Senior

High
School

Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education
i Division of Palawan
Biology 1 Grade 12
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 Module 4: Cellular Respiration
Second Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need

lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Biology 1
Second Quarter Cellular Respiration
Week 3

MELCs:
1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration. STEM_BIO11/12 lla-j
2. Explain the major features and sequence of the chemical events in
cellular respiration. STEM_BIO11/12 lla-j-7

Objectives:
1. To give the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respirations.
2. To explain the major features of chemical events in cellular respiration.
3. To trace the sequence of chemical events occurs in cellular respiration.
4. To appreciate cellular respiration occurs in an organism.

What I Know

Find out how much you have already known about the lesson by taking the short
test below. Take note of the questions that you find difficult to answer and look for the
correct answer as you go through this module.

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The process of using food molecules to harness energy is called ________________.

A. metabolism C. natural selection
B. cellular respiration D. photosynthesis

2. A heterotroph obtains its energy from _____________________.

A. solar energy C. eating other organisms
B. microorganism D. All are correct

3. The stage that produces the greatest number of ATP is _______________________.

A. glycolysis C. Krebs cycle
B. fermentation D. electron transport chain

4. Which causes the cramps you experience during heavy exercise?

A. Glycolysis C. Alcoholic fermentation
B. Chemiosmosis D. Lactic fermentation

5. All of the following are products of cellular respiration EXCEPT:

A. Glucose C. Adenosine triphosphate
B. Water D. Carbon dioxide

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 6. What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
A. Carbon monoxide
B. Carbon dioxide and water
C. Lactic acid and ethanol
D. Glucose and oxygen

7. What type of respiration requires oxygen?

A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic

8. Which is the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A.
B.
C.
D. glucose + ox

9. What part of the cell does aerobic respirations take place?

A. Nucleus C. Mitochondria
B. Cell membrane D. Ribosomes

10. During hard exercise, what causes an oxygen debt?

A. A build up lactic acid
B. A buildup of carbon dioxide
C. A build up oxygen
D. A build up ATP

11. Pyruvic acid is the product of _________________________.

A. Calvin cycle C. Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis D. Photosynthesis

12. Which of these is a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in

humans?
A. Aerobic respiration releases less energy than anaerobic respiration.
B. Aerobic occurs in the presence of oxygen while anaerobic does not.
C. Aerobic respiration produces ethanol but anaerobic does not.
D. Glucose is completely broken down in aerobic but not in anaerobic respiration.

13. Which of the following statement is false?

A. Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen.
B. Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria.
C. Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs and 2 pyruvates.
D. Glycolysis is the breaking down of sugar.
E. It produces the cells needed for growth, development, and tissue repair.

14. Which stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis C. Electron transport chain
B. Krebs cycle D. All the answers are correct.

15. A product of glycolysis that is consumed in alcoholic fermentation.

A. CO2 C. NADH2
B. ATP D. FADH2

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 What is It

Hi, STEM learners! Did you know that there are two types of respiration? Let us start
our discussion:

1. Cellular Aerobic Respiration- has 3 stages as follow:

Stage 1: Glycolysis is a series of

reactions in which glucose is degraded to
pyruvate, a net profit of 2ATPs, hydrogen
atoms are transferred to carrier can
proceed aerobically. Glucose, ATP, NAD+
+ Pi are the starting materials with the end
products of pyruvate, ATP and NADH.

Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs

cycle is where pyruvate is degraded and
combined with coenzyme A to form
acetyl COA, hydrogen atoms are
Image Credit: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BUTDYnt-
transferred to carriers CO2 is released. awQ/T0K_tT9_NVI/AAAAAAAAAAk/kkLMARSEdNs/s1600/mit
Series of reaction in which the acetyl ochondria.jpg

portion of acetyl COA is degraded to CO2, Hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers,
ATP is synthesized. Pyruvate, NAD++, FAD+, H2O, ADP+, Pi are the starting materials with
the end products of CO2, NADH, FADH2 and 2ATP.

Stage 3: Electron transport chain, a chain of several electron molecules is passed

along chain, released energy is used to form a proton gradient, ATP is synthesized as
protons diffuse down the gradient. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. O2, NADH,
FADH, ADP, Pi are the starting materials with end products of NAD+, FAD+, ATP and H2O.

2. Cellular Anaerobic respiration follows glycolysis but when there is no enough oxygen
to continue, fermentation process occurs. In Lactic acid fermentation pyruvic, NADH are
the starting materials to produced lactic acid and NAD+. Alcoholic fermentation also
uses pyruvic acid, NADH to produce alcohol, CO2 and NAD+.

3. Cellular respiration follows different metabolic pathways.

Aerobic Pathway - is the pathway of obtaining energy also known as cellular

respiration that requires the use of oxygen. It consists of three stages and occur in the
specific locations and in particular order.

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1. Glycolysis - The first stage of aerobic pathway, glycolysis from glycol meaning

oxygen. It begins by breaking down of glucose from food, after passing through
a series of enzyme controlled reactions. The six carbon glucose molecule is broken
down to two three carbon molecules. The process continues until the formation
of two three-carbon compound called pyruvate molecules, which results in the
release of 2ATP. The three-carbon pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and enters the
mitochondrion.

Given this equation: Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+

Glycolysis

Image Credit: https://www.expii.com/t/glycolysis-cellular-respiration-summary-steps-10136

2. Krebs cycle also known as citric acid cycle. It starts with the end product of
glycolysis. The pyruvates are acted upon by the enzymes and converted it into
two carbon acetyl molecules. The remaining carbon and oxygen atoms
reorganized and released CO2. During these reactions, the remaining hydrogen
are removed from the pyruvate and their electrons are carried by the electron
carriers NAD+ to form NADH while Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) picks up
electrons to form FADH. Only a small amount of energy (2ATP) is formed during
this cycle.
Pyruvic acid + 4NAD+ + FAD+ + 2H2O + ADP+ + Pi
Given this equation: 3CO2 + 4NADH2 +FADH2 + 2ATP

Krebs Cycle

Image Credit: https://bio.libretetxs.org/bookshelves/introductory-and general biology-Krebs cycle

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 3. Electron transport chain the third part of the process also involves series of
enzyme-controlled reactions that transfer energy present in hydrogen electrons
to ATP. The energy carried by NADH and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. In the
mitochondrion are iron-containing enzymes called cytochrome. The energy-rich
electrons are transported from one cytochrome to the next and the energy is
used to pump hydrogen ions from one side of the membrane to the other. This
results in a higher concentration of hydrogen ions on one side; thus a proton
gradient builds up. As the hydrogen ions pass the channels, the ATP synthase
speeds up the formation of ATP molecules, a total of 32 molecules are formed
from the electrons. The hydrogen ions bond to oxygen to form water.

Given the equation:

6O2 + 8NADH + 4FADH2 + + 4FAD + 32ATP + 12H2O

Electron Transport Chain

Image Credit: https://chelseahariipersad.wordpress.com/tag/the-electron-transport-chain/

The resulting products of cellular respiration are:

Carbon dioxide produced from the breakdown of pyruvate form Krebs cycle
Water from the electron transport chain
A net gain of 38 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule (2 from glycolysis, 2
from Krebs cycle and 34 from electron transport chain).

Anaerobic Pathway is a glucose break down without oxygen, the chemical

reactions that transfer energy from glucose to the cell. The process involves glycolysis
and fermentation which allows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

1. Glycolysis the first step similar to aerobic pathway where the end product is
three- carbon pyruvate and 2ATP molecules. Glycolysis produces high energy
electron to convert NAD+ to NADH. In order for glycolysis to continue, NADH
must be converted back to NAD that is where the process of fermentation
occurs.

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 2. Fermentation enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of
oxygen. In bacteria many different organic molecules serve as the final
electron acceptor.

There are two pathways:

a. Lactic Acid Fermentation pyruvate which is the product of glycolysis is

change into lactic acid. Lactic acid is produced in muscles during rapid
exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues to
produce ATP. The build-up of lactic acid causes burning painful sensation
in your muscles. During vigorous exercise like running, swimming, your
muscles run out of oxygen that results to the accumulation of lactic acid
causing muscle sore.

b. Alcoholic fermentation another type of fermentation occurs in yeasts and

a few microorganisms. Pyruvic acid is broken down to produce carbon
dioxide and alcohol. Alcoholic fermentation is important to bakers and
brewers. The carbon dioxide produced by yeasts causes the dough to form
and form air spaces in our slice of bread. The carbon dioxide released
during fermentation is the result of bubbles and sparkling to beverages. To
brewers, alcohol is the byproduct of fermentation.

Look at the differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration below:

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Set of chemical reactions involved in
the production of energy by
completely oxidizing food
Occurs in both cytoplasm and
mitchondria
Occurs in higher animals and plants
Uses molecular oxygen as the final
electron acceptor in the electron
transport chain
Produces six water molecules per
glucose molecule
NAD+ regenaration occurs in the
electron transport chain
ATP is produced during NAD+
regenaration
Chemical breakdown of organic
substraters into ethanol or lactic acid
by microorganism in the presence of
oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Occurs in yeast, parasites and bacteria
Does not use oxygen but can use
nitrate ions, sulfate ions or carbon
dioxide
Does not produce water
NAD+ regenaration occurs during the
partial oxidation of pyruvate
ATP is not produced during NAD+
regenaration

Glucose is completely broken down Glucose is incompletely oxidized either

into carbon dioxide and oxygen into ethanol and lactic acid
36 ATP is produced 2 ATP is produced

Now, you are ready to answer the following activities.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 1. Label Me

Directions: Trace the location and sequence of the chemical events in cellular
respiration. You can review the discussion part to verify your answer. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Image Credit: http://freebiologyschool.blogspot.com/2012/11/bio-106-unit-3-cell-biology-test-part-4.html

Activity 2 Wonder Why

Directions: Fill in the table below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Types of Cellular
Metabolic Pathways Reactants Products
Respiration
Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

ETC

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 The next activity will help you find out what else you need to know about the
differences between aerobic and aerobic respiration.

Activity 3 Do you know me?

Directions: Identify the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Differences Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Result of chemical
reaction
Location in the cell
Type of organism occurs
Final electron acceptor
Molecules of water
produced
NAD+ regeneration
Production of ATP
Oxidation of glucose
Number of ATP produced

Activity 4. Think More

Directions: Briefly answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. How does cellular respiration related to breathing?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What will happen if cellular respiration does not occur properly inside the body?
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do all organisms need ATP?

__________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 5. Sum Up

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What are the 3 phases of cellular respiration process?

1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________

2. Where glycolysis occurs in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

3. Where Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle occur in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

4. Where electron transport occur in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

5. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?

_____________________________________________________________

6. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made?

_____________________________________________________________

7. In which phase of cellular respiration is oxygen a substrate?

_____________________________________________________________

8. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one
step of the process were missing or defective?
_____________________________________________________________