
told him that he didn't have the $1,200 to pay him, Perez took action:
"I told him that I'm going to the Texas Workforce Commission, which
I did. Then after that, he came back two weeks later and paid me."3

• Historian T.R. Fehrenbach wrote that the Texas mystique was created by the
"chemistry of the frontier in the crucible of history." Sam Houston put his affection
for the Lone Star State more bluntly: "Texas is the finest portion of the globe that has
ever blessed my vision." 3
4 INSIDE TEXAS POLITICS

The stories of Legardo, Perez, and the residents of Nordheim show us how
ordinary Texans, as individuals and as groups, have reacted to and shaped
Texas politics. Their values, visions, and goals, however, often clash, and so
Texas public policies-and even the structure of our institutions and the way
they operate-are often the outcome of conflict.
In this chapter, we explore the interactions among the communities of
natives, settlers, and immigrants. We discover who wins-and who loses.
We examine how the booms and busts in the Texas economy and the shifting
demographics impact the politics of who gets what, when, and how. Finally,
we examine political culture to see how Texans relate to government and
politics. In doing so, we will witness the great battles that sculpted the face
of Texas today.

' 'THE ORIGINS OF TEXAS

I Power in Texas politics is shaped by the people who have
1.1 Describe the settlement settled and inhabited the state. Immigration is not a
history of Texas. new political issue in Texas. Conflicts over territory and
resources have transformed Texas for millennia. So, it is
to this topic that we turn first.

NATIVE AMERICANS
Native Americans occupied the lands of Texas more than 10,000 years before
the arrival of Europeans in the early sixteenth century.4 Tribes in North
America competed for land, pushing each other into new territory and eventu-
ally settling in lands throughout Texas (see Figure 1.1). The Caddo and Apache
Indians, descendants of the first people to walk into North America, arrived
early on. The Caddo enjoyed a more sedentary life because the region they lived
in had plentiful game and favorable conditions for growing crops. The settle-
ments of Caddo Indians extended from the Trinity River to the Red River and
as far east as Mississippi. The Apache, splintered by pressure from other tribes,
pushed farther south and west into the area around Big Bend. Almost exclu-
sively nomadic, they lived completely off the roaming buffalo. The Karankawa
and Coahuiltecan people settled along the coast and the coastal prairies of
South Texas beginning around the seventeenth century. 5
Disease and conflict with the newly arriving Spanish and French set-
tlers greatly diminished their numbers of Native Americans by the 1860s.
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Iguassú R., 289, 294, 306, 333, 343, 385, 393
Ilo, 154, 169, 175
Illampu Mt., 222, 225
Illimani Mt., 222
Imataca, 94
Imbabura, 116, 117, 133
Imperial, 246
Inambari R., 192, 199
Incas, 115, 149, 150
Inciarte, 82, 95
Indians, 11, 21, 24, 25, 27, 37, 56, 64, 75, 102, 118, 119, 125, 153,
173, 179, 203, 208, 246, 248, 281, 284, 306, 336, 354, 374
Indigo, 88, 142
Industries, 51, 106, 111, 146, 202, 238-240, 327-331
Ingeniero White, 303
Investments, 52, 98, 147, 203, 244, 279, 331, 353, 371, 433
Iodine, 271
Ipacaraí Lake, 340, 343
Ipané R., 339
Ipanema, 430
Iquique, 158, 247, 255, 261, 263, 266, 271
Iquitos, 126, 152, 154, 161, 170, 173, 179, 182, 183, 192, 382,
403
Irala, 334
Irigoyen, Dr. Hipolito, 282
Iron, 94, 144, 273, 352, 430
Islay, 168
Itabira do Matto Dentro, 430
Itaituba, 406
Itamarca Falls, 383
Itaperim, 397
Itapura, 409
Itaquy, 411
Itatiaiá Mt., 1, 381, 385
Itenéz R., 212, 227
Itonamas R., 383

Jaen, 139, 184, 188

Jambeli Channel, 135
Januaria, 406
Jaraguá, 399;
Grass, 425
Jatunhuasi, 198
Jauja R., 170, 179
Javanese, 111
Javary R., 384
Jazpampa, 266
Jejui R., 339
Jequitonha R., 386
Jesus Marie, 183
Jipijapa, 131, 146
João, Prince, 374
Joazeiro, 412
Juan Fernandez Isls., 249, 261, 278
Jujuy, 283, 292, 306, 312, 321, 322, 326
Juliaca, 180
Jundiahy, 408, 411
Junín, 150, 152, 170, 193, 197
Junín Lake, 170, 179, 193
Juquiá, 411
Juruá, 405;
R., 384, 406

Kaieteur Falls, 101, 104

Kaolin, 108, 352
Kapok, 423

La Asunción, 55, 70
La Ceiba, 35, 81, 85, 98
La Columna Mt., 59
La Chacarilla, 235
La Dorada, 33, 34, 37, 38
La Goajira, 10, 18
La Guaira, 63, 67, 77, 80, 83
La Guayra Falls, 289, 306, 333, 343, 385, 393
Laguna, 406
Laguneta, 62
La Hacha, 81
La Limeña, 165
Lambayeque, 152, 164, 187, 189
La Merced, 178
La Pampa, 283, 288, 299, 303, 310, 319
La Paz, 181, 184, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 214, 217, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 242, 243,
248, 311, 457
La Plata, 283, 285, 302, 309, 312, 318, 329
La Plata R., 210, 211, 212, 281, 289, 301, 302, 306, 354, 360,
364, 379, 385;
Isl., 144
La Quiaca, 184, 223, 235, 292, 309, 312
Lara, 55, 63, 66, 88, 93
La Rioja, 283, 295, 321, 322, 325
La Serena, 247, 248, 256, 265
Latacunga, 117, 125, 137, 139
Lavalleja General, 355
La Vela, 65, 79, 81
La Victoria, 67, 80
Lead, 144, 194, 195, 235, 274, 432
Lebrija R., 34, 35
León, 116, 117, 133
Leopoldina, 407, 411
Leticia, 154
Libertad, 152, 164, 188, 189
Lima, 8, 115, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 160, 162, 167, 176, 179,
183, 187, 190, 203, 206, 455, 457
Linares, 247, 258
Linseed, 320
Lipez, 234;
Serranía de, 211
Live stock, 44, 91, 108, 143, 193, 239, 240, 277, 315, 350, 368,
424
Loa R., 256, 268
Lobitos, 144, 201
Lobos Isls., 164, 201
Lobos, Punta de, 275
Loja, 116, 117, 123, 124, 132, 139, 144, 145, 184
Lomas, 168
Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 334;
Francisco, 334, 335
Loreto, 152, 173, 179
Lorica, 22
Los Andes, (Chile), 254, 268, 269;
(Arg.), 283, 291, 293
Los Angeles, 247
Los Patos Pass, 257
Los Rios, 116, 117, 132
Lota, 263, 264, 274, 275
Luque, 342;
Hernando de, 147
Lurín, 183
Llallagua, 233
Llamas, 143, 193, 225, 239
Llanos, 16, 27, 59, 60, 62, 70, 71, 91, 123, 211
Llanquihue, 247, 259, 277;
Lake, 252

Macami, 110
Macas, 139, 145
Maceió, 375, 399, 417
Macora, 146
Machacamarca, 224
Machachi V., 137
Machala, 117, 132, 139
Machalilla, 136
Madeira R., 160, 243, 383, 384, 403, 406, 412, 413
Madeira-Mamoré Ry., 183, 225, 227, 228, 243, 383, 412
Madera R., 212
Madidi R., 212, 227, 237, 241
Madre de Dios, 152, 173, 199;
R., 159, 172, 183, 192, 212, 219, 227, 238, 241, 383
Magallanes, 246, 247, 260, 275, 278
Magangué, 34
Magdalena, 9, 10, 21;
R., 16, 17, 18, 22, 32-35, 37, 38
Magellan Strait, 251
Mahogany, 90
Maipo R., 246
Maipures Rapids, 17, 75
Maize, see Corn
Majes R., 168, 180
Mal Abrigo, 366
Malabrigo, 165
Maldonado, (Peru), 152;
(Urug.), 356, 363, 367, 370
Malleco, 247, 259;
R., 264
Mamoré R., 160, 211, 212, 219, 227, 383, 412, 413
Manabí, 116, 117, 131, 142, 144, 146
Manaos, 26, 43, 179, 375, 378, 403, 406, 413
Mandioca, 142, 349, 400, 419
Manganese, 145, 325, 352, 370, 428
Manglar Alto, 136, 146
Mangrove, 90
Manizales, 10, 23, 35
Manta, 131, 136, 144;
Bay, 131
Mantaro R., 159, 170, 171
Mantiqueiro, Serra de, 385, 428
Manufactures, 51, 52, 98, 202, 203, 278, 327-329, 352, 371, 426,
427
Manzanares R., 79
Mapocho R., 254
Mar, Serra do, 1, 380, 381, 385, 388
Maracaibo, 41, 55, 57, 64, 78, 82, 83, 84, 91, 94, 98
Maracaibo Channel, 78, 96;
Lake, 16, 31, 36, 46, 48, 53, 59, 61, 62, 64, 78, 82, 84, 87, 94,
95, 96
Maracajú, Serra de, 385
Maracay, 55, 57, 67, 79, 80, 83, 87, 92, 98
Marajós Isl., 382, 406
Maranhão, 375, 377, 401, 406, 415, 418, 430
Marañón R., 119, 124, 125, 138, 159, 170, 182, 192
Mar del Plata, 302, 309, 326, 330
Margarita Isl., 69, 70, 79, 98
Mariquita, 35
Maroni R., 109, 113
Marowijne R., 111, 112, 113
Martinez, 317
Martinique Isl., 112
Matahuasi, 183
Matarani, 168
Matto Grosso, 289, 339, 348, 375, 383, 386, 403, 413, 415, 422,
424, 425, 426, 428, 429
Matucana, 178
Maturín, 55, 70
Mauá, 407, 411
Maués, 406
Maule, 247, 258;
R., 252
Medellín, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23, 35, 37, 38, 51
Medicinal Plants, 44
Meiggs, Henry, 165, 177, 179, 196
Mejillones, 256, 266, 267
Melo, 356, 363, 366
Mendoza, 269, 281, 283, 288, 296, 297, 303, 309, 310, 320, 322,
323, 325, 326, 329;
Pedro de, 281, 333
Mene Grande, 95, 96
Mercedario Mt., 251
Mercedes, 356, 361, 365, 366
Mérida, 55, 57, 72, 81, 84, 93, 98
Mesopotamia, 288, 290, 317
Mestizos, 209
Meta, 10, 26;
R., 17, 27, 61, 62, 65, 84
Minas, 356, 364, 370
Minas Geraes, 375, 381, 388, 404, 414, 418, 424, 425, 426, 428,
429, 430, 432
Mining-Minerals, 45-50, 52, 92-97, 107, 108, 111, 112, 144, 145;
194-202, 229-238, 270-275, 324-326, 352, 370, 427-433
Miranda, 54, 55, 66, 68, 79, 80
Mirím Lake, 354, 359, 363, 386, 387, 407
Misiones, 283, 287, 293, 311, 313, 321, 322, 324, 328, 331, 422;
Sierra de, 211
Mocoa, 10, 26, 38
Mojos Plains, 384
Molybdenum, 201
Mollendo, 161, 168, 175, 179, 192, 221, 222, 243, 261
Monagas, 54, 55, 70, 82
Monazite, 398
Monday R., 339
Montaña, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161, 172, 174, 178, 181, 188, 210
Montecristi, 131, 146
Monteria, 22, 38
Montevideo, 354, 355, 356, 357, 360, 364, 365, 366, 367, 370,
371, 392, 404, 410
Moquegua, 152, 169, 255
Moriche Palm, 91
Morococha, 177, 195, 196, 200, 224
Morona R., 124, 125
Moropán, 163
Morrisquillo Bay, 44
Motatán, 72, 81, 84, 85
Moyabamba, 152

Nacion La, (Newspaper), 285

Nacunday, 347
Nahuel Huapi Lake, 288, 299, 313, 324
Naiguatá Falls, 98;
Mt., 60
Nanay R., 124, 126
Napo, 126;
R., 26, 115, 118, 124, 126, 138, 139
Naranjal, 139
Naricual, 82, 93
Nariño, 9, 10, 25, 50, 51
Natal, 375, 400, 412
Nazareth, 412
Nechi R., 34, 50
Negra Muerta, 312
Negritos, 202
Negro R., (Amazon), 17, 26, 43, 76, 384, 403, 406;
(Arg.), 288, 290, 309;
(Urug.), 358, 359, 361, 365;
(South Brazil), 393
Neiva, 10, 28, 35, 39
Nemocón, 37
Nepeña R., 167
Neuquen, 283, 299, 309, 322, 324, 325, 326
Neveri R., 68, 82
New Amsterdam, 103, 104
New Granada, 8, 115
Nico Peréz, 366
Nictheroy, 375, 396, 411
Nichare R., 74
Nirgua, 66, 93
Nitrates, 270
North Coast, 7-113
Nuble, 247, 258
Nueva Esparta, 55, 69
Nueva Germania, 347
Nuevo Gulf, 304
Nuts, 417

Obidos, 403, 406

Ocaña, 35
Ocumare de la Costa, 67, 79, 83
Ocumare del Tuy, 55, 68, 80, 89
O’Higgins, 247, 258, 272, 276
Ojeda, Alonzo de, 8, 53
Olinda, 426
Olmas, 367
Ollague, 223, 268, 275
Orán, 223, 306
Oranges, 349, 419
Orellana, 154;
Francisco de, 115, 126
Oriente, 116, 117, 123, 134, 140, 145
Orinoco R., 3, 16, 17, 18, 26, 48, 59, 60, 61, 73, 74, 75, 76, 84, 90,
92, 94, 99, 101
Oro, Rio de, 28, 48, 96
Orocué, 31
Oroya, 177, 178, 179, 183, 200
Ortíz, 83
Orton R., 227
Oruro, 207, 209, 210, 215, 223, 224, 232, 233, 234, 243
Osasco, 424
Osorno, 313
Otuzco, 188, 198
Ouro Preto, 405
Ovalle, 273
Oyack R., 112
Oyapock R., 112, 406
Oyón, 198

Pacaraima Mts., 101

Pacasmayo, 164, 169, 175, 188, 189
Pacific Ry., 37
Pachacamac R., 183
Pachacayo, 197, 198
Pacheco, 238
Pachitea R., 169, 170
Paita, 131, 156, 163, 175, 182, 201, 202
Paja Toquilla, 146
Palcazú, 170
Palma Sola, 81
Palmira, 25, 36, 37, 38
Paloma, 367
Pampa Aullagas Lake, 212
Pampa Central, See La Pampa
Pampatar, 70, 79
Pamplona, 38
Panamá, 7, 8, 15, 18, 107, 133
Panamá Hats, 25, 26, 51, 131, 146, 163, 201
Pan American Ry., 38, 137, 175, 179, 184, 223
Pando, 361
Pangoa R., 183
Pantana, 42
Paper, 91, 98, 107, 146, 328
Pará, 174, 179, 182, 375, 383, 401, 402, 406, 408, 412, 417, 420,
425, 432;
R., 382, 402
Paracas Penin., 198
Paraguarí, 335, 337, 342, 352
Paraguay, 205, 220, 332-353, 368, 369, 422
Paraguay R., 205, 212, 220, 226, 304, 313, 333, 338, 339, 343,
383, 386, 409, 410
Parahyba, 375, 400, 412, 417, 429, 432
Parahyba do Norte R., 400
Parahyba do Sul R., 386, 396, 411
Paramaribo, 109, 110, 111
Paramos, 19, 28, 72, 122, 129
Paraná, (Arg.), 283, 289, 298, 305;
(Brazil), 375, 385, 388, 393, 394, 419, 422, 424, 425, 429, 430,
431
Paraná R., 288, 289, 304, 305, 306, 311, 333, 339, 340, 343, 347,
374, 381, 385, 388, 393, 407, 410
Paranaguá, 394, 410, 422, 425
Paranahyba R., 385
Paranapanema R., 385, 393
Paria Gulf, 60, 69, 70, 76, 78, 97;
Penin., 69, 97
Parime Mts., 60
Parnahyba R., 386, 401
Pastaza R., 124, 125
Pasto, 10, 12, 25, 38, 51, 133
Patagonas, 275
Patagonia, 287, 288, 299, 309, 310, 313, 317, 324
Patapó, 164
Patía R., 16, 17, 25, 36
Patiño Simón, J., 224, 233
Pato R., 50
Patos, Lagôa dos, 386, 387, 392, 407
Paucartambo, 199; R., 159;
V., 188
Paulo Affonso Falls, 386
Pauta R., 124
Paysandú, 356, 357, 362, 365, 367, 370
Pearls, 94, 144
Pedernales, 76;
Isl., 97
Pedro, Dom II., 374
Pelotas, 392, 425, 431
Perené R., 159, 170, 178, 183;
V., 178
Pericos, 84
Perija, 84, 96;
Sierra de, 18, 59, 61
Peripe R., 127
Pernambuco, 367, 374, 375, 387, 399, 406, 412, 414, 416, 418,
422, 426, 428, 431, 432
Peru, 4, 5, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 148-204, 275, 278, 281, 382,
383, 384, 406, 457
Petare, 80
Petroleum, 46, 95, 144, 201, 237, 275, 325, 371, 432
Petropolis, 396, 407, 411
Philip II., 374
Piar District, 73
Piauhy, 375, 388, 401, 428
Pichilemu, 264
Pichincha, 115, 116, 117, 133, 139, 144, 145;
 Volc., 123
Pichis R., 170
Pilar, 335, 336, 342
Pilcomayo R., 212, 217, 226, 288, 289, 339
Pimentel, 164
Pintados, 266
Pirámides, 304
Pirapora, 406
Piria, Señor, 364
Piriápolis, 363, 367
Piracicaba, 425, 432
Pisagua, 255, 266, 270, 271
Pisco, 154, 168, 175, 199, 200
Piura, 152, 163, 182, 187, 201
Pizarro, 163
Pizarro, Francisco, 115, 149, 164, 169, 172, 245, 281
Pizarro, Gonzales, 115, 126
Plaisance, 104
Plantains, 41, 106, 142
Platinum, 7, 48, 144, 145, 432
Pomasqui, 145
Pongo de Manseriche, 124, 138, 182
Ponta Grossa, 394, 410
Poopo, Lake, 212, 226
Popayán, 10, 12, 25, 36, 38, 39
Porce R., 50
Port of Spain, 69, 78
Porto Alegre, 375, 392, 410
Porto Esperança, 409
Porto Velho, 413
Portoviejo, 117, 131;
R., 131
Portuguesa, 55, 60, 71, 77, 88
Posadas, 283, 294, 306, 311, 337, 342, 343
Potaro R., 104
Potash, 271
Potosi, 207, 209, 216, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237
Prat, 267
Prensa, La, (newspaper), 285
Providencia, 10
Pucalpa, 182
Pucasuro R., 125
Puente del Este, 367
Puerto Aiguirre, 306
Puerto Asís, 38
Puerto Belgrano, 312
Puerto Beltrán, 33, 34, 37
Puerto Bermudez, 179
Puerto Berrío, 35
Puerto Bolívar, 138
Puerto Brais, 224
Puerto Cabello, 66, 67, 77, 80, 81, 83, 92, 98
Puerto Colombia, 12, 30, 32
Puerto del Sauce, 367
Puerto Deseado, 313, 330
Puerto Galileo, 345
Puerto Gallegos, 283, 304, 313, 314
Puerto Galván, 303
Puerto Jessup, 179
Puerto Limón, 182
Puerto Madryn, 304, 311
Puerto Max, 343
Puerto Mendez, 343
Puerto Militar, 326
Puerto Molendez, 182
Puerto Montt, 247, 252, 259, 264, 266, 269, 278
Puerto Pando, 227
Puerto Pinasco, 345, 350
Puerto Suarez, 207, 210, 218, 220, 225, 238, 243
Puerto Tablas, 73
Puerto Villamizar, 36
Puerto Wertheman, 183
Puerto Wilches, 34, 37
Pulacayo, 232
Puna, 212
Puná Isl., 122, 127, 131, 135, 139
Puno, 152, 172, 180, 181, 188, 193, 199, 221
Punta Arenas, 193, 247, 249, 253, 261, 263, 278, 304, 313
Punta de Lobos, 275
Purús, 405; R., 172, 227, 384
Putumayo, 10, 26;
R., 17, 26, 38, 126
Pyreneos Mt., 381, 385

Quarahim, 367, 411

Quebracho, 323, 345
Quelez, 428
Queruvilca, 164, 198
Quesada, Gonzalo Jimenez de, 8
Quespesisa Cerro, 199
Quevado R., 127
Quibdó, 10, 24, 35, 43, 48
Quichuas, 172, 179, 181, 208
Quicksilver, 133, 144, 200
Quilca, 168
Quiloaza R., 305
Quimsa Cruz Range, 234
Quinine, 142, 242
Quinua, 191, 241
Quiquió, 352
Quishuarcancha, 179, 196
Quispicanchis, 199
Quito, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 127, 130, 136, 137, 139

Rancagua, 247, 272

Rauco Lake, 252
Rawson, 283, 304
Recife, 375, 377, 399, 406, 417
Reconquista, 314
Recuay, 166, 183, 184
Reloncavi Gulf, 266
Remate dos Males, 406
Resistencia, 283, 293, 312, 321
Reventazón, 163
Riachuelo, 330;
R., 301
Riberalta, 207, 210, 219, 225, 227, 413
Rice, 42, 105, 110, 189, 241, 322, 350, 419
Rimac R., 149, 162;
V., 177
Riobamba, 117, 125, 136, 137, 145
Rio Branco, 405
Rio Chico, 68, 80
Rio de Janeiro, 254, 367, 374, 375, 377, 381, 388, 390, 395, 396,
406, 407, 408, 411, 414, 416, 418, 427, 432, 454, 456
Rio Grande, 392;
R., 385
Rio Grande do Norte, 375, 381, 400, 412, 416, 423, 429, 432
Rio Grande do Sul, 375, 380, 385, 386, 387, 388, 391, 410, 411,
416, 418, 422, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432
Riohacha, 21, 30, 31, 46
Rio Limón, 82
Rio Mulato, 224