A

Mini Project Report on

Fire Extinguisher
By
Rahul Sharma [23GCEBME038]
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted to
Mr.Najeeb Ullah Khan
Mr. Ashish Dewangan

Department of
Mechanical Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
Abdul Kalam Technical University
November , 2023
 ABSTRACT

Managing Fire Risk. Fire risk (expected loss from fire of a given severity) is different from fire
hazard (condition or conditions that could lead to a fire starting or spreading). To describe fire
risk (or any risk class), both event frequency and severity must be described. In a fire risk
management program, facilities managers must comprehensively identify potential losses and
measure (or estimate) impacts, requiring assessment of probability of fire losses, which, over a
period of time, enables assessment of frequency and then cost-benefit analyses (including
indirect and intangible costs) to identify cost-effective risk reduction methods.

1|Page
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

1
Contents
Internship Letter
About Working Place
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Types of Fire
Chapter 3: Types of Fire Extinguisher 17
Chapter 4: Welding 19
Chapter 5: Powder Coating 21
Chapter 6: Leakage testing 22
References 23

2|Page
 About Working Place
Sri Triveni Crafts is a leading and a well recognized name as the
manufacturer, exporter and supplier of Fire extinguishers, Fire Hydrant
and suppression system in India. Sri Triveni Crafts provides Powder
Base Fire Extinguishers, Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers, Co2
Fire Extinguishers, Water Base Fire Extinguishers, Mechanical (AFFF)
Fire Extinguishers, Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers, Automatic Fire
Extinguishers and Fire Hydrant System, Fire Alarm System,
Suppression System. Etc.
Sri Triveni Crafts Operating from Gurgaon (Haryana), India. The
company has a ISO certification: 9001:2015 and CE, IS 15683:2018, IS
16018:2012 and ISI certification that assures high quality and
performance standards maintained in the offered product range provided
to the customers. Further, the company offers the Products under
different models and configuration choices so as to perfectly match up
with the specific end usage needs of the customers. Further, the
company also offers support and solutions of the products to its wide
range of clients spread worldwide.

CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

Sri Triveni Crafts is a leading and a well recognized name as the

manufacturer, exporter and supplier of Fire extinguishers, Fire Hydrant
and suppression system in India. Sri Triveni Crafts provides Powder
Base Fire Extinguishers, Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishers, Co2
Fire Extinguishers, Water Base Fire Extinguishers, Mechanical (AFFF)
Fire Extinguishers, Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers, Automatic Fire
Extinguishers and Fire Hydrant System, Fire Alarm System,
Suppression System. Etc.
Sri Triveni Crafts Operating from Gurgaon (Haryana), India. The
company has a ISO certification: 9001:2015 and CE, IS 15683:2018, IS
16018:2012 and ISI certification that assures high quality and

3|Page
performance standards maintained in the offered product range provided
to the customers. Further, the company offers the Products under
different models and configuration choices so as to perfectly match up
with the specific end usage needs of the customers. Further, the
company also offers support and solutions of the products to its wide
range of clients spread worldwide.
We SRI TRIVENI CRAFTS, situated at Gurgaon, are proud to introduce
ourselves as one of the leading firm engaged in the manufacturing and
exporting of a wide range of fire protection equipment.
We are dedicated to our customer and provide them a hassle free
services in the business market.
We are certified with Bureau of Indian Standard 9001:2015 and CE,
IS 15683:2018, IS 16018:2012, SSI Certification, and CE & NSIC
Certified.
Our policy begins with the testing of each our product at every level of
manufacturing. We provides the most cost effective and complaint free
product for the total customer satisfaction.
Established in 1999: Sri Triveni Craft, a distinguished fire safety
products manufacturer, commenced its journey in 1999, dedicated to
ensuring the safety of diverse sectors.
Exclusive Focus on Fire Safety: Our core mission revolves around the
manufacturing of top-notch fire safety products, reflecting our
unwavering commitment to safeguarding lives and assets.
Holistic Fire Safety Solutions: Conducting thorough fire safety audits,
we provide comprehensive solutions tailored to the unique needs of our
clients.
State-of-the-Art Facilities: Operating from two expansive factories
covering 25,000 square feet, we blend innovation with efficiency in our
manufacturing processes.
Extensive Clientele: With a track record of serving over 1000 clients,
we have earned a position among the Top 5 fire safety product
manufacturers in India.
Global Presence: Exporting to over five countries, we now focus on a
broader global expansion strategy, specializing in customized
development meeting international standards.
Versatile Industry Presence: Our products have found applications in
diverse sectors, including banks, waste management plants, steel and
chemical processing units, education, healthcare, and many more.

4|Page
Tailored Solutions: Offering turnkey fire suppression systems based on
specific requirements, we specialize in manufacturing stainless steel fire
extinguishers and tanks, ensuring durability and reliability.
Quality Product
We own a team of experienced personnel that assure for the quality of
different type of fire extinguishers. Our personnel keep an eye on
production at very initial stage & the processing till the final product.
We follow international standards on our industry for manufacturing and
testing of the fire extinguishers.

5|Page
 CHAPTER-2

Type of Fire

The 5 main classes of fires are categorized by what caused the fire or
what the fire uses as fuel, and are as follows:
 Class A: solid materials such as wood or paper, fabric,

and some plastics

 Class B: liquids or gas such as alcohol, ether, gasoline, or

grease
 Class C: electrical failure from appliances, electronic

equipment, and wiring

 Class D: metallic substances such as sodium, titanium,

zirconium, or magnesium
 Class K: grease or oil fires specifically from cooking
Understanding the 5 different classes of fires can help you determine the
biggest fire risks at your facility, depending on the fuels and fire hazards
present as well as how best to prepare in case of a fire emergency.
Let’s break down each of the 5 different classes of fires more thoroughly.

Class A Fires: “Ordinary” Fires

Class A fires are the most common of the 5 different classes of fires.
They occur when common combustible materials like wood, paper,
fabric, trash, and light plastics catch fire. These accidental fires are
ubiquitous across a variety of industries, so it’s recommended to have
adequate protection against “ordinary” fires in addition to other
condition-specific fires.
Despite being “ordinary”, don’t rule this class of fire as low-risk. If
there’s an abundance of fuel present, these fires can intensify quickly.
It’s best to put out a Class A fire quickly before it spreads using water or
monoammonium phosphate.

Class B Fires: Liquids & Gases

Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gases, especially fuels like
petroleum or petroleum-based products such as gasoline, paint, and
kerosene. Other gases that are highly flammable are propane and butane,
which are common causes of Class B fires. The best way to deal with

6|Page
these types of fires is by smothering them or removing oxygen using
foam or CO2 fire suppression equipment.
Be aware that Class B fires do not include grease fires or cooking fires,
which belong to their own class, Class K.

Class C Fires: Electrical Fires

Electrical fires fall under Class C and are common in facilities that make
heavy use of electrical equipment, but they can occur in a wide range of
industries. For example, data centers might be an obvious risk area for
Class C fires. They must have safeguards in place to deal with electrical
fires.
Construction sites are another common Class C fire risk: electrical
power tools or appliances used for cooking can cause sparks to ignite
combustible materials and intensify rapidly. Old buildings with bad
wiring or space heaters present more concerns.
Electrical fires require non-conductive materials to extinguish the flame,
so water alone is not a good solution. Facilities with sensitive equipment
may prefer clean agent suppression because it won’t leave residue or
damage electrical equipment.

Class D Fires: Metallic Fires

Class D fires are not as common as the other classes, but they do require
special attention because they can be especially difficult to extinguish.
Metallic fires involve flammable materials like titanium, aluminum,
magnesium, and potassium — all commonly occurring in laboratories.
Class D fires cannot be addressed with water, as this can exacerbate the
fire and be potentially dangerous. Dry powder agents are the best
solution for smothering the flames and limiting damage to property or
people.

Class K Fires: Grease Fires or

Cooking Fires
Class K fires involve flammable liquids, similar to Class B fires, but are
specifically related to food service and the restaurant industry. These
common fires start from the combustion of liquid cooking materials
including grease, oils, and vegetable and animal fats.
Because they can spread quickly and be difficult to manage, Class K
fires are some of the most dangerous. Water can make the situation

7|Page
worse, but smothering the flames or using a wet agent fire extinguisher
is effective.
Now that we understand how each fire starts, we can prepare for how to
fight them — or better yet, prevent them from happening in the first
place.

Chapter 3
Types of Fire Extinguisher

There are five main types of fire extinguishers: water, foam, dry
powder, CO2, and wet chemical. To adhere to regulations, the
correct fire extinguisher (paying attention to its size and weight)
must be located in the right place in your building. Fire risk
depends on the type of fuel that may cause a fire in a given area.

Here's an overview of the five types of fire extinguishers and their uses.

What are the classes of fire?

All fires are not made equal. Different classes of fire are governed by
what type of material the fire starts with. Understanding the type of fire
that may arise in your building is a prerequisite to finding the right fire
extinguisher. You will also need the right size and weight of fire
extinguishers and put them in the correct place.

Class A fires
Combustible materials, including flammable solids, such as wood, paper,
and textiles.

8|Page
Class B fires
Flammable liquids, including petrol, paint, and spirits.

Class C fires
Flammable gases, including propane and butane.

Class D fires
Flammable metals, including chemicals such as magnesium, lithium, and
potassium.

Class E fires
Electrical equipment, including computers and photocopiers.

Class F fires
Cooking oils, including olive oil and butter.

What are the five main types of fire

extinguishers?
1. Water
2. Foam
3. Dry powder
4. CO2
5. Wet chemical

9|Page
1. Water fire extinguishers for Class A
fires
Standard water fire extinguishers can only be used on fires involving
flammable solids. However, they are still useful for most buildings,
including warehouses and storage facilities. They are available in 3, 6,
and 9-litre sizes.

When the fire extinguishers are directed at flames, the water's extreme
cooling effect lowers the temperature of the material on fire, making it
impossible for the fire to burn.

10 | P a g e
Water fire extinguishers have a white-coloured label stating ‘Water’. They
should be identified by a nearby extinguisher ID sign fixed nearby stating
‘Water Extinguisher’.

What are water fire extinguishers used for?

Water fire extinguishers are ubiquitous as they are 'traditional fire
extinguishers'; however, current guidelines often recommend foam
extinguishers as they can extinguish both Class A and B fires.

Regardless, they are still useful for areas that contain a large amount of
combustible material, such as warehouses, storage units, paper mills,
and textile factories.

They are also helpful in domestic environments alongside CO2

extinguishers, so the most likely fire types can be covered.

Do not use water fire extinguishers for:

 Electrical fires as doing so can lead to electrocution

 Cooking fires, such as chip pan fires (Class F fires)
 Fires involving flammable gases, such as methane and butane
(Class C fires)
 Fires involving flammable liquids, such as petrol and paint (Class B
fires)

2. Foam fire extinguishers

Foam extinguishers, also known as AFFF foam fire extinguishers, are
generally used for fires involving flammable solids and liquids. They are
available in 2, 3, 6, and 9-litre sizes—although 6 litre is the most
common.

They can be identified with a cream–coloured label printed on the body

stating ‘Foam’. Also, an ID sign should be placed near them stating
‘Foam Extinguisher’.

11 | P a g e
Foam fire extinguishers work in two ways. First, they are water-based so
they lower the temperature of the fire. Second, they extinguish flames
with their aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which smothers the fire,
preventing it from reigniting. The foam can be used on flammable liquids
as it places a barrier between the liquid and the flames.

Foam fire extinguishers are ideal for places with multiple fire risks,
including hotels, offices, garages, and factories. Most buildings can
benefit from having a foam fire extinguisher.

What are foam fire extinguishers used for?

 Fires involving flammable solids, including paper, wood, and

textiles (Class A fires)
 Fires involving some flammable liquids, including petrol, diesel, and
paint (Class B fires)

Do not use foam fire extinguishers for:

 Cooking fires involving oil and grease (Class F fires)

 Fires involving flammable gases (Class C fires)

3. Dry powder fire extinguishers

Dry powder fire extinguishers (also known as dry chemical fire
extinguishers and multi-purpose fire extinguishers) are incredibly
versatile and can be used for almost every kind of fire. However, they
aren’t recommended for use in enclosed spaces. The extinguishers come
in 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 kg sizes.

Dry powder fire extinguishers have a blue label stating powder, and they
can be identified by an ID tag saying Powder Extinguisher.

Dry powder fire extinguishers work by smothering fires; they place a

barrier between the source of oxygen and the fuel, so they can be used
on most types of fires. They suppress fires very quickly; however, they do

12 | P a g e
not cool the fire, so it could reignite. Specialist dry powder fire
extinguishers work on flammable metals.

Dry powder fire extinguishers are suitable indoors and outdoors as they
can be used with several different types of fire, including chemicals, fuel,
or vehicles.

 Garage forecourts
 Large, commercial boiler rooms
 Flammable liquid storage facilities
 Large workshops
 Fuel tankers and other vehicles

What are dry powder fire extinguishers used for?

 Fires involving flammable solids (Class A fires)

 Fires involving flammable liquids (Class B fires)
 Fires involving combustible gases (Class C fires)
 Electrical fires involving some electrical items under 1000v

For electrical fires, it is also useful to have CO2 extinguishers, especially

in kitchens or if there are electric heaters around.

 Specialist dry powder extinguishers work for flammable metals

Do not use dry powder fire extinguishers for:

 Fires involving cooking oil (Class F fires)

 Fires involving electrical items over 1000v
 Fires in enclosed spaces

4.CO2 fire extinguishers

13 | P a g e
CO2 fire extinguishers (also known as carbon dioxide fire extinguishers)
are mainly used for electrical fires. Guidelines advise that they are paired
with foam extinguishers.

CO2 fire extinguishers can be identified by a black label saying CO2.

They have a distinctive black nozzle and should have an ID tag saying
CO2 Extinguisher.

CO2 fire extinguishers discharge carbon dioxide, which is stored as a

liquid and converts to a gas when released. As the gas is released at
speed, the fire extinguishers should not be used with fires involving
cooking oil as they may spread the fire.

CO2 fire extinguishers do not cool fires; instead, they replace oxygen
with carbon dioxide, thus removing the fuel. For this reason, they are
very effective with electrical fires. CO2 fire extinguishers are particularly
recommended for places with a lot of electrical equipment, including
offices, schools, and hospitals, where they should be paired with foam
extinguishers.

CO2 fire extinguishers come in 2 and 5-kg sizes.

What are CO2 fire extinguishers used for?

 Fires involving equipment such as computers, or generators

(‘electrical’ fires)
 Fires involving some flammable liquids, such as petrol, diesel, and
paint (‘class B’ fires)

Do not use CO2 extinguishers for:

 Fires involving oil and grease (Class F fires)

Wet chemical fire extinguishers

Wet chemical fire extinguishers (also known as Class F fire
extinguishers) are the only extinguisher that can safely be used for fires

14 | P a g e
involving cooking oil; therefore, they are essential in professional
kitchens and fast food restaurants.

Wet chemical fire extinguishers have a yellow label saying ‘Wet

Chemical’. They also have a longer hose than the standard extinguishers
and have an ID tag saying ‘Wet Chemical Extinguisher’.

Potassium is the chemical component of the fire extinguishers, and the

chemical is gently sprayed out to not burn the fats and oils. It creates a
film over the grease to suffocate the fire.

Whilst they are excellent and extinguishing grease fires, they can
produce toxic fumes, so areas must be ventilated.

Wet chemical fire extinguishers are available in 2, 3, and 6-litre sizes.

What are wet chemical fire extinguishers used for?

 Fires involving cooking oils and fats (Class F fires)

 Fires involving flammable solids (Class A fires)

Some wet chemical fire extinguishers can also be used for fires involving
flammable liquids; however, the exact use will be written on the label.

Do not use wet chemical fire extinguishers for:

 Fires involving flammable liquids (‘class B’ fires) UNLESS they are

specifically cleared for this use
 Fires involving combustible gases, such as methane and butane
('class C' fires)
 Electrical fires

CHAPTER 4

Welding

15 | P a g e
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the
parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion. Welding
is distinct from lower temperature techniques such
as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal
(parent metal).
In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically
added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool)
that cools to form a joint that, based on weld configuration (butt,
full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base
material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat or
by itself to produce a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield
to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including
a gas flame (chemical), an electric arc (electrical), a laser,
an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an
industrial process, welding may be performed in many different
environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer
space. Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are
required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation
of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense

16 | P a g e
ultraviolet radiation.

CHAPTER 5

Powder Coating
Powder coating is a type of coating that is applied as a free-flowing,
dry powder. Unlike conventional liquid paint which is delivered via an
evaporating solvent, powder coating is typically applied
electrostatically and then cured under heat or with ultraviolet light. The
powder may be a thermoplastic or a thermoset polymer. It is usually
used to create a hard finish that is tougher than conventional paint.
Powder coating is mainly used for coating of metals, such
as household appliances, aluminium extrusions, drum
hardware, automobiles, and bicycle frames. Advancements in powder

17 | P a g e
coating technology like UV-curable powder coatings allow for other
materials such as plastics, composites, carbon fiber, and MDF
(medium-density fibreboard) to be powder coated due to the minimum
heat and oven dwell time required to process these components

Types of powder coating

There are three main categories of powder coatings: thermosets,
thermoplastics, and UV curable powder coatings. Thermoset powder
coatings incorporates a cross-linker into the formulation.

Most common cross-linkers are solid epoxy resins in so-called hybrid

powders in mixing ratios of 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 (polyester resin/
epoxy resin) for indoor applications and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC)
in a ratio of 93/7 and β-hydroxy alkylamide (HAA) hardener in 95/5
ratio for outdoor applications. When the powder is baked, it reacts with
other chemical groups in the powder to polymerize, improving the
performance properties. The chemical cross-linking for hybrids and
TGIC powders—representing the major part of the global powder
coating market—is based on the reaction of organic acid groups with
an epoxy functionality; this carboxy–epoxy reaction is thoroughly
investigated and well understood, by addition of catalysts the
conversion can be accelerated and curing schedule can be triggered
in time and/or temperature. In the powder coating industry it is
common to use catalyst masterbatches where 10–15% of the active
ingredient is introduced into a polyester carrier resin as matrix. This
approach provides the best possible even dispersion of a small
amount of a catalyst over the bulk of the powder.

CHAPTER 6

Leakage Testing

The methods of leak testing

18 | P a g e
Immersion method

The immersion test (visual inspection under water) is still a frequently

used test method, which also provides a very accurate result with
careful execution by the examiner and good observation of the
workpiece.Other advantages including the relatively low cost and the
ability to locate the leak.

It is the simplest and oldest method of leak testing, which is not only
applied industrially. By the same method, for example, holes in
bicycle tubes are determined, thereby reaching a simple bucket with
water.The commercial testing device consists of a dip tank, a device
for sealing the workpieces and a pressure regulator. Disadvantages
of this method, however, are the lack of automation possibility, the
dependency on the operating personnel (low inspection reliability)
and the additional effort for rust protection, as well as the drying of
the workpieces. In addition, it takes a long time, which is why
automatic leak testing systems are frequently used today.

Leak test by pressure measurement

During pressure measurement, the amount of air escaping from the

test specimen is not measured directly. The effect of the leakage
quantity on the test pressure confined in the test specimen is
measured.
The drop or increase in pressure depends on the size of the volume
to be tested.

Relative pressure / absolute pressure method

The relative pressure and the absolute pressure method are a very
commonly used method in leak testing.
In the relative pressure method, the difference is measured against
the ambient pressure. Pressures above ambient pressure are
therefore considered to be overpressure testing and at pressures
below negative pressure testing.
In the absolute pressure method, the pressure is determined against
the absolute vacuum and is therefore always positive.

19 | P a g e
For the leak test, the test piece is impinged with pressure or vacuum.
The change in pressure resulting from the leaks is then measured
and analyzed.The test setup for this leak test is relatively simple and
the possibility of automation is given. The disadvantage of this
method is the dependence on the test pressure at the measured
value resolution and the strong temperature influence on the test
result.

Differential pressure method

This test method can be easily automated and used in leak testing
systems, making it particularly suitable for use in series production.In
this process, the test specimen is filled with a certain pressure and
compared with the pressure of a reference volume whose tightness
is established.The measured value resolution is independent of the
test pressure. The measuring accuracy is determined by the
measuring range of the differential pressure transducer.
Temperature influences act on both sides of the measuring system,
the influence is thus less than in the aforementioned method.

Leak test by flow measurement

In the flow measurement, the amount of air flowing through the

measuring element is measured. A distinction is made between the
mass flow method and the volume flow method.

20 | P a g e
 REFERENCES

1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/fire_extinguisher
2. https://surreyfire.co.uk/types-of-fire-extinguisher/
3. Guided by:- Mr. Parveen Kumar (Production Head)

21 | P a g e