PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
PLANNING – the making of an orderly
sequence of action that will lead to
the achievement of a stated goal or
goals.
- involves an attempt to (re)shape
prevailing social and economical
dynamics to achieve particular
development ends.
- “PLANNING is an activity which
focuses on the demand, steering
or management of land use and
physical change.” – John Glasson
and Tim Marshall.
PLANNING IN ARCHITECTURE – the
process of particularizing and
ultimately of harmonizing the
demands of environment, use, and
economy.
MACRO – MICRO
• Urban and Regional Planning
• Town and Country Planning
• Environmental Planning
• Human Settlements Planning
• City Planning
• Master Planning
• Site Planning
HISTORY: HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
ANCIENT TIMES
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban
areas
• Potential for natural resources
(fire, flooding, volcano
eruptions, etc.)
• Presence of fertile soil, bodies of
water, and other natural
resources
• Slope and terrain and other
forms of natural defenses
• Climate
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
RECTILINEAR PATTERN CIRCULAR
PATTERN
• Workable forms and obtained by
trial and error.
• They become physical models
for planning towns, especially
the colonial ones.
RECTILINEAR PATTERN - Derived
from the obvious logic of parallel
plowing – agriculture. Extremely
suitable for orderly land planning,
property ownership, and
construction.
Maintained its importance
during the early NeoBabylonian
period but faded into obscurity
after the rise of Babylon.
• DAMASCUS - Oldest inhabited
city in Mesopotamia. It was the
center of a flourishing craft
CIRCULAR PATTERN - Came from the
industry, specializing in swords
practices of herding societies. The
and lace. The city has some 125
necessity of enclosing the maximum
monuments from different
amount of land with the minimum
periods of its history.
amount of fence. Later applied to
• BABYLON - The largest city in
defensive architecture such as forts,
Mesopotamia with 80,000
thus evident in military
inhabitants. Its remains, outer
developments.
and inner city walls, gates,
palaces and temples, are a
unique testimony to one of the
most influential empires of the
ancient world (Hammurabi and
Nebuchadnezzar).
CITIES IN NILE VALLEY - characterized
“The arrangement of private
by monumental architecture cities
dwellings is considered to be more
had monumental avenues, colossal
pleasant and more convenient for
temple plazas and tombs cut from
other purposes if it is regularly
rock worker’s communities were
planned.”
built in cells along narrow roads
• Hippodamus
CITIES IN INDUS VALLEY -
“For security in war [the arrangement
administrative-religious centers with
is more useful if it is planned in] the
40,000 inhabitants with 1000 cities.
opposite [manner], as it used to be in
archeological evidence indicates an
ancient times. For that
advanced civilization lived here as
[arrangement] is difficult for foreign
there were housing variations,
troops to enter and find their way
about when attacking.”
sanitary and sewage systems
YELLOW RIVER (1900BC) - “land
• Aristotle
within the passes”. Precursor of
ANCIENT TIME
Linear City. Anyang- largest city of the
• JERICHO – (Israel, 9000 BC).
Yellow River Valley.
Well-organized community of
B.C. TO A.D.- Elaborate network of
about 3000 people. Built around
a reliable source of freshwater
cities in Mesoamerica were built by
the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in
Only 3 hectares and enclose with
a circular stone wall Overrun in
rough rugged land Teotijuacan and
Dzibilchatun were the largest cities.
about 6500 b.c., rectangular
CLASSICAL GREECE - Some of the
layouts followed
earliest and most influential town
• KHIROKITIA – Cyprus (5500 BC). planning principles evolved in
First documented settlement
classical Greece. Greek town
with streets A town of about
planning was largely formulated by
2,000 inhabitants who lived in Hippodamus, a lawyer and planner
well-built two-story round stone
from Miletus.
houses with flat roof. GREEK TOWNS - Hippodamus
• CATALHUYUK – Turkey. Largest
planned Greek towns using a
Neolithic City, 13 hectares; 10, rectilinear pattern of blocks These
000 people Intricately assembled
blocks terminate in an irregular
complex without streets enclosing wall, largely determined by
Included shrines and quarters for
the topography.
specialized crafts, production of
• These towns contained a harbor,
paintings, textile, metal, etc.
a market, a theater, a temple
• ERIDU – Iraq. Oldest city in
and other public buildings The
Mesopotamia. Best known for its
size of the towns are limited by
temples, called ziggurats.
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 the food supply obtainable from
the surrounding region.
• When a town reaches the largest
practical size, a new town is
started at another nearby site
The new town would be called
the neopolis, while the old one
would be referred to as the
paleopolis.
MILETUS (C.4980-C.408 BC) An
ancient Greek Town.
PIRAEUS, ATHENS An ancient Greek
Town
OLYNTHUS - An ancient Greek Town
by Hippodamus.
ROMAN TOWNS - Evidently
derivative of Greek principles, but
with some notable variations.
• Roman towns used the
rectilinear form like the Greeks
• Unlike the Greeks, however, the
enclosing walls were regular
rand rectilinear.
CARDO – north-south.
DECUMANOS – east-west.
OPPIDUM – commercial town.
CASTRUM – military town.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS - After the fall of
Rome, these outposts all over Europe
became the nuclei of new societies
Feudalism affected the urban design
of most towns. Towns were fine and
intimate with winding roads and
sequenced views of cathedrals or
military fortifications.
• Settlements were often
centered around:
• churches (rise of religion)
• castles of the lords (rise of
feudalism)
• Mercantilist cities: continuous
increase in size, thus, growth
eventually led to congestion and
slums.
RENAISSANCE - The Renaissance era
recalled the forms of the classical
world
• The classical forum was revived
in the updated form of the town
square or plaza
• These plazas served as a public
gathering place as well as a
setting for civic
IDEAL CITIES - A popular idea
explored by planners during the
Renaissance
• An idealization of military towns,
encircled by defensive walls
subdivided into a star pattern of
streets and blocks.
• Radially symmetrical cities,
usually star-shaped.
SFORZINDA – An ideal city proposed
by Filarete.
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VIENNA - Camillo Sitte, first published
The Art of Building Cities in 1889, his
native Vienna was nearing
completion of the Ringstraße—a
grand boulevard of parks and public
buildings that follows the path of a
former wall around the perimeter of
the old city.
• Emerged as the city of culture
and the arts, the first “university
town”
BAROQUE PLANNING - Was inspired
by the practices of French landscape
architecture Long, straight
boulevards (“vista avenues”) served
to make large expanses of terrain
visible, and thus comprehensible.
• The idea was to connect the city
with long boulevards and create
sites for civic buildings
• This principle was first used for
forest landscapes
• A masterplan using these
principles were drawn for
London after The Great Fire in
1666.
• The plans for modern Paris as
well as Washington D.C. were
also based on these planning
principles
 • Baroque planning further
influenced the City Beautiful
Movement, as well as the
designs of the cities of Canberra,
New Delhi, and Brasilia.
VERSAILLES - planned according to
Baroque principles.
IN THE AMERICAS
MEDIEVAL ORGANIC CITY - taken
after the “boug” (military town) and
“fauborg” (citizen’s town) of the
medieval ages.
MEDIEVAL BASTIDE - taken from the
French bastide (eventually referred
to as “new towns”).
THE SPANISH “LAWS OF THE INDIES”
TOWNS - King Philip II’s city
guidelines that produced 3 types of
towns
• the PUEBLO (civil)
• the PRESIDIO (military)
• the MISSION (religious)
THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE - “the
European Planned City”.
SAVANNAH - by James Oglethorpe,
the world’s largest officially
recognized historical district
CHARLESTON, ANNAPOLIS,
WILLIAMSBURG – by Col. Francis
Nicholson.
• Government bldgs were focal
points of the plan, though a civic
square was also provided.
• Plan was anchored by the
Governor’s palace, the state
capitol, and the College of
William and Mary.
THE SPECULATORS TOWN
developments were driven by
speculation.
PHILADELPHIA – designed by William
Penn.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
“MACHINE AGE” - change from
manpower to assembly lines
2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT-
• REFORM MOVEMENTS - Robert
Owens (New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England). Designed
for 800 to 1200 persons. With
agricultural, light industrial,
educational, and recreational
facilities.
• “specialists”
UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE – Tony
Garnier. Locational features may
have been a precursor to modern
zoning.
THEORIES: HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
GARDEN CITIES - Proposed by
Ebenezer Howard in his 1898 book
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social
Reform. Ebenezer Howard proposed
a cluster configuration of cities using
what he believed were optimum city
sizes.
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• The Garden City cluster was
composed of the following:
o A central city of 58,000 people
o Smaller garden cities of 30,000
people each
o The said cities would be linked
by rails and roads
o The cities would be separated
by permanent green spaces
LETCHWORTH - The first Garden City
that was built.
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT - Often
called “The Golden Age of Urban
Design” proposed by Daniel Burnham
• Drew upon many ideas in the
history of designing cities and
enlarged upon these ideas
significantly
• Highly ambitious, grand, and
formal designs
• The movement sought to cure
the ills of city plans of the 1900s
o Cities were overpopulated
o Cities were poorly planned
o Cities developed in an ad hoc
fashion
o Cities became shapeless,
inefficient and ugly
• The main goal was the
beautification of cities, which
would have the following
effects:
o Beauty will inspire civic and
moral loyalty and pride
American cities would be equal
to their European competitors
o Beautiful civic spaces will
encourage upper classes to
work and spend money in
urban areas
DANIEL BURNHAM - was a major
proponent of this beautification
o Magnificent parks
o Grand buildings as focal points
 o Wide boulevards
o Public gathering spaces with
monuments and fountains
o Networks of parks and plazas
WASHINGTON D.C.
CHICAGO
MANILA
QUEZON CITY - Used Burnham’s
original plans as a reference.
PARIS REDEVELOPMENT - Baron
Haussman worked on the
reconstruction of Paris Demolished
crowded neighborhoods Built wide
avenues to connect key points of the
city. Constructed parks, fountains,
and sewers
BRASILIA (BRAZIL) - A completely new
20th century city. Designed primarily
by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence
from Le Corbusier. Oscar Niemeyer
was commissioned to design many of
the civic buildings
BRASILIA - Two huge axes in the sign
of the cross define the overall layout.
One axis is for the government and
civic uses, while the other is for
commercial and residential
developments
• Masterplan by Lucio Costa
CHANDIGARH (INDIA) - Capital of
Punjab, a province in India
• The only realized city plan of Le
Corbusier
• The masterplan was based on an
800m x 1200m block module
• Designed primarily according to
the principles of the City
Beautiful Movement
• Triangular formation of three
important civic buildings: Court
of Justice, Parliament House, and
the Capitol Building
VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
- An unrealized urban plan by Le
Corbusier, also often called “The City
of Towers” Designed to contain
effective means of transportation, as
well as an abundance of green space
and sunlight. Radical, strict and
nearly totalitarian in its order
• The Radiant City was to be built
on the grounds of demolished
European cities. Contains
prefabricated and identical
highdensity skyscrapers spread
across a vast green area,
arranged in a Cartesian grid. The
city is intended to be a “living
machine”. The city would be
strictly zoned into commercial,
business, entertainment, and
residential areas. Although
never realized, The Radiant City
proposal became highly
influential because it holistically
addressed healthy living, traffic,
noise, public space, and
transportation.
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THE RADIANT CITY - Le Corbusier
• “Towers in the Park,”
BROADACRE CITY - Frank Lloyd
Wright’s vision of an ideal city Each
family would own one acre of land.
All important transport is done by
automobile and the pedestrian can
exist safely only within the confines
of the one acre plots where most of
the population.
THE LINEAR CITY - by Spanish planner
Arturo Soria y Mata. An elongated
urban formation designed along a
fast mass transit system. The idea
was sparked by the need to
redevelop Madrid, for which Arturo
Soria y Mata proposed a 30-mile long
city built along a tram line.
THE ARCOLOGY PROPOSAL -
Proposed by Paolo Soleri. A huge
structure housing a self-sustaining
community isolated from the rest of
the world. Includes residential,
commercial and agricultural facilities.
An arcology is supposed to
sustainably supply all or most of the
resources for comfortable life, such
as:
o power
o climate control,
o food production
o air and water purification,
o sewage treatment
MASDAR CITY - An arcology project in
Dubai, UAE. Designed by Foster and
Partners, it will rely solely on solar
and other renewable energy sources,
with a principle of zero-carbon, zero-
waste.
CRYSTAL ISLAND - A proposed
arcology in Moscow that will run on
builtin solar panels and wind
turbines. If constructed, the tower
component will be the largest
structure on earth in terms of floor
space.
THE METABOLISM MOVEMENT - A
Japanese architectural movement
that fused ideas about architectural
megastructures with those of organic
biological growth Produced highly
imaginative proposals such as
underwater cities, floating cities, and
“biological” cities.
KIKUTAKE’S MARINE CITY - The
artificial ground of the city would
house agriculture, industry and
entertainment and the residential
towers would descend into the ocean
to a depth of 200 metres Once it
became too aged for habitation it
would sink itself.
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES - Like other
cities in the world, the earliest
Filipino communities developed out
of the need for people to band
together
• They were formed for security,
or to be close to critical
resources like food and water.
Most settlements were riverine
or coastal in nature.
• The community unit was the
barangay, consisting of 30 to 100
families.
SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES
LAW OF THE INDIES - In 1573, Kung
Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the
Indies that established uniform
standards and planning procedures
for colonial settlements The laws
provided guidelines for site selection,
layout and dimensioning of streets
and squares, and location of
buildings. The plaza complex was the
result of several ordinances in the
Laws of the Indies The plaza is
surrounded by important buildings
like:
o The church
o The municipio
o The marketplace
o Elementary school
o The homes of the principalia
AMERICAN PERIOD
Burnham’s Manila plan - Grand
avenues and a strong central civic
core Included a civic mall to house
national buildings (only the Finance
and Agriculture buildings were built)
Fronted Manila Bay in the same way
that most City Beautiful plans fronted
a large body of water Manila was
incorporated as the first chartered
city by virtue of Act No. 183 on July
31, 1903. Manila encompassed
Intramuros, Binondo, Tondo, Sta.
Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco and
Pandacan. The population at the time
was 190,000 people
• ARRABALES - (suburbs) of Manila
• QUIAPO - the illustrado territory,
the enclave of the rich and the
powerful
• BINONDO - trading port
developed for the Chinese and
the Arabs
• STA. CRUZ - the main commercial
district with shops, movie
houses, restaurants, etc.
• SAN NICOLAS - a commercial
district with streets of
specialized categories (e.g.
ceramics, soaps, etc.)
THE LATER ARRABALES
• SAN MIGUEL - resthouses were
built for the Spanish government
• MALATE - early summer resort of
the wealthy, later became a
fishing and salt-making town
• ERMITA - the red-light district
• PACO - first town built around a
train station
• PANDACAN - town built by
Americans for oil depots
LATER SUBURBANATION
QUEZON CITY - as the new capitol
city. The Commonwealth Act No. 457
authorized the transfer of the capitol
to an area of 1572 hectares in
Diliman. A masterplan was
completed in 1941 by Harry Frost,
Louis Croft, Engr. A.D. Williams and
Juan Arellano. The planners studied
Burnham’s plans for Manila and
endeavored to make a plan “seven
times grander” for Quezon City. “City
Beautiful” principles were applied to
the plan to reflect the aspirations of
an emerging nation. Precursor of the
National Housing Authority Built
homes for the masses, the most
notable of which are the “Projects”
(Project 4, Project 6, etc. An icon of
middle class suburbanization
Masterplan designed by Carlos
Arguelles based on Californian
suburban development.
PHILAM LIFE - Walk-up apartments
for the government sector
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS
• MANILA CBD - The traditional
central business district. A center
of business and commerce and a
5|A R C H5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
population nucleus. Seat of the
national government
• MAKATI CBD - A business,
financial, commercial,
convention and recreational
center of the Metropolitan
Region covering an area of 979
hectares Begun by the Ayala
conglomerate in 1948
• ORTIGAS CBD – Another
business, financial, convention,
shopping and recreational
district. Developed by the
Ortigas group in the 1950s, but
its present configuration was
fully developed only in the late
1980s. 600 hectares
• CUBAO CBD - Developed in the
1960s by the Araneta family and
was intended as an alternative
business center on the east side
of the metro.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
• MAN - An individual, Homo
Sapiensbiological needs (oxygen,
nutrition), sensation and
perception (five senses),
emotional needs (satisfaction,
security, sense of belonging),
moral values.
• NATURE - The natural physical
environment
• SOCIETY - Group of individuals
sharing the same culture, values,
norms, mores, and traditions.
• SHELLS - Buildings, the built
component housing, hospitals,
schools, town halls, commercial
establishments, recreational
facilities, industrial buildings,
etc.
• Structural systems, enclosure
systems, building
services/utilities
• NETWORKS - Links within the
settlement and with other
settlements, transportation
systems, communication
systems, water supply systems,
power and electrical systems,
etc.
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
• HAMLET
• COMMUNITY
• CITY
• METROPOLIS
• CONURBATION
• MEGALOPOLIS
URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING - Is a
process of developing land use plans
and programs that help create
communities, accommodate
population growth, and revitalize
physical facilities in towns, cities and
metropolitan areas.
• History and foundation of
human settlements
• Built environment of a city,
town, or other urban area
• Urban theories and evolution of
urban forms
• Environmental studies,
conservation and land-use
planning
• Influences of transportation,
economic development, housing
and environmental preservation
URBAN FORMS AND FUNCTION
TOPOGRAPHY - the arrangement of
the natural and artificial physical
features of an area
RELATIONSHIP WITHNATURE - Cities
within nature.
• RECTILINEAR - Usually with two
corridors of intense
development crossing the
center, usually found in small
cities rather than in large ones
• STAR - Radiocentric form with
open spaces between the
outreaching corridors of
development.
• RADIOCENTRIC - A large circle
with radial corridors of intense
development emanating from
the center.
• LINEAR - Usually the result of
natural topography which
restricts growth, may also be a
transportation spine
• RING - A city built around a large
open space
• BRANCH - A linear span with
connecting arms
• SHEET - A vast urban area with
little or no articulation
• ARTICULATED SHEET – A sheet
accented by one or more central
clusters and several subclusters
• SATTELITE - Constellation of
cities around a main center
CONSTELLATION - A series of nearly
equal sized cities in close proximity
DENSITY OF SETTLEMENTS
• Computed in several ways:
▪ Number of people per square
kilometer or hectare
▪ Number of families per block
▪ Number of houses per square
kilometer or hectare
▪ Amount of building floor area
per section
▪ Automobile population
▪ Floor area ratio
URBAN MODEL THEORIES
• CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL -
Proposed by Ernest Burgess
- Includes a transition zone for
eventual CBD expansion
- Has some deficiencies but has
stood the test of time
• SECTOR MODEL - Proposed by
economist Homer Hoyt.
Developed under the premise
that other uses grow with the
CBD. Consistent with the
observation that most cities
grow in the direction of higher
income
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL - Proposed
by Chauncy Harris and Edward
Pullman. Uses do not evolve around a
single core but at several nodes and
foci. Recognizes that different
6|A R C H5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
activities have varying accessibility
requirements
• CENTRAL PLACE THEORY -
Proposed by Walter Christaller
and Paul Peterson
- It explains the reasons behind
the distribution patterns, size,
and number of cities and towns
- Tested in Southern Germany and
came to the conclusion that
people gather together in cities
to share goods and ideas
• GRIDIRON MODEL - Proposed by
Hippodamus of Miletus. The
center of the city contains the
agora (market place), theaters,
and temples. Public rooms
surround the city’s public arena.
The plan can be laid out
uniformly over any kind of
terrain since it is based on angles
and measurements.
EMERGING THEORIES
• PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT
(PUD) - Sometimes referred to as
cluster zoning. Typically consists
of a variety of uses, anchored by
commercial establishments and
supported by office and
residential spaces. Ordinary
zoning regulations can be
suspended for PUDs.
• TRANSIT-ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENTS (TOD) - A
mixed-use residential and
commercial area designed to
maximize access to public
 transport, and often
incorporates features to
encourage transit ridership. A
TOD neighborhood typically has
a center with a transit station or
stop (train station, metro
station, tram stop, or bus stop),
surrounded by relatively high-
density development with
progressively lower- density
development spreading outward
from the center.
• URBAN TOD - Located directly on
the trunk line transit network
(e.g. light rail, heavy rail, or
express bus stops) . Allows direct
access to the transit system
without requiring them to
transfer. They should be
developed with high commercial
intensities, job clusters, and
residential site
• NEIGHBORHOOD TOD - Located
on a local or feeder bus line that
will allow residents to travel to
the main transit stop within
10minutes (3 miles) Should have
a residential and local-serving
shopping focus. Development
type: moderate density
residential, service, retail, civic,
and recreational uses.
SPRAWL - the expansion of human
populations away from central urban
areas into previously remote and
rural areas, often resulting in
communities reliant upon heavy
automobile usage. The term
generally has negative connotations
due to the health, environmental and
cultural issues associated with.
THE CONGRESS FOR NEW URBANISM
- was founded in 1993 mainly as a
response against sprawl-type
developments
• Founders: Peter Calthorpe,
Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Moule,
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos
Polyzoides, Dan Solomon, and
Peter Katz
• Worked against the
conventional, predominant
sprawl-oriented dogma of the
post-WWII period to create
buildings, neighborhoods, and
regions that provide a high
quality of life for all residents,
while respecting the natural
environment.
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES - The
neighborhood must have a features and amenities such as
discernible center or focal point.
- Most dwellings must be within a
five-minute walk of the center
(an average of roughly 600-700
meters).
- There must be a variety of
dwelling types and a mix of uses.
- Streets within the
neighbourhood must be a
connected network, preferably a
grid pattern
- This disperses traffic by
providing a variety of pedestrian
and vehicular routes.
- An elementary school must be
close enough so that most
children can walk from their
homes
- Streets and sidewalks should be
covered with rows of trees and
other landscaping elements
- Parallel parking will be allowed
along streets, but within
between each space.
- Sidewalks shall be wide and free
from obstructions
- Storefronts should be built close
to the sidewalk with wide
window openings
- Parking lots should not front the
street
- Parking should be underground,
located in multi-level structures,
or hidden at the back of buildings
to be accessed through alleys.
- In areas with bodies of water,
buildings should face the water
instead of turning their backs on
it
URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS
FLOOR AREA RATIO - Also called Floor
to Lot Area Ratio (FLAR) in the
Philippine National Building Code
• Ratio of the built area to the lot
area
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ZONING CONTROLS
LAND USE PLANNING AND ZONING -
Legal regulation of land use.
Allocation of types of uses based on
growth patterns
INCENTIVE ZONING - Allowing the
builders and developers incentives if
they provide certain desirable
plazas, arcades, and other open
spaces
CLUSTER ZONING - Creating special
zoning policies for medium to large-
scale controlled developments such
as PUDs
EIS CONTENT
• Description of project
• Description of existing
environments
• Impact on the environment
• Adverse environmental effects
• Long-range impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT - Required for large
projects. Developers are asked to
outline possible effects of the project
on the environments.
URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
1. URBAN RENEWAL – A general
term to describe the idea of
consciously renewing the
outworn areas of towns and
cities; covers most aspects of
renewal, including both
redevelopment and
rehabilitation
2. ADAPTIVE REUSE - converting
old, usually historic buildings,
sections of, or entire districts to
new uses other than their
original purpose. In many U.S.
cities adaptive reuse is
encouraged by special tax
incentives.
3. REHABILITATION - Term used to
describe the idea of repairing,
redecorating and in some cases
converting, existing structurally
sound property to a standard
compatible with modern
requirements of amenity and
health.
4. INVATION – A type of urban
ecological process defined as the
entrance of a new population
and/or facilities in an already
occupied area.
5. BLOCK-BUSTING - “Forcing” the
old population out of the area
 because of social or racial
differences
6. CENTRALIZATION - An urban
ecological process in city land
use patterning referring to an
increase in population at a
certain geographic center
7. GENTRIFICATION - Improving the
physical set-up and
consequently affecting the
market for previously run-down
areas
URBAN PLANNING THEORIES
1. SYNOPTIC RATIONALISM - In
philosophy in general,
rationalism is the foundation and
embodiment of the scientific
method. It serves the same role
in planning theory. The
rationalist model of the planning
process generally contains the
following steps.
• Goals and objectives are set.
• Policy alternatives are identified.
• The policy alternatives are
evaluated – vis-à-vis
effectiveness (in attaining the
goals and objectives), efficiency,
and constraints – using scientific
conceptual models and
evaluation techniques (e.g., cost
benefit analysis).
• The selected policy alternative is
implemented.
2. INCREMENTALISM - This theory
– which was espoused by Charles
Lindbloom in The Science of
Muddling Through– is a practical
response to rationalism.
Planning is seen as less of a
scientific technique and more of
a mixture of intuition and
experience. Major policy
changes are best made in little
increments over long periods of
time. Incrementalism very
accurately describes what
actually occurs in most planning
offices on a daily basis.
3. TRANSACTIVISM - Like
incrementalism, transactivism
does not view planning purely as
a scientific technique.
Transactivism espouses planning
as a decentralized function
based on face-to-face contacts,
interpersonal dialogues, and
mutual learning. Transactivism is
roughly behavioralist-style
planning.
4. ADVOCACY PLANNING - people can go and cannot go
Advocacism abandons the
objective, non-political view of
planning contained in
rationalism. Planners become
like lawyers: they advocate and
defend the interests of a
particular client or group (which
is preferably economically
disadvantaged and/or politically
unorganized or
underrepresented).
5. RADICAL PLANNING - In a sense,
radicalism takes transactivism to
its logical extreme. Radicalism
hates hierarchical bureaucracies,
centralized planning, and
domineering professional
planners. It argues that planning
is most effective when it is
performed by non-professional
neighborhood planning
committees that empower
common citizens to experiment
with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this
process are collective actions
that promote self-reliance.
Much of the radical planning
literature that have personally
read is based on Marxist
interpretations and theories.
6. UTOPIANISM - Utopianism
believes that planning is most
effective when it proposes
sweeping changes that capture
the public imagination. Daniel
Burnham’s Plan of Chicago,
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre
City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville
Contemporaine are often cited
as utopian works.
7. METHODISM - Methodism
addresses situations in which the
planning techniques that should
be used are known, but the ends
that should be achieved by these
techniques are not.
• Such a situation would be
making a population projection
just to have it handy when it is
needed. Methodism views
planning techniques as ends into
themselves.
CRITERIA FOR RESPONSIVE
ENVIRONMENTS
8|A R C H5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
1. PERMEABILITY - Relates to the
way that a design affects where
within a city district Urban
designer must consider this first
because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the
city district as a whole.
2. VARIETY - The range of users that
a place provides. i.e. housing,
shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth.
3. LEGIBILITY - Relates to the ease
with which people can
understand the spatial layout of
a place.
4. ROBUSTNESS - Describes
building and outdoor spaces the
design of which does not limit
users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities.
5. VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS - The
way in which the design
physically can make people
aware of the choices the place
provides.
6. RICHNESS - Involves ways to
increase the choice of sense
experience that users can enjoy
(experiences of touch, sound,
light, taste, and so forth).
7. PERSONALIZATION - Refers to
design that encourage people to
put their own mark on the places
where they live and work.
ELEMENTS OF A CITY
• PATHWAYS - Channels along
which the observer moves
Predominant element for
circulation creating routes to
move about or around. Other
elements are arranged and
related through the use of paths
Directs destination to and from a
point. Strong paths are:
▪ Easily identifiable
▪ Have continuity and directional
quality
▪ Are aligned with a larger system
• EDGES - Linear elements not
used or considered as paths.
May be barriers or seams. Not as
dominant as paths but are
important organizing features of
the city. An arbitrary planar
termination. Strong edges are:
- Visually prominent
- Continuous
- Impenetrable to cross
movement
• LANDMARKS - prominent visual
feature of the city. some are very
large and are seen at great
distances. some are very small
and can only be seen up close
(street clock, a fountain, or a
small statue in a park).
landmarks help in orienting
people in the city and help
identify an area. Strong
landmarks are:
- Iconic
- Vertically positioned
- Influence & culture-based
structure
• NODES - Points or strategic spots
by which an observer can enter.
Intensive foci of activity.
Junctions and concentrations.
Typically (but not always)
formed by an intersection of
linear elements such as paths.
May also be thematic
concentrations. Strong nodes
are:
- Circumferential
- Organizing focal point
• DISTRICTS - Medium to large
sections of a city, conceived of as
twodimensional. An observer
can mentally enter “inside of” a
district. Recognizable as having
some common, identifying
character (e.g. activity and use,
building types and detail,
inhabitants, physical
characteristics). Dominance
depends upon the individual and
the given district. Sometimes
they are considerably mixed in
character. Strong districts are:
- Flexible and vibrant
- Transport oriented development
▪ - ibrant for business and trade
activities
FUNCTIONS OF CITIES
• ECONOMIC - A basic and
continuing function. The city acts
as producers and marketplaces.
Locating cities at strategic points
is important for the exchange of
goods
• DEFENSE AND URBAN
PROTECTION - Historic urban
functions of the city, though
quite obsolete at present. Cities
were once built to withstand
sieges from migrating tribes.
• EDUCATION AND CULTURE -
Cities have always been the seat
of the academy and scholarship.
Due to the diversity of people,
ideas, and jobs, the city is seen as
an educator. Cities have also
always been hubs for culture and
entertainment.
• HOUSING - The largest and
simplest function of a city.
People come to cities to live
there, and housing is always a
main function and a major
concern.
TYPES OF PLANS
1. COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
2. REGIONAL PLAN
3. NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN
4. TRANSPORTATION PLAN
5. HOUSING PLAN
6. ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT
PLAN
7. PARKS AND OPEN SPACES PLAN
8. CRITICAL AND SENSITIVE PLAN
COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLAN
(CLUP) – Technical document
embodying specific proposals and
strategies for guiding, regulating
growth and/or development that is
implemented through the Zoning
Ordinance.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLUP - Land
use plan and sectoral studies
including Demography, Ecosystems
Analysis (Terrestrial and Coastal), and
Special Area Studies ie Climate
Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management,
Ancestral Domain, Biodiversity,
Heritage Conservation, and Green
Urbanism
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN - The
adopted official statement of a local
government’s legislative body for
future development and
conservation. It is prepared on a
community-wide basis and in the
context of a wider region
• Sets forth goals
• Analyzes existing conditions and
trends
• Describes and illustrates a vision
for the physical, social, and
economic characteristics of a
community in the years ahead
9|A R C H5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
• Outlines policies and guidelines
intended to implement that
vision
FUNCTION - The most important
function of a comprehensive plan is
to provide valuable guidance to those
in the public and private sectors
when making decisions that affect
the natural and built environment as
well as the quality of life of present
and future residents.
CONSIDERATIONS
• LAND USE - Shows the general
distribution, location, and
characteristics of current and
future land uses and urban form,
including the:
o Future land use map
o Land use projections
• ECONOMY/ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT - Describes the
local government’s role in the
region’s economy. Identifies
particular types of commercial,
industrial and institutional uses
desired by the local government.
Focuses on job
creation/retention, increase in
wages, a stable tax base, and job
diversification
• TRANSPORTATION
o Traffic circulation
o Transit and railways
o Bicycle routes
o Pedestrian movement
o Parking
o Ports and airports
• COMMUNITY FACILITIES -
Includes the physical
manifestations of the
governmental services. Includes
buildings, equipment, lands, and
facilities operated for the benefit
of the community.
• HOUSING - This element of the
plan assesses local housing
conditions and projects future
needs by housing type and price
to ensure that housing will be
available in different types and
at different prices to the
community’s present and future
residents
• CRITICAL/SENSITIVE AREAS - This
element of the plan addresses
the protection of critical and
sensitive areas, like:
o Areas that serve as habitat for
plans and wildlife
 o Land and water bodies that
serve as recharge areas for
aquifers
o Areas with steep slopes that are
easily eroded or unstable
o Visually, culturally, or
historically sensitive areas
• By identifying these areas, the
local government can safeguard
them through regulation,
incentives, or other measures.
• NATURAL HAZARDS - This
element documents the physical
characteristics, magnitude,
severity, frequency, causative
factors, and geographic extent of
all natural hazards, including:
o Flooding
o Seismic activity
o Landslides
o Wildfires
• Human services
URBAN DESIGN PLANS
“URBAN DESIGN” - The discipline
between planning and architecture.
It focuses on the design of the public
realm, which is created by public
spaces and the buildings that define
them.
URBAN DESIGN PLAN - covers the
design of the public realm: the open
spaces, streets, sidewalks, and
plazas/parks
• It also concerns itself with the
public interest issues of
buildings, including their
massing, placement, and sun,
shadow, and wind issues.
• Compared to comprehensive
plans, urban design plans
generally have a shorter time
horizon and are typically area or
project specific
AREAS THAT REQUIRE THE PLAN
• Downtowns
• Waterfronts
• Campuses
• Corridors
• Neighborhoods
• Mixed-use developments
• Special districts
DOWNTOWN - A term primarily used
by English speakers to refer to a city's
core or central business district,
often in a geographical, commercial,
or communal sense.
• ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED
o Existing and proposed
development
o Streets framework
o Open space framework
o Utility infrastructure
o Sustainable development
principles
• COMPONENTS OF THE REPORT
o Executive summary
o Existing conditions
o Analysis drawings
o Summary of issues
o Development program
o Urban design plan
o Street framework plan and
sections
o Open space framework plan
o Perspective drawings
o Design guidelines
o Implementation and phasing
plan
EXAMPLES
NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN - At this
scale, the urban design plan often
addresses the location and design of
infill housing, new parks, main
street revitalization, housing
rehabilitation guidelines, and street
reconfiguration
DOWNTOWN PLANS - Mixed-use
buildings, historic preservation,
adaptive reuse, height and density,
setbacks, views, parking strategies,
street networks, waterfronts, etc.
MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENTS -
Typically one-owner, site-specific
projects. Office, retail, and housing
are among the typical uses in mixed-
use developments. A central goal is
to develop a pedestrian-friendly
place to live, work, and play
REGIONAL PLANS - cover geographic
areas transcending the boundaries of
individual governmental units. They
often serve as the skeleton or
framework for local government
plans, supplying unifying
assumptions, forecasts, and
strategies.
FACTORS THAT DEFINE REGIONS
• Geographic and topographic
features
• Political boundaries
• Transportation patterns
• Region-serving facilities
• Interrelated social/economic
problems
• Population distribution
• Urbanized area boundaries
REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN -
The regional comprehensive plan is
10 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
intended to address facilities or
resources that affect more than
jurisdiction. It provides guidance and
forecasts so that local plans and
decisions are made with a common
set of assumptions.
MAP COMPONENTS
• Location of urban growth area
boundaries
• Existing and proposed
transportation facilities
• Public facilities of region-wide
significance
• Potential areas of critical
concern
• Natural hazard areas
• Urban and rural growth centers
NEIGHBORHOOD PLANS - focuses on
a specific geographic area of a local
jurisdiction that typically includes
substantial residential development,
commercial uses and institutional
services. Many of the same topics in
the comprehensive plan are covered
in a neighborhood plan.
REASONS TO PREPARE THE PLAN
• To provide more detailed goals,
policies, and guidelines than
those in the comprehensive plan
• To describe land use patterns in
more detail
• To propose an implementation
program shorter in duration than
the one in the comprehensive
plan (typically one to two years)
DEFINING THE NEIGHBORHOOD
• Boundary identification should
involve representatives from the
community, the city
department, and social service
providers
• Neighborhood demarcation is
highly perceptive, and this any
attempt to define it should
involve all stakeholders
FUNCTIONAL PLAN ELEMENTS
• RESIDENTIAL - Can include
policies promoting rental
housing, zoning amendments, as
well as issues like demand,
affordability, and safety.
• TRANSPORTATION - This
element often identify specific
circulation problems at
intersections and street corners.
Plans include recommendations
to improve sidewalks, reducing
vehicles, and improving access to
transit.
• LAND USE ZONING - Current
land-use patterns and zoning
classifications.
• INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES
- The least controllable aspect of
neighborhood development.
Public works departments and
utility companies are not always
directly responsive to
neighborhoods because their
agendas are usually tied to
citywide programs. Plan may
include petitioning the city
council to obtain needed
improvements.
TRANSPORTATION PLAN - Guides the
investment in, and timing of,
improvements to the transportation
network to meet community
mobility, accessibility, safety and
qualityof-life needs.
REASONS TO PREPARE THE PLAN
• Management of existing systems
• Maintenance of previous
investments
• Realignment of existing services
• Introduction of new services and
facilities
• Identification of new ways to
finance system maintenance and
improvements
TYPES OF TRANSPO PLANS
• Statewide transportation plans
• Metropolitan area long-range
transportation plans
• Local transportation plans
• Corridor plans
HOUSING PLANS - Aims to address
the issue of the basic need of
housing. The goal is to ensure that a
steady supply of housing units of
different sizes and configurations and
at different price points is available.
ELEMENTS OF A HOUSING PLAN ▪
• Inventory of existing conditions
• Housing need analysis
• Market analysis
• Goals and targets
• Strategy analysis
• Implementation plan
EMERGING ISSUES IN HOUSING
• INTEGRATING HOUSING WITH
OTHER USES - Mixed use
developments, in which housing
and non-residential uses
complement each other, are
emerging as more advantageous
than traditional segregated
plans.
• HOUSING AND JOBS - Housing
plans often explore
opportunities for direct linkages
between employers and
workforce housing strategies.
EMERGING ISSUES IN HOUSING ▪
• PRESERVATION - Housing plans
are not just about what should
be built in the future, but also
about how to preserve what
already exists.
• DOWNTOWN AND
NEIGHBORHOOD
REVITALIZATION - Housing plans
must incorporate strategies
designed to maximize private
sector reinvestment and
revitalization activities.
• CONFLICTS ON AFFORDABLE
HOUSING - Housing plans must
incorporate a method for
building community support and
consensus for strategies in
delivering affordable housing.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLANS -
Guides a local or regional effort to
stimulate economic growth and to
preserve existing jobs. Some of the
most common goals are:
o Ensuring increases in wages
o Increasing and stabilizing
the tax base
o Job diversification
“JOB DIVERSIFICATION” - Makes
communities less dependent on a
few employers and this insulates
them from sudden economic
downturns in specific industries.
REASONS TO PREPARE THIS PLAN
• Loss of a major employer or the
attraction of a new employer
• Competition from surrounding
communities
• A desire for greater employment
• Economic stagnation or decline
• A need for new tax revenues,
especially to finance new
projects or the concurrent costs
of residential growth
PLAN COMPONENTS
• The community’s role and
responsibilities in the economy
• Particular types of commercial,
industrial, and institutional uses
desired by the community
• The adequate number of sites of
suitable sizes, types, and
locations for such uses
11 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
• The facilities that will be needed
to support the economic plan
PARKS AND OPEN SPACES - Outlines a
systematic approach to providing
parks and recreation service to a
community
o Environmental elements
o Recreational elements
o Scenic elements
o Cultural and historic
elements
o Urban design elements
REASONS TO PREPARE THIS PLAN
• Protection of natural resources
and diversity
• Creation of spaces for recreation
• Development of neighborhood
gathering places
• Promotion of public health
benefits
• Creation of civic and cultural
infrastructure
• Shaping patterns of
development through open
spaces
GOALS + OBJECTIVES
• QUANTITY - Targeting a total
percentage of the jurisdiction’s
acreage to be set aside for parks
• PROXIMITY - Locating a park
within a certain number of
blocks of every resident
• ACCESSIBILITY - Assuring that
parks are located to be physically
accessible by different modes of
transportation.
• DISTRIBUTION – Arranging park
locations to ensure balanced
service across geographic areas
• EQUITY - Providing facilities and
programs evenly across
socioeconomic populations
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION -
Assuring the protection of
natural resources.
• COORDINATION – Combining
park objectives with other
functional or jurisdictional plans
• BALANCE - Offering a mix of
places and activities throughout
the system
• SHAPING - Identifying ways that
the open space will promote or
contain growth.
• SUSTAINABILITY - Determining
physical and financial methods
to support the park and open
space system
• URBAN DESIGN - Addressing the
way the park or space relates to
the structures around it
• CONNECTIONS - Identifying
places and ways to link parklands
and associated resources
PLAN COMPONENTS
• Goals and objectives
• Legal requirements
• Supply inventory
• Demand assessment
• Surpluses and deficiencies
• Alternatives and draft plan
EMERGING ISSUES
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - A green
space network of natural ecosystem
functions. Instead of investing in
man-made “gray” infrastructure,
some communities are using existing
parks or creating new ones as a way
to manage stormwater, reduce the
urban heat island effect, and create
wildlife habitat.
LINKAGES - Much like park systems
designed in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, there is growing
recognition today that a good parks
system is one where individual parks
are connected by linear green
corridors. Linkages may be achieved
though riparian buffers, street
design, transit paths, utility rights-of-
way, or any other linear corridor.
SPECIAL USE PARKS - Recent cultural
and technological trends have
created new demands in today’s
parks.
• Dog parks
• Skateboard parks
• Off-road vehicle (ORV) parks
• Mountain bike trails
• Parks for the aging population
• WiFi provisions in parks
PARTNERSHIP - An increasing
number of communities are working
with other government agencies,
non-profits, and even private entities
to create parks within their
communities.
CRITICAL AND SENSITIVE AREAS
PLANS
“CRITICAL/SENSITIVE AREAS” - Lands
or water bodies that provide
protection to or habitat for natural
resources, living or non-living, or are
themselves natural resources that
require identification and protection
from excessive development.
CRITICAL/SENSITIVE AREAS PLANS -
These plans indicate areas that
require protection from excessive
development and identify means of
protecting them.
PLAN COMPONENTS
• Description of the
critical/sensitive areas
• Maps of these areas based on
surveys
• An analysis of the carrying
capacity of the said resources
• Policies to protect the resources
• Implementation strategies
“CARRYING CAPACITY” - the
maximum population size of the
species that the environment can
sustain indefinitely, given the food,
habitat, water, and other necessities
available in the environment.
SITE PLANNING - defined by Kevin
Lynch as “the art of arranging
structures on the land and shaping
the spaces between; an art linked to
architecture, engineering, landscape
architecture and city planning.” (Site
Planning)
• Harvey M. Rubenstein defines it
as ”the art and science of
arranging the uses of portions of
land. (A Guide to Site and
Environmental Planning, 1980)
TWO METHODS:
1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS - This
process selects from a list of
potential sites one that suits best
the given use and requirements
of the project.
2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY
PROCESS - This process selects
the best possible use and
development suited for a given
site.
SITE ANALYSIS - involves the study of
the site in terms of the following:
Natural factors;
1. GEOLOGY
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY –
physiography, landforms, soils,
drainage, topography and
slopes, and soil erosion 3.
3. HYDROLOGY – surface and
ground water
4. VEGETATION – plant ecology
5. WILDLIFE – habitats
6. CLIMATE – solar orientation,
wind, and humidity
Cultural factors:
12 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
1. EXISTING LAND USE – ownership
of adjacent property, off-site
nuisances
2. TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT –
vehicular and pedestrian
circulation on or adjacent to site
3. DENSITY AND ZONING – legal
and regulatory controls
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
5. UTILITIES – sanitary, stormwater,
water supply, power supply, and
communications.
6. HISTORIC FACTORS – historic
buildings, landmarks, and
archeology
Aesthetic factors:
1. NATURAL FEATURES
2. SPATIAL PATTERNS – spaces and
sequences
3. VISUAL RESOURCES – views and
vistas
THE NATURAL FACTORS
GEOLOGY - the natural science that
studies the Earth – its composition;
the processes that shaped its surface;
and its history. Earth is made up of
rocks (including soil, sand, silt and
dust); rocks are composed of
minerals; minerals are made up of
atoms
IGNEOUS ROCK – rocks produced by
crystallization from a liquid.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – when
igneous rocks are exposed to surface
and weathering reduces them to
particles, these particles are moved
by erosional process and deposited in
layers into rivers and oceans.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS – when
sedimentary rocks are pushed to
deeper levels of the earth, they
transform into metamorphosed
rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature.

GEOMORPHOLOGY - that branch of
Geology that deals with the origin,
nature and distribution of landforms.
Physiography – refers to the
description of landforms.
Landforms – are irregularities on the
earth’s surface. They are derived
from volcanic, glacial, or erosional
processes.
This exercise requires four basic
geomorphologic information such as:
• Soil Properties – Composition
and Soil Texture
• Drainage
• Topography and Slopes
• Soil Erosion
Several features, or properties, are
used to describe soil for use in site
design.
1. COMPOSITION - refers to the
material that makes up soil;
(mineral matters, organic
matter, water).
a) Mineral Particles - comprise
50% to 80% of the volume of
the soil and form all
importants skeletal
structure of the soil. Sand
and gravel particles provide
for the greatest stability,
usually yield a relatively high
bearing capacity,
b) Organic Matter - varies
radically in soils and usually
imposes a limitation to any
building structure. Organic
matter is important only for
soil fertility, moisture
absorption and retention
and for landscaping.
c) Water - content varies with
particle sizes, local drainage,
topography and climate.
Most water occupies the
spaces between particles;
only in organic soils do the
particles themselves
actually absorb measurable
amounts of water.
d) Air - what occupies
remaining space that is not
occupied by water. In layers
where groundwater is
formed by gravity water in
the subsoil and underlying
rock, there is absence of air.
2. S – shape
2. TEXTURE - the term used to 3. Concave
describe the composite sizes of
particles in a soil sample. There
are 12 basic terms for texture, at
the center of which is Class
4. Convex
LOAM, which is an intermediate
ANGLE OF REPOSE - angle at which
mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt
soil can be safely inclined and beyond
and 20% clay
which it will fail.
DRAINAGE
GOOD DRAINAGE - refers to the soil’s
ability to transfer gravity water
downward through:
1. Infiltration - the rate at which
water penetrates the soil surface
(usually measured in cm or
inches per hour);
2. Permeability - the rate at which
water within the soil moves
through a given volume of
material (also measured in cm or
inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which
water in a soil pit or pipe within
the soil is taken up by the soil
(used mainly in wastewater
absorption tests and measured
in inches per hour).
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity
water is not readily transmitted by
the soil and soil is frequently or
permanently saturated and may have
water standing on it caused by:
1. The local accumulation of water;
2. A rise in the level of groundwater
within the soil column;
3. The size of the particles in the
soil being too small to transmit
infiltration water.
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
• SLOPE ANALYSIS - Understanding
slope forms for site design
requires understanding of local
geologic, soil, hydrologic, and
vegetative conditions. TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
• SLOPE FORM - expressed • TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map of a
graphically in terms of a slope portion of the earth that
profile, a silhouette of a slope describes the shape of the
drawn to known proportions earth’s surface by contour lines.
with distance on the horizontal • CONTOURS – are imaginary lines
axis and elevation on the vertical that join points of equal
axis elevation on the surface of the
Four basic slope forms are detectable land above or below a reference
on contour maps: surface such as the mean sea
1. Straight level.
13 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
• SLOPE ANALYSIS - an important
analytical process made on a
topographic map that makes a
proper match between land uses
and slopes and produces an
overall pattern of slopes which
helps the site planner in
determining the buildable
portions of the site.
• SLOPE MAP - prepared to visually
express these slope patterns on
the topographic map.
• DESIRABLE SLOPES – when
slopes are selected according to
building type and the activities
associated with it.
• SOIL EROSION – when rocks are
broken down (weathered) into
small fragments, and carried by
wind, water, ice and gravity.
Energy for this process is solar
and gravitational.
PREVENTION
1. VEGETATION - Foliage intercepts
raindrops
- Organic litter on the ground
reduces impact of raindrops
- Roots bind together aggregates
of soil particles
2. SOIL TYPE- Intermediate textures
like sand will usually yield
(erode) first.
- To erode clay, the velocity of the
runoff should be high enough to
overcome cohesive forces that
bind the particles together
3. SLOPE SIZE AND INCLINATION -
The velocity of runoff is closely
related to the slope of the
ground over which it flows.
Slopes that are both steep and
long produce the greatest
erosion because they generate
runoff that is high in velocity and
mass.
4. FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF
RAINFALL: Intensive rainfalls
produced by thunderstorms
promote the highest rates of
erosion.
- Accordingly, the incidence of
storms plus total annual rainfall
can be a reliable measure of the
effectiveness of rainfall in
promoting soil erosion.
HYDROLOGY - the natural science
that studies the Waters of the Earth,
their occurrence, circulation and
distribution, their chemical and
physical properties, and their
reaction to the living environment
including their relation to all living
things.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE – or the planet’s
water cycle, described by the
movement of water from the oceans
to the atmosphere to the continents
and back to the sea.
• WATER TABLE – is the upper
boundary of the zone of
groundwater; the top of
unconfined aquifer.
• AQUIFER – A permeable
geological stratum or formation
that can both store and transmit
groundwater in significant
quantities.
• WATERSHED – a geographic area
of land bounded by topographic
features and height of land that
captures precipitation, filters
and stores water and drains
waters to a shared destination.
Knowledge of watershed
boundaries is critical to water
quality and storm water
management.
The relevance of Plant Materials in
site planning is in their role in:
1. CLIMATIC CONTROL
a) SOLAR RADIATION – is Earth’s
source of light and heat. It
warms the earth’s surface, is
reflected by paving and other
objects, and produces glare.
b) WIND – helps to control
temperature. When winds are of
low velocity, they may be
pleasant, but when velocity
increases, may cause discomfort
or damage. Trees help to buffer
winds in urban areas caused by
convection and Venturi effects
c) PRECIPITATION - Plants help to
control precipitation reaching
the ground. By intercepting rain
and slowing it down, they aid in
moisture retention, and in the
prevention of soil erosion. They
14 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
also help soil retain water by
providing shade, or protection
from the wind, or by water
shedding function of trees’
roots.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
a) AIR PURIFICATION – Plants clean
air through the process of
photosynthesis where they use
up carbon dioxide emissions of
cars and trucks and in the
process release oxygen into the
air.
b) NOISE – To understand noise:
The sound level of normal
conversation is about 60
decibels; a plane taking off
produces 120 decibels at a
distance of 200 ft. Sound energy
usually spreads out and
dissipates in transmission. Sound
waves can be absorbed,
reflected or deflected.
c) GLARE AND REFLECTION – Plants
reduce glare and reflection
caused by sunlight. A light source
received directly produces
primary glare while reflected
light is secondary glare. Plants
may be used to filter or block
glare by use of plants with the
appropriate size, shape, and
foliage density.
d) EROSION CONTROL – Plants are
a primary means of preventing
erosion from stormwater runoff
and of controlling erosion during
construction. Erosion is also
minimized by the plants action of
intercepting rain, decreasing
splash, and increased water
absorption.
3. ARCHITECTURAL AND
AESTHETIC USES
a) SPACE DEFINITION – Plants can
help in several ways: as wall
elements to form outdoor
spaces, as canopies to provide
shade, or as ground covers to
provide color and texture on the
base plane.
b) VIEW CONTROL – While trees
and shrubs can screen out
objectionable views, they can
also provide backdrops for
sculpture and fountains.
c) MOOD – Plants affects peoples’
moods.
WILDLIFE - relates closely to habitats
provided by plant communities. The
three groups of habitat elements
essential to the different species of
wildlife are:
1. OPENLAND WILDLIFE – includes
birds and mammals commonly
associated with crop fields,
meadows, pastures, and non-
forested lands. Habitat elements
essential for openland wildlife
include:
a. Grain and seed crops
b. Grasses and legumes
c. Wild herbaceous upland plants
d. Hardwood woody plants
2. Woodland Wildlife – These
species need various
combinations of:
a. Grasses and legumes
b. Wild herbaceous upland plants
c. Hardwood woody plants
d. Cone-bearing shrubs such as
pines
3. Wetland Wildlife – wetland
species include birds and
mammals needing habitats with:
a) Wetland food plants or wild
herbaceous plants of moist to
wet sites, excluding submerged
or floating aquatic plants;
b) Shallow water development with
water impoundments not
deeper than 5 ft.;
c) Excavated ponds with ample
supply of water at least one acre
and average 6ft depth.
d) Streams
CLIMATE - can be generally classified
into four types: COLD, TEMPERATE,
HOT ARID and HOT HUMID. In each, a
site should be investigated in terms
of:
a) Solar orientation for buildings;
b) The best facing slopes; and
c) Wind flows for breezes.
SITE PLANNING CONCEPT USING
NATURAL FACTORS:
PASSIVE COOLING – the technology
of cooling spaces through proper
siting of structure and use of energy-
efficient materials, with the overall
objective of energy conservation.
• Solar Orientation
• Altitude
• Topography
• Vegetation
• Water Bodies
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
EXISTING LAND USE - Land Use Plans
are available in each city and
municipality to determine the areas
for commercial, institutional,
industrial, residential, and open
space uses. These were planned
according to the most rational use of
land in relation to the natural and
socioeconomic factors, and in
accordance with compatibility with
adjacent land uses. Each site must
conform to the land use plan: a
residential subdivision, for example,
cannot be developed in a site
designated as Industrial.
DENSITY AND ZONING
- Density refers to the population
per unit land area. This data will
determine whether existing
utilities and land areas will be
sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will
naturally add to the existing
population and bear on the
capacity of these utilities.
- Density is expressed in number
of families or dwelling units per
hectare. It may also be
expressed in Floor Area Ratio
(FAR).
- Density influences the privacy,
social contact among people,
and freedom of movement of an
individual or a group of people.
- Zoning regulations, laws and
codes are present in every city
and municipality to regulate the
type of development. It divides
the city or municipality into land
use areas that are designated by
building height, building
coverage, density of population,
and open space.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
- The study of the community and
its social and economic
structures are done to
determine whether there is a
need, an interest, or any
objections on the project. Any
proposed project must be
compatible with the economy of
the particular community. For
example, a high-end boutique is
hardly suitable in a low-income
community. The social structure
of the community must be taken
into consideration to ensure that
a proposed development will not
15 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their
businesses and other activities.
UTILITIES / SERVICES:
- It is important to determine the
existing availability of utilities on
site in terms of adequacy and
efficiency. This includes:
o Sanitary/sewage system
o Electric power supply
o Water supply
o Drainage
- Most water systems will supply
domestic, industrial, and fire
stand-by supply from a
distribution system. Storm
drains collect surface water and
conduct it to rivers, creeks, or
other bodies of water
HISTORIC FACTORS:
1. Historic Buildings
2. Historic Landmarks
3. Archeology
THE AESTHETIC FACTORS
NATURAL FEATURES - When sites are
characterized by outstanding natural
features of earth, rock, water or plant
material, these may be incorporated
in the site development as natural
assets of the land.
SPATIAL PATTERNS - defined as the
way an open space of a given site is
configured according to an
arrangement of elements that evoke
activity or flow, both physically or
visually.
VISUAL RESOURCES:
1. View – is a scene observed from
a vantage point.
2. Vista – is a confined view, usually
directed toward a terminal or
dominant feature. It has three
components: a viewing station, a
view, and a foreground.
PLANNING AGENCIES
HUDCC - Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council
- The HUDCC is a government
agency that serves as the
umbrella organization that
coordinates the activities of the
various housing agencies to
ensure the accomplishment of
the National Shelter Program.
NHA - National Housing Authority
- The National Housing Authority
(NHA) is the only government
 agency that engages in actual
shelter production for low
income Filipino families.
- was created by virtue of
Presidential Decree No. 757.
- The NHA focuses its efforts in
providing housing, assistance to
the lowest 30% of urban income-
earners through:
o slum upgrading
o Informal settlers’ relocation
o development of sites and
services
o construction of core-housing
units
HLURB - Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board
- The Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board is the sole
regulatory body for housing and
land use development. It
encourages greater private
sector participation in low-cost
housing by relaxing
development standards,
simplifying regulations, and
making approvals for permits
and licenses more efficient.
NHMFC - National Home Mortgage
Finance Corporation
- The National Home Mortgage
Finance Corporation is the major
government home mortgage
institution. Its main function is to
operate a viable home mortgage
market, utilizing long term funds
principally provided by the SSS,
the GSIS, and the HDMF to
purchase mortgages.
- was created in 1977 by virtue of
Presidential Decree 1267.
MORTGAGES - a loan. For many
people, it's the biggest loan they will
ever borrow.
HDMF - Home Development Mutual
Fund
- The HDMF or PAG-IBIG Fund is a
national savings program for
Filipino workers. Every month,
members set aside a portion of
their salary to make a
contribution to their savings
fund.
- The HDMF is more popularly
known by its other name, “PAG-
IBIG Fund.” PAG-IBIG is an
acronym that stands for
Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan:
Ikaw, Bangko, Industriya at
Gobyerno.
HGC - Home Guaranty Corporation
- The HGC is a government agency
whose main goal is to encourage
banks and financial institutions
to lend money to Filipino
homebuyers by providing loan
guarantees to these banks
and/or financial institutions.
LOAN GUARANTEE - a promise by a
third party (in this case, the HGC) to
assume the debt obligation of a
borrower if that borrower is unable
to make his payments to the lender.
CITY ORIGINS: THE ANCIENT CITIES
V. GORDON CHILDE (1892- 1957)
- The “single most influential
archaeologist of the twentieth
century”
- Wrote the book “Man Makes
Himself” in 1936
- Pioneered human historical
development and came up with
the Three Age System
- Wrote about the first cities in
Mesopotamia.
THE THREE-AGE SYSTEM
• STONE AGE - from hunter-
gatherers to settled agriculture
was the Neolithic Revolution
• BRONZE AGE - from the Neolithic
agriculture to complex city
systems was the Urban
Revolution
• IRON AGE - the Industrial
Revolution of the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries
ANCIENT BABYLON (4,000 BCE)
- First Mesopotamian City is
though to be Uruk
- Babylon, home to the legendary
Tower of Babel and Hanging
Gardens, and the kings
Hammurabi and
Nebuchadnezzar
16 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
- Had the Ziggurat (temple, and
royal palace)
HDF KITTO
- British classical scholar Professor
of Greek, studied the Polis
- Wrote In the mountains of
Greece and the treatment The
Greeks (1951).
THE POLIS
- Closest words we use are “city-
state” and “self- governing
community”
- Physical form stressed public
space, private houses were
turned away from streets
- Made it possible for every citizen
to realise his spiritual, moral, and
intellectual capacities
- However, did not support the
development of women and
slave
ACROPOLIS
- The “high city”
- With the Parthenon and temple
structures
- Symbol of the citadel
AGORA
- The Marketplace
- The Open Space
- Where they held debates,
conversed, shopped, and settled
disputes
- Greek citizens exercised and
competed in public stadiums and
gymnasia
- They participated in the cultural
life of the community in large
open-air theaters
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS (498-408
BC)
- Invented formal city planning
- Made the Hippodamian Plan or
the grid city to maximise winds in
the summer and minimise them
in winter. This shows his
geometric, arranged style in
design
- Also worked on the Piraeus Port
and Alexandria
HENRI PIRENNE
- Belgian historian
- Wrote “City Origins” and “Cities
and European Civilisation”
- Argued that barbarian invaders
were absorbed into Roman
culture (which they overthrew),
and did not damage Roman cities
as much as possible
- Argued that trade revived cities
during the eleventh century
MEDIEVAL CITIES
- Fostered trade after the fall of
the Roman Empire
- Protected its limits with walls
- Layout became a basis for the
Garden City and New Urbanism
later on
TRADERS
- Seen on the outskirts, “below
cities” (origin of suburbia)
- Poor people traveling about with
goods, peddling from place to
place
- Helped to set the stage for the
renaissance
GREAT TOWNS (THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION)
FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820- 1845)
- Wrote “Great Towns,” from the
The Condition of the Working
Class in England in 1844
- Icon of international
communism; friend and partner
of Karl Marx
- Wrote about the horrors of
industrial urbanism, slums,
decay, filth, misery, and despair
- Used a peripatetic method
(traveling from place to place)
THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL
METROPOLIS
SAM BASS WARNER
- American professor
- Wrote the book Streetcar
Suburbs: The Process of Growth
in Boston
- Studied changes in urban life
after the industrial revolution,
such as new types of power,
economic booms, and new
mobilities
- New technology and economic
change brought about:
o Inner city neighbourhoods
o Suburbs
o Specialized industrial districts
o Commercial downtowns
- Noted social transformation
such as:
o Massive foreign immigration
o Labor union power
o Women rights
o African-American engagement
o Segregation, discrimination, and
inequality issues
THE DRIVE-IN CULTURE OF
CONTEMPORARY AMERICA
KENNETH T. JACKSON
- The Jacques Barzun Professor of
History and Social Sciences at the
Columbia University
- Wrote Crabgrass Frontier: The
Suburbanization of the United
States
- Critiqued the negative and social
cultural effects that the private
automobile has had on urban
society
- Wrote about the:
o The interstate highway
o The garage
o The motel
o The drive-in theater
o The gas service station
o The shopping centre
o The house trailer and mobile
home
o A drive-in society
BEYOND SUBURBIA: THE RISE OF THE
TECHNOBURB
ROBERT FISHERMAN
- Professor of history in the
University of Michigan
- Wrote Bourgeois Utopias: The
Rise and Fall of Suburbia and
Urban Utopias of the Twentieth
Century
- Coined two terms: Technoburb
and techno-city
TECHNOBURB
- Peripheral zones that have
emerged as viable
socioeconomic units
- New technoburbs are spread out
along highway growth corridors
- Composed of metropolitan
region shopping malls, industrial
parks, campus-like office
complexes, hospitals, schools,
and housing type varieties
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TECHNO-CITY
- A whole metropolitan region
that has been transformed by
the coming of the technoburb.
CITY - An urban drama. A social
institution.
LEWIS MUMFORD
- 1895-1990, called Amercica’s
last great public intellectual
- Laid the foundation of the city as
a “a theatre of social action,”
which was later built on by Jane
Jacobs, Donal Appleyard, and the
new generation of
environmental planners
- Wrote The City in History, The
Culture of Cities
- Said that physical design and
economic functions are
secondary to a city’s relationship
to the natural environment and
to spiritual values of human
community.
CITIES OF COLOR: THE NEW RACIAL
FRONTIER
ALBERT M. CAMARILLO
- Stanford professor of history
- Studied migration and urban
populations; looked at the
relationship of majority-minority
cities
- Tackles black cities, Latino
barrios, Chinatowns, and cities
of color
- Studied three CA cities:
Lynwood, East Palo Alto, and
Seaside
- Multiple minority presence are
emerging in the global city
network
SIDEWALKS AND SAFETY
JANE JACOBS
- An urban activist who was strong
and vocal against urban renewal;
she fought for new urbanism
- Wrote the powerful book The
Death and Life of Great American
Cities, which was an open attack
on urban renewal; provided
insight into the decline of
neighbourhoods in New York;
became a voice for slums and
communities
- Her book and activism led to the
eventual fall of urban renewal
towards city diversity, mixed-
use, dense neighborhoods, and
vibrant communities.
- Heterogeneity, population size,
and density create a distinct city
personality, but they also create
neighbourhood vitality, social
cohesion, and the perception
and reality of safety
- “Eyes on the street”
- “Street ballet”
THE CREATIVE CLASS
RICHARD FLORIDA
- Said there are two layers to the
“creative class:” Super Creative
Core and Creative Professionals
- This new socio-economic class
creates ideas and innovation
rather than products
- Drives post-industrialism rather
than industrialism
- Creative class property is
intangible
TWO CREATIVE LAYERS
URBAN SPACE
- Social exclusion and space by Ali
Madanipour
- Space of flows, space of places:
Materials for a theory of
urbanism in the information age
by Manuel Castells
ALI MADANIPOUR
- Professor of urban design,
director of Global Research Unit,
Univ. Of Newcastle
- Globalization brings people
together, migration increases,
exclusion becomes more
pressing.
ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION
- Members of a group are
excluded from employment
POLITICAL DISCRIMINATION
- Excluded from political power by
being denied voting rights or full
political representation
CULTURAL EXCLUSION
- Groups are marginalised from
symbols, meanings, rituals, and
discourses of dominant culture.
SPACEOF FLOWS, SPACE
MANUEL CASTELLS
- Spanish sociologist and urban
planner
- Concept of space is changing due
to internet, mobile devices, and
computers
- Coined the term “network
society” from the Information
Age
- Introduced the space of place
and space of flows, geography of
new networks and nodes, the
network state, and how
information tech and transport
are connected.
URBAN POLITICS, GOVERNANCE,
AND ECONOMICS
ARISTOTLE
- Asked key questions and gave
hypothesis that withstood time:
o What is a state?
o Who is the citizen?
o What is government for?
o How populous should a city be?
o How large geographically?
- Gave rise to bases of city
development, and debates on
immigrants rights.
BROKEN WINDOWS
JAMES Q. WILSON AND GEORGE L.
KELLING
- Discussed urban crime in inner-
city neighborhoods
- What should government do
about crime? What is the proper
role of police?
- Troubled neighbourhoods lack
faith in the police
- Studied New NJ
- What you do with a broken
window reflects conduct: doing
nothing has consequences
THE RIGHT TO THE CITY – far more
than the individual liberty to access
resources: it is a right to change
ourselves by changing the city.
DAVID HARVEY
- Geographer, professor at City
University of New York
- “Right to the city” is a protest
demand due to disgust with
political oppression, cuts in
urban services, frustration with
unemployment, destruction of
parks and open spaces
- Urban and peri-urban
oppositions demand greater
democratic control over the
deployment of surpluses
through urbanization
LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
SHERRY ARNSTEIN
18 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
- Social and health worker
- Published an article on the
ladder of citizen participation,
which gave not only a voice but
power to the citizens. This
addressed how citizens were
being victimised, and led the way
to participatory planning
- Eradicating neighborhoods top-
down was both dishonest and
arrogant
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
- How exactly should citizens
participate?
- “Information” and
“consultation” are legitimate
- “Partnerships” represent a
redistribution of power
- Total “citizen control” is rare and
has mixed results
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED
- America’s great pioneer
landscape architect
- Originated the urban parks
movement, together with
Calvert Vaux
- Public Parks and the
Enlargement of Towns was an
address to the American Social
Science Association meeting in
Boston, 1870
- Designed Central Park, New York
- Three great moral imperatives
for public parks:
o Need to improve health and
sanitation, use of trees to
combat pollution
o Need to combat urban vice and
social degeneration
o Need to advance the cause of
civilisation by the provision of
urban amenities that would be
democratically available to all.
EBENEZER HOWARD
- A court stenographer
- Introduced the polycentric
garden cities and the concept of
three magnets (urban-
countryside dis/ advantages)
- Wrote Garden Cities of
Tomorrow
MAGNETIC FORCES
- Town magnet attracts for jobs
and amenities in the modern
metropolis.
- Country magnet features more
natural but desolate rural
districts.
GARDEN CITIES
- Diagrams only, not actual site
plans
- Has a central park containing
public buildings and a “Crystal
Palace” ring of retail stores
- 1,000-acre city with a 32,000
populations encircled with an
agricultural greenbelt
- New cities would be connected
with the social cities by a system
of railroad lines to form a
metropolitan
- To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to
real reform (1989)
- Garden Cities of To-Morrow
(1902 reprint)
CONTEMPORARY CITIES
LE CORBUSIER (1887- 1965)
- Real name: Charles Edouard
Jeanneret-Gris; painter,
architect, city planner,
philosopher
- One of the founding fathers of
the modernist movement in
architecture
- Cubist minimalist designs, and
strict, symmetric grids
- Presented “A Contemporary City
of Three Million People)
o Questioned with how can
democratic politics be practiced
in a Corbusian city? What are the
social relationships?
- Contemporary, radiant cities, as
imagined by Le Corbusier
BROADACRE CITY: A NEW
COMMUNITY PLAN
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959)
- “The Greatest American
Architect;” an artistic genius
- Created organic architecture
o Tokyo Imperial Hotel
o Guggenheim Museum in NY
o Fallingwater house in
Pennsylvania
- Presented the Broadacre City at
Rockefeller NY, 1935, a
revolutionary project
- Every citizen to be given a
minimum of one acre of land
- Prophesized the urban sprawl of
America
- Uses the quadruple block plan
BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION
- 1968 – The Population Bomb by
P. Ehlich predicted global
overcrowding
- 1972 – The Limits to Growth by
The Club of Rome argued that
government should cut
overproduction and
overconsumption
- 1987 – UN Report “Our Common
Future” called for sustainable
development
- Led to the following:
o 1992 Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development
o 2002 Johannesburg World
Summit on Sustainable
Development
o 2016 Paris Agreement or Paris
Climate Accord to keep the
global temperature rise below 2
degrees Celsius
GREEN MANHATTAN: EVERYWHERE
SHOULD BE LIKE NEW YORK
DAVID OWEN – Journalist
- Published Green Manhattan in
The New Yorker
- Argued that Manhattan was not
an ecological nightmare, or a
wasteland of concrete and
garbage but the greenest
community in the United States
THE CITY OF THEORY
PETER HALL (1932- 2014)
- British geographer, planner,
polymath, UCL
19 | A R C H 5 0 1 – P R I N C I P L E S O F P L A N N I N G
- Paradigms and paradigm shifts
(major changes in planning
theory)
- Studied from planning in terms
of views (elitist, craft, should be
a science, a messy process) and
its history
- Called for an improved,
reciprocal relationship between
theory and practice
PLANNING AND CONFLICT - People
who want to be effective at
translating city plans into action need
to expect opposition and should not
be surprised or worn down by what
often seems an endless and
frustrating process.
JOHN FORESTER
- Cornell University professor
- Practiced and mediated planning
conflicts in New York
- Listened to practicing city
planners and learned from them;
Synthesized concepts that are
relevant to practice
- Said that planners need to be
aware of their own power and
also its limitations
- Identified planners’ roles
- Studied the micro-politic of
planning (planners shape
participatory processes).
ADVOCACY AND PLURALISM
PAUL DAVIDOFF
- Activist, planner, and lawyer
- Planning should be pluralistic
(inclusive) in democracies
- The way lawyers represent
clients is the way planners
should represent minorities and
low-income groups
- Different interests will result to
different plans
- Influenced activist planners in
the 1960s and 1970s, giving rise
to advocacy, equity
URBANISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE
PETER CALTHORPE
- Architect, urban designer,
author, and New Urbanism
movement leader
- Climate change is an imminent
threat and a potential
catastrophe
- Urbanism has a role to play in
reducing global climate change:
Better linkage between land use
and transportation, a system at a
regional scale.
- Advocated for livable cities that
are humanscale, compact,
walkable, pedestrian-friendly,
transit-oriented, and that
harmonise the built and natural
environment
PLACEMAKING
- “What if we built our cities
around places?”
- Refers to a collaborative process
by which we can shape our
public realm in order to
maximize shared value.
- More than just promoting better
urban design, Placemaking
facilitates creative patterns of
use, paying particular attention
to the physical, cultural, and
social identities that define a
place and support its ongoing
evolution.
CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
- Introduced the concept of the
pedestrian-oriented
neighbourhood unit
- Reflected on the growth of cities
and the rise of the automobiles
affecting characteristics of good
neighborhoods.
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT
- Looked into housing and spatial
preferences of young, single
people as against married
couples
- Noted that the primary school is
a central institution for nuclear
families with young children
- Allows children to walk to school
without having to cross busy
streets
CITY IMAGE AND ITS ELEMENTS
KEVIN LYNCH (1918-1984)
- Urban planner and author; a
“towering figure of
twentiethcentury urban design”
- People perceive cities as
consisting of underlying city
form elements
- Gathered empirical information,
constructed theory, and
explained broad patterns
- Made people draw mental maps
LIFE BETWEEN BUILDINGS
JAN GEHL
- Danish architect
- Designs that encourage people
to spend time outdoors and that
facilitate interacting with other
people can make a big difference
in the city dwellers’ quality of life
- If the physical environment is
pleasant, people will engage in
optional outdoor activities
- Four theoretical dualities of
design:
o Assemble rather than disperse
o Integrate rather than segregate
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o Invite rather than repel
o Open up rather than close
RESILIENT CITIES
LAWRENCE VALE
- MIT professor
- Sloppy use of the term “resilient
city” poses a risk that it will
degenerate into an empty
catchall cliche
- Resilience should refer to both
the physical landscape and
different social spaces of cities
- Planning resilient cities entails
intangible planning decision
support systems and good
government relations, which
requires years of collaboration
and trust
- Distinguished proactive /
preventive planning against
reactive / restorative planning
- Reactive planning and policies
command the most attention
and financial resources because
citizens are likely to support a
return to the status quo and
politicians spend resources and
political capital to relieve
tangible suffering.
GLOBAL CITIES
SASKIA SASSEN
- Sociologist; professor at the
University of Chicago, Columbia
University, and visiting at
London School of Economics
- Coined the term global city
o Places where international
financial functions are
concentrated and whose
economies are most closely
integrated with the world
economy
o Tokyo, London, New York have
economic power
o Mexico, Taipei, Bangkok, Buenos
Aires, Sao Paulo, Frankfurt,
Zurich, and Sydney are global
focal points.
- A system of cities is emerging as
economic activity globalises and
specialised service spur
- Dispersal has become a practice
around the world
- Economic inequality is sharply injuring the water The City “Tehnoburbia, a
increasing by deleterious Reader / dominant new
- There is no longer a single, substances, let him Robert urban reality that
clearly demarcated CBD, not only pay Fisherman can no longer be
because there are “pseudo- damages, but purify considered
CBDs,” “cyber routes,” and the stream or the suburbia in the
“digital highways” cistern which traditional sense…
- There is agglomeration and contains the water, City and suburb
centralisation across physical in such manner as form urbanised and
space and cyber-space. the laws…order the un-urbanized
GLOBALIZED URBANIZATION purification to be areas, high-tech
NEIL BRENNER AND ROGER KEIL made by the and conventional
- Brenner - expert on urban offender in each development flow
political economy, urban case. (Polluter Pays seamlessly
geography, and urban theory; Principle) together.”
Yale; University of Chicago; Aristotle Human well-being Lewis “(The city is a
Harvard is realized only Mumford theatre of) social
- Keil - expert and editor; partly by satisfying action… social
University of Frankfurt; York whatever people’s drama… is more
University – Toronto preferences richly significant, as
- In 1970, Henri Lefebvre happen to be at a a stage-set,
prophesied a planetary fabric or particular time; it is welldesigned,
web of urbanised spaces in his also necessary for intensified, and
book The Urban Revolution successive underlines the
- Today the prediction is no longer generations to gestures of the
futurist speculation but actual leave behind actors and the
reality sufficient resources action of the play.”
- Global cities are moving to so that future Jane Jacobs “Cities have the
globalised urbanization. generations are not capability of
OUR URBAN SPECIES constrained in their providing
EDWARD GLAESER preferences. something for
- Economist (Harvard) and author (Intergenerational everybody, only
of the book Triumph of the City: Equity) because, and only
How Our Greatest Invention “The animal that when, they are
Makes Us Richer, Smarter, lives in a polis” created by
Healthier, and Happier “Man is by nature a everybody.”
- The city has triumphed because political animal that Brenner, “All major
we are fundamentally an urban needs to live in Keil indicators suggest
species some form of that urbanization
Architect/s/ Notable Quote/s community, which rates across the
Planner/s eventually takes world economy are
Plato And let this be the the form of a state” now higher and
law: If any one Adam “Towns were more rapid than
intentionally Smith chiefly inhabited by ever before in
pollutes the water tradesmen and human history.”
of a spring, or mechanics, who Edward “Two hundred
collected in seem in those days Glaeser forty-three million
reservoirs, either to have been of Americans crowd
by poisonous servile or very together in the 3
substances, or by nearly of servile percent of the
digging, or by theft, condition.” country that is
let the injured party Kenneth T. “The anti-city. A urban… On a planet
bring the cause Jackson centerless city.” with vast amounts
before the wardens “the automobile of space (all
of the city, and transformed both humanity could fit
claim in writing the the structure and in Texas —each of
value of the loss; if social life of us with a personal.”
the accused be modern cities” townhouse), we
found guilty of choose cities.”

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James Q. “Public order is a Le ““We must
Wilson fragile thing, and if Corbusier decongest the
you don’t fix the centers of our cities
first broken by increasing their
window, soon all density.”
the windows will be Clarence “Every great city is a
broken.” Perry (City conglomerate of
“One and a half Reader smaller
million people on a eds.) communities… It is
23- square mile the quality of life
island forces the within these
majority to live in smaller
some of the more communities that
inherently will most shape
energyefficient individuals’
structures in the experience.”
world: Apartment Lawrence “To what extent
buildings.” Vale should planners
“Dense urban and designer
centres offer one of collaborate on
the few plausible programs that may
remedies for some keep corrupt and
of the world’s most incompetent
discouraging government
environmental ills.” officials in power
David Every urban area in when their efforts
Harvey the world has its deviate from
building boom in effective resilient
full swing in the city planning?”
midst of a flood of Our “The relationship
improverished Common between the
migrants that Future human world and
simultaneously the planet that
created a planet of sustains it has
slums. undergone a
Frederick “A park was never profound change…
Law an ornamental the rate of change
Olmsted addition to a city is outstripping the
but an integral part ability… of our
of its fabric and a current capabilities.
force for future Sustainable
growth on several development is
levels: economic, development that
social, and meeds the needs of
cultural.” the present without
Ebenezer “…the people compromising the
Howard continue to stream ability of future
into already generations to
overcrowded meet their own
cities.” needs.”
-Edward “Cities don’t make
Glaeser people poor; cities
attract poor
people.”
“Urban density
provides the
clearest path from
poverty to
prosperity.”
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