MIDTERM REVIEWER

[ PS 130 – INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ]

FUNDAMENTALS AND DEFINITION
 As a sub discipline of Political Science,
The focus of IR studies lies on
Political, Diplomatic and Security
connections among states.
 IR attempts to explain the interactions
of states in the global interstate
system. - a system of competing and
allying states.
 Explain the interactions of others
whose behavior originates within
one country and is targeted toward
members of other countries. ACTORS IN THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY
We often associate International
Relations with: 1. International Organizations
 International governmental
1. Diplomacy
organizations or organizations with a
2. Trade
universal membership of sovereign
3. Culture
states.
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY  Serving as forums which national
governments cooperate on complex
 Involves human and non-human international economic and
actors that empower the protection business issues.
of human rights, the fight against  Examples of International
global terrorism, crisis management Communities:
of and response to environmental 1. UN
disasters and humanitarian 2. The World Bank
emergencies, or international 3. World Trade Organization
negotiations. 4. World Health Organization.
 The international community is a
phrase used in geopolitics and
international relations to refer to a
2. Non-Government Organizations
broad group of governments of the
 Principally independent from
world that share similar advocacies.
government, which is organized on a
local, national and international level
6 Objectives of the International
to address issues on support of the
Community:
public good.
1. Empowerment
 What do we mean by Public Good?
2. Human Rights
1. Human Rights Issues
3. Inclusion
2. Humanitarian Aid
4. Social Justice
3. Economic Development
5. Self-Determination
4. Social Welfare
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[ PS 130 – INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ]
3.Multinational Corporations/Enterprises INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
VS.
 A multinational corporation or
INTERNATINAL RELATIONS
enterprise using goods and delivering
services in more than one country
that caters for the essentials of the
public.
 Esssentials of the Public:
1. Food
2. Shelter
3. Medicine
4. Clothing
5. Technology
 Example:
1. McDonalds
2. Pfizer
3. Samsung
TYPES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN IMPORTANCE AND HISTORY OF
ACTORS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 Harmony Importance of IR in the World Government

- Harmony is when actors interests
1. Education and Values
coincide.
- Educates all citizens of ages,
- Independent pursuit of own
religions, races, etc. that world
interests returns.
peace is beneficial for all.
 Coordination
2. Strengthens World Order
- Actors are more interested in
- Use of power and authority for
choosing the same strategy than
peace, economic growth and
in choosing any given strategy.
equality, human rights and
 COOPERATION
environmental quality and
- The mutual adjustment of policy,
sustainability.
benefits both actors but not
3. Ensures International Piece
always equally.
- Enable international laws and
 CONFLICT
treaties to avoid the possibility of
- Results from mutually
conflicts.
incompatible preferences, not
4. Avoid Wars
always violent.
- Informs the international
government of how wars
negatively affect the socio-
economic status of any country.
5. To understand the lapses of
Nationalism.
- Limits and controls the level of
nationalism to avoid state
isolations.
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[ PS 130 – INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ]
THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL relations. It shaped the global order,
RELATIONS. led to the creation of new states and
laid the groundwork for future
1. The First World War [ 1914-1918]
conflicts and diplomatic initiatives.
- It destroyed empires, created
numerous new nation-states, League of Nations
encouraged independent
 The League of Nations was an
movements in Europe’s colonies,
international organization,
forced the United States to
headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland,
become a world power and led
created after the First World War to
directly to Soviet communism
provide a forum for resolving
and the rise of Hitler.
international disputes.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
 On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of
 It was established as an international
Versailles was signed at the Palace of
organization aimed at preventing
Versailles outside Paris, France.
future conflicts.
 The treaty was one of the several that
officially ended five years of conflict
known as the Great War – World War THE SECOND WORLD WAR
I.
 The treaty’s so called “war guilt”  THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE WAR IN
clause forced Germany and other HISTORY
Central Powers to take all the blame  War broke out over nationality
for World War 1. complex in East-central Europe,
 The Treaty of Versailies, which provoked in part by a German drive
officially ended World War 1, imposed for Continental Hegemony.
harsh penalties and territorial lossess  In 1941, the Nazi Regime unleashed
on Germany. a war of extermination against Slavs,
 Along with other peace settlements, Jews and other elements deemed
sowed the seeds of resentment and inferior by Hitler’s ideology.
economic hardship in Germany,  German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact.
contributing to the rise of Adolf Hitler - Signed by Joseph Stalin and
and the outbreak of World War II. German Nazi Party dictator
Adolf Hitler.
THE INTERWAR YEARS [ 1919 – 1938]  Germany ended the pact by invading
the Soviet Union in 1941
 IR in the Interwar Years are
 After the end of the Second World
dominated by the impact of the First
War, international relations began
World War, the Peace Settlements
developing a truly global character in
and Great Depression.
which nation begin finding its
 Attempts to maintain peace and
national interests inseparably bound
improve living conditions on a
up with the interests of all other
global scale saw the introduction of
nations as well as with international
the League of Nations.
interests of peace, security and
 World War 1 has profound and
development.
complex impact on international
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[ PS 130 – INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ]
THE COLD WAR - The Cold War influenced the
process of decolonization in
 The Cold War created a sense of
Africa, Asia and Middle East.
mistrust between countries, which led
2. Crisis Management
to a decrease in international
- These crises highlighted the need
cooperation and an increase in
for effective crisis management
international tensions.
and diplomatic communication
 The Cold War established a Bipolar
between the superpowers.
World Order, with two superpowers,
3. Cultural and Ideological
the United States and the Soviet
Influence
Union, dominating the international
- The Cold War had a cultural and
affairs.
ideological impact.
 Bipolarity is a distribution of power
4. Economic Competition
in which two states have a sharing of
- The superpowers also engage in
power.
economic competition, with the
 In bipolarity, spheres of of influence
United States Promoting
and alliance systems have frequently
capitalism and the Soviet Union
developed around each pole.
advocating for communism.
 NATO AND THE EARSAW PACT
5. New Security Challenges
- The formation of military
- The end of the Cold War brought
alliances, NATO (North Atlantic
new security challenges, including
Treaty Organization) in the West
proliferation of nuclear weapons,
and the Warsaw Pact in the East,
regional conflicts and the rise of
solidified the division of Europe
non-state actors, which continue
and served as mechanisms for
to shape international relations in
maintaining the balance of power
the post-Cold War era.
during the Cold War.
-
- WARSAW Pact – a treaty that
established a mutual-defense THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
organization. ORGANIZATIONS/ INSTITUTIONS AND
- PROXY WARS – defined to be a NON STATE ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL
war fought between groups of RELATIONS.
smaller countries that each
1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
represent the interests of other
 An IO is one that includes members
larger powers and may have help
from more than one nation. Some IO
and support from these.
are very large, some are small.
END OF COLD WAR  Many IO’s are intergovernmental.
Intergovernmental organizations
 IR began developing a truly global
arise from multiple governments
character in which each nation began
forming an international organization.
finding its national interests
 IO’s can also be International Non-
inseparably bound up with the
Governmental Organizations (do
interests of other nations as well as
not functionally represents
with international interests of peace,
government)
security and development.
1. Decolonization and Cold War
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[ PS 130 – INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ]
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
VS. ORIGIN OF NON-GOVERNMENT
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZATIONS
 The term Non- governmental
organization (NGO) was established
when the United Nations Charter was
adopted in 1945.
 NGO’s were established after the
Second World War, as United Nations
sought to differentiate between inter-
governmental specialized and private
organizations.
 The League of Nations described
NGOs as “keeping in constant touch
with a number of private national and
international organizations.
 An Anti- Slavery Society, formed in
NON-STATE ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL 1839 is most likely the first NGO.
RELATIONS  It demonstrated how people around
the world could unite for a common
 THE UNITED NATIONS cause.
- The UN is the largest and most 
familiar intergovernmental
organizations.
- In October 12, 1945, at the
end of World War II,
governments wanted to avoid
future wars. They formed the
UN.
- The main objective of the
United Nations are the
maintenance of international
peace and security and the
promotion of the well-being of
the peopled of the world, and
international cooperation and
these ends.
 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION