ID: f3fac04f

Bioluminescent beetles called fireflies may seem to create flashes of light randomly, but each species of firefly
actually has its own special series of repeated flashes and pauses. These unique ______ allow fireflies of the same
species to find each other.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. quantities
B. decorations
C. patterns
D. agreements

Question 1 / 28
 ID: 6d5ddea4
According to Potawatomi ecologist Robin Wall Kimmerer, the Indigenous method of harvesting Hierochloe odorata,
or sweetgrass, by snapping the plant off at the root actually ______ wild populations: it may seem counterintuitive,
she says, but this method of removal allows new sweetgrass plants to repopulate the space, with an overall increase
in number and vigor.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. selects
B. originates
C. conditions
D. replenishes

Question 2 / 28
 ID: 5a278f24
The work of molecular biophysicist Enrique M. De La Cruz is known for ______ traditional boundaries between
academic disciplines. The university laboratory that De La Cruz runs includes engineers, biologists, chemists, and
physicists, and the research the lab produces makes use of insights and techniques from all those fields.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. epitomizing
B. transcending
C. anticipating
D. reinforcing

Question 3 / 28
 ID: 76e4c51d
The güiro, a musical instrument traditionally made from a dried and hollowed gourd, is thought to have originated
with the Taíno people of Puerto Rico. Players use a wooden stick to scrape along ridges cut into the side of the
gourd, creating sounds that are highly ______: the sounds produced by güiros can differ based on the distance
between the ridges, the types of strokes the player uses, and the thickness of the gourd.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. overlooked
B. powerful
C. routine
D. variable

Question 4 / 28
 ID: faaf484f
Percent of Residents of City Areas in Favor of Adding More Bike Paths
City Area Percent of area’s residents in favor of adding more bike paths
North East 12%
North Central 26%
North West 46%
South West 88%
South Central 33%
A city’s Parks and Recreation department is interested in providing residents with more opportunities for bicycling in
their neighborhoods. They’re considering adding more bike paths and conducted a survey to understand where
demand for more bike paths is highest. The survey indicated the highest level of demand, with 88 percent of the
residents interested in adding more bike paths, is in the city’s ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. South West area.
B. South Central area.
C. North East area.
D. North Central area.

Question 5 / 28
 ID: 9c407117
A student performs an experiment testing her hypothesis that a slightly acidic soil environment is more beneficial for
the growth of the plant Brassica rapa parachinensis (a vegetable commonly known as choy sum) than a neutral soil
environment. She plants sixteen seeds of choy sum in a mixture of equal amounts of coffee grounds (which are
highly acidic) and potting soil and another sixteen seeds in potting soil without coffee grounds as the control for the
experiment. The two groups of seeds were exposed to the same growing conditions and monitored for three weeks.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s hypothesis?
A. The choy sum planted in the soil without coffee grounds were significantly taller at the end of the experiment
than the choy sum planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.
B. The choy sum grown in the soil without coffee grounds weighed significantly less at the end of the experiment
than the choy sum grown in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.
C. The choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee grounds sprouted significantly later in the experiment
than did the seeds planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.
D. Significantly fewer of the choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee grounds sprouted plants than did the
seeds planted in the mixture of soil and coffee grounds.

Question 6 / 28
 ID: 84136d69
Five of the Responses to Survey about Actions to Conserve Energy
Action Percentage of respondents selecting
Action category action (%)
Use efficient cars/hybrids efficiency 2.8
Change thermostat setting curtailment 6.3
Use bike or public transportation curtailment 12.9
instead of car
Use efficient light bulbs efficiency 3.6
Turn off lights curtailment 19.6
In a survey of public perceptions of energy use, researcher Shahzeen Attari and her team asked respondents to
name the most effective action ordinary people can take to conserve energy. The team categorized each action as
either an efficiency or a curtailment and found that respondents tended to name curtailments more often than they
did efficiencies. For example, 19.6% of respondents stated that the most effective way to conserve energy is to turn
off the lights, while only ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?
A. 6.3% of respondents said it was most effective to use efficient cars or hybrids.
B. 2.8% of respondents said it was most effective to change the thermostat setting.
C. 12.9% of respondents said it was most effective to use a bike or public transportation.
D. 3.6% of respondents said it was most effective to use efficient light bulbs.

Question 7 / 28
 ID: 014b3394
Average Number and Duration of Torpor Bouts and Arousal Episodes for
Alaska Marmots and Arctic Ground Squirrels, 2008–2011
Feature Alaska marmots Arctic ground squirrels
torpor bouts 12 10.5
duration per bout 13.81 days 16.77 days
arousal episodes 11 9.5
duration per episode 21.2 hours 14.2 hours
When hibernating, Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels enter a state called torpor, which minimizes the
energy their bodies need to function. Often a hibernating animal will temporarily come out of torpor (called an
arousal episode) and its metabolic rate will rise, burning more of the precious energy the animal needs to survive
the winter. Alaska marmots hibernate in groups and therefore burn less energy keeping warm during these episodes
than they would if they were alone. A researcher hypothesized that because Arctic ground squirrels hibernate alone,
they would likely exhibit longer bouts of torpor and shorter arousal episodes than Alaska marmots.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher’s hypothesis?
A. The Alaska marmots’ arousal episodes lasted for days, while the Arctic ground squirrels’ arousal episodes lasted
less than a day.
B. The Alaska marmots and the Arctic ground squirrels both maintained torpor for several consecutive days per
bout, on average.
C. The Alaska marmots had shorter torpor bouts and longer arousal episodes than the Arctic ground squirrels did.
D. The Alaska marmots had more torpor bouts than arousal episodes, but their arousal episodes were much shorter
than their torpor bouts.

Question 8 / 28
 ID: 145da981
Effect of Paywall Introduction on Newspaper Companies’ Revenues
Total revenue change ($ in Percentage change Newspaper
Newspaper thousands) (%) size
Los Angeles Times 93,966 12.5 large
The New York 235,788 20 large
Times
The Denver Post −3,765 −1 small
Sun Sentinel −24,899 −11.9 small
Chicago Tribune 94,492 19 large
Digital paywalls restrict access to online content to those with a paid subscription. In an investigation of the effect of
paywalls on newspaper company revenues for print and digital subscriptions and advertising, Doug J. Chung and
colleagues compared actual outcomes (with a paywall) to control estimates (without a paywall). The researchers
concluded that introducing a paywall is generally more beneficial for larger newspapers, which have high circulation
and tend to offer a substantial amount of unique online content.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Chung and colleagues’ conclusion?
A. The Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times had similar total revenue changes, but the Los Angeles Times
had a smaller percentage change.
B. The Los Angeles Times had a 12.5% revenue change, while the Chicago Tribune had a 19% revenue change.
C. The New York Times had a 20% revenue change, while the Denver Post had a −1% revenue change.
D. The Denver Post had only a −1% revenue change, which was the smallest percentage change of the selected
companies.

Question 9 / 28
 ID: 9f737b2a
In Death Valley National Park’s Racetrack Playa, a flat, dry lakebed, are 162 rocks—some weighing less than a pound
but others almost 700 pounds—that move periodically from place to place, seemingly of their own volition.
Racetrack-like trails in the ______ mysterious migration.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. playas sediment mark the rock’s
B. playa’s sediment mark the rocks
C. playa’s sediment mark the rocks’
D. playas’ sediment mark the rocks’

Question 10 / 28
 ID: c52652c9
The human brain is primed to recognize faces—so much so that, due to a perceptual tendency called pareidolia,
______ will even find faces in clouds, wooden doors, pieces of fruit, and other faceless inanimate objects.
Researcher Susan Magsamen has focused her work on better understanding this everyday phenomenon.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. she
B. they
C. it
D. those

Question 11 / 28
 ID: 188f7e3c
In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb
and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers,
______
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. the mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved by
bioswales.
B. the bioswales have mitigated both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways.
C. the bioswales’ mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been
achieved.
D. both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways have been mitigated by bioswales.

Question 12 / 28
 ID: 5e732e67
Many films from the early 1900s have been lost. These losses include several films by the first wave of Black women
filmmakers. We know about these lost movies only from small pieces of evidence. For example, an advertisement for
Jennie Louise Touissant Welcome’s documentary Doing Their Bit still exists. There’s a reference in a magazine to
Tressie Souders’s film A Woman’s Error. And Maria P. Williams’s The Flames of Wrath is mentioned in a letter and a
newspaper article, and one image from the movie was discovered in the 1990s.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The text identifies a complex problem, then presents examples of unsuccessful attempts to solve that problem.
B. The text summarizes a debate among researchers, then gives reasons for supporting one side in that debate.
C. The text describes a general situation, then illustrates that situation with specific examples.
D. The text discusses several notable individuals, then explains commonly overlooked differences between those
individuals.

Question 13 / 28
 ID: 14b7dced
The following text is from Walt Whitman’s 1860 poem “Calamus 24.”
I HEAR it is charged against me that I seek to destroy institutions;
But really I am neither for nor against institutions
(What indeed have I in common with them?—Or what with the destruction of them?),
Only I will establish in the Mannahatta [Manhattan] and in every city of These States, inland and seaboard,
And in the fields and woods, and above every keel [ship] little or large, that dents the water,
Without edifices, or rules, or trustees, or any argument,
The institution of the dear love of comrades.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The speaker questions an increasingly prevalent attitude, then summarizes his worldview.
B. The speaker regrets his isolation from others, then predicts a profound change in society.
C. The speaker concedes his personal shortcomings, then boasts of his many achievements.
D. The speaker addresses a criticism leveled against him, then announces a grand ambition of his.

Question 14 / 28
 ID: e4e2aeb3
Text 1
Like the work of Ralph Ellison before her, Toni Morrison’s novels feature scenes in which characters deliver sermons
of such length and verbal dexterity that for a time, the text exchanges the formal parameters of fiction for those of
oral literature. Given the many other echoes of Ellison in Morrison’s novels, both in structure and prose style, these
scenes suggest Ellison’s direct influence on Morrison.
Text 2
In their destabilizing effect on literary form, the sermons in Morrison’s works recall those in Ellison’s. Yet literature by
Black Americans abounds in moments where interpolated speech erodes the division between oral and written
forms that literature in English has traditionally observed. Morrison’s use of the sermon is attributable not only to the
influence of Ellison but also to a community-wide strategy of resistance to externally imposed literary conventions.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely characterize the underlined claim in Text 1?
A. As failing to consider Ellison’s and Morrison’s equivalent uses of the sermon within the wider cultural context in
which they wrote
B. As misunderstanding the function of sermons in novels by Black American writers other than Ellison and
Morrison
C. As disregarding points of structural and stylistic divergence between the works of Ellison and those of Morrison
D. As being indebted to the tradition of resisting literary conventions that privilege written forms, such as novels,
over sermons and other oral forms

Question 15 / 28
 ID: 95146ebb
The ice melted on a Norwegian mountain during a particularly warm summer in 2019, revealing a 1,700-year-old
sandal to a mountaineer looking for artifacts. The sandal would normally have degraded quickly, but it was instead
well preserved for centuries by the surrounding ice. According to archaeologist Espen Finstad and his team, the
sandal, like those worn by imperial Romans, wouldn’t have offered any protection from the cold in the mountains, so
some kind of insulation, like fabric or animal skin, would have needed to be worn on the feet with the sandal.
What does the text indicate about the discovery of the sandal?
A. Temperatures contributed to both protecting and revealing the sandal.
B. The discovery revealed that the Roman Empire had more influence on Norway than archaeologists previously
assumed.
C. Archaeologists would have found the sandal eventually without help from the general public.
D. The sandal would have degraded if it hadn’t been removed from the ice.

Question 16 / 28
 ID: 7921b86b
Oluwaseyi Moejoh cofounded U-recycle Initiative Africa when she was only a teenager. Moejoh and her team
founded the organization to teach young people how their actions affect the environment and why recycling is
important. For example, the organization put on an exhibit of art made using recycled materials.
According to the text, what is one reason Moejoh and others founded U-recycle Initiative Africa?
A. To bring attention to overlooked African artists
B. To teach young people why recycling is important
C. To help adults gain important outdoor skills
D. To give teenagers advice about starting businesses

Question 17 / 28
 ID: 6bc0e595
One aspect of in-person shopping that online shopping can’t replicate is the opportunity to touch a product before
buying it. Does this difference matter? In an experiment, researchers asked one group of participants to touch a
mug and a toy, while another group was prohibited from touching the two items. The participants were then asked
how much money they’d pay for the items. People who got to touch the items were willing to pay much more money
for them than were people who weren’t allowed to touch the items. This finding suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. people who mainly shop online probably spend more money every month than people who mainly shop in person
do.
B. in-person shopping may make products seem more valuable than they seem if only viewed online.
C. retailers with in-person and online stores should charge the same price for a given product in both places.
D. online retailers may be able to raise the prices they charge for products that are only available online.

Question 18 / 28
 ID: f9bd4e61
German theater practitioner Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) believed that theater should elicit an intellectual rather than
an emotional response from audiences, provoking them to consider social and political realities that extend beyond
the characters and events depicted onstage. Brecht’s influence can be seen in English playwright Caryl Churchill’s
1979 play Cloud 9: although the play sometimes invites empathetic reactions, it primarily works to engage
audiences in an interrogation of patriarchy and colonialism, which it does by placing audiences at a distance,
thereby encouraging them to ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. focus on the characters’ beliefs about social and political issues as revealed by the characters’ actions.
B. reflect on social and political phenomena not directly related to patriarchy and colonialism.
C. recognize pertinent social and political parallels between Germany during Brecht’s time and England at the time
when Churchill was writing Cloud 9.
D. be dispassionate as they think critically about the social and political questions raised by the play.

Question 19 / 28
 ID: b7571c0a
Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic visual experience than
computer-generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the “real thing” can be prohibitively expensive.
______ many filmmakers use a blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible and CGI elements
as necessary to control costs.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. For this reason,
C. Furthermore,
D. In other words,

Question 20 / 28
 ID: d54e16ee
Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one
buyer, the term “monopsony” can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. In a product monopsony,
the single buyer can force sellers to lower their prices. ______ in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to
accept lower wages.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Earlier,
B. Instead,
C. Similarly,
D. In particular,

Question 21 / 28
 ID: 47e238be
Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s more than 30
active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved—nearly 3,000 km—mark
Iceland’s volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma
found less than 15 km below the surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. indeed,
B. nevertheless,
C. in addition,
D. consequently,

Question 22 / 28
 ID: 70ced8dc
Typically, underlines, scribbles, and notes left in the margins by a former owner lower a book’s ______ when the
former owner is a famous poet like Walt Whitman, such markings, known as marginalia, can be a gold mine to
literary scholars.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. value, but
B. value
C. value,
D. value but

Question 23 / 28
 ID: 8a3998f1
After the United Kingdom began rolling out taxes equivalent to a few cents on single-use plastic grocery bags in
2011, plastic-bag consumption decreased by up to ninety ______ taxes are subject to what economists call the
“rebound effect”: as the change became normalized, plastic-bag use started to creep back up.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. percent, such
B. percent and such
C. percent. Such
D. percent such

Question 24 / 28
 ID: 96953201
In her two major series “Memory Test” and “Autobiography,” painter Howardena Pindell explored themes ______
healing, self-discovery, and memory by cutting and sewing back together pieces of canvas and inserting personal
artifacts, such as postcards, into some of the paintings.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. of
B. of,
C. of—
D. of:

Question 25 / 28
 ID: 3067723b
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
It is roughly 33 miles long.
The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
It is about 31 miles long.
The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles,
France, are longer than 30 miles.
B. The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.
C. The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.
D. Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are
examples of rail tunnels.

Question 26 / 28
 ID: e2d97f10
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara
Desert.
She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs.
She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few growth lines relative to the
bones of fully grown pterosaurs.
She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaur jawbones and was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juveniles
or adults.
B. Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert were the focus of a 2021 study.
C. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advanced microscope techniques to analyze the jawbones of pterosaurs,
flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
D. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determined that pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert had few
growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs and thus belonged to juveniles.

Question 27 / 28
 ID: bce57278
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias.
A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles.
One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by
providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry.”
The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the highest mental freedom.”
B. Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841, were based on a specific set of principles
intended to create a perfect society.
C. Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm was part of a trend in the 1800s, when
reformers in the United States built utopias.
D. Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created to “guarantee the highest mental freedom, by
providing all with labor... [and] the fruits of their industry,” according to founder George Ripley.

Question 28 / 28
 ID: e8c26398
To develop a method for measuring snow depth with laser beams, NASA physicist Yongxiang Hu relied on ______;
identifying broad similarities between two seemingly different phenomena, Hu used information about how ants
move inside colonies to calculate how the particles of light that make up laser beams travel through snow.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. a collaboration
B. an accessory
C. a contradiction
D. an analogy

Question 1 / 28
 ID: 7bc05fa2
Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Hugh Capet or Henry I was historically consequential or relatively
uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a
corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to ______ his right to hold the throne.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. disengage
B. annotate
C. buttress
D. reciprocate

Question 2 / 28
 ID: b92c13fa
According to statistician Nassim Nicholas Taleb, the best way to predict the amount of time a nonperishable entity
(such as a building or a technology) will continue to exist is to examine how long it has survived so far. In this view,
an item’s age is the strongest ______ how much longer it will last.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. uncertainty about
B. indicator of
C. motivation for
D. criticism of

Question 3 / 28
 ID: 849bf8d7
In the mid-nineteenth century, some abolitionist newspapers ______ westward migration in the United States; by
printing a letter that described the easy fortunes and high salaries miners could make in California during the Gold
Rush, Frederick Douglass’s newspaper North Star was one such publication that inspired readers to relocate.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. stimulated
B. assigned
C. opposed
D. disregarded

Question 4 / 28
 ID: 0f39b19c
After a spate of illnesses as a child, Wilma Rudolph was told she might never walk again. Defying all odds, Rudolph
didn’t just walk, she ______ the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, she won both the 100- and 200-meter dashes and
clinched first place for her team in the 4x100-meter relay, becoming the first US woman to win three gold medals in
a single Olympics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. ran—fast—during
B. ran—fast during
C. ran—fast, during
D. ran—fast. During

Question 5 / 28
 ID: 9091458d
Emperor penguins don’t waddle out of the ocean. They launch themselves at such a high speed that they travel up
to two meters before landing. How ______ A layer of microbubbles on their plumage reduces friction as the
penguins speed to the surface.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. they are able to move so fast!
B. are they able to move so fast.
C. they are able to move so fast.
D. are they able to move so fast?

Question 6 / 28
 ID: ac5536c1
Beatrix Potter is perhaps best known for writing and illustrating children’s books such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit
(1902), but she also dedicated herself to mycology, the study of ______ more than 350 paintings of the fungal
species she observed in nature and submitting her research on spore germination to the Linnean Society of London.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. fungi; producing
B. fungi. Producing
C. fungi producing
D. fungi, producing

Question 7 / 28
 ID: 5d453dcc
Voters’ Political Orientation, Level of
Political Information, and Probability
of Voting
100
Probability of voting (%)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Voters’ political orientation
(1 = strong Democrat/liberal;
4 = independent;
7 = strong Republican/conservative)

low information
high information

Economists Kerwin Kofi Charles and Melvin Stephens Jr. investigated a variety of factors that influence voter turnout
in the United States. Using survey data that revealed whether respondents voted in national elections and how
knowledgeable respondents are about politics, Charles and Stephens claim that the likelihood of voting is driven in
part by potential voters’ confidence in their assessments of candidates—essentially, the more informed voters are
about politics, the more confident they are at evaluating whether candidates share their views, and thus the more
likely they are to vote.
Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Charles and Stephens’s claim?
A. At each point on the political orientation scale, high-information voters were more likely than low-information
voters to vote.
B. Only low-information voters who identify as independents had a voting probability below 50%.
C. The closer that low-information voters are to the ends of the political orientation scale, the more likely they were
to vote.
D. High-information voters were more likely to identify as strong Democrats or strong Republicans than low-
information voters were.

Question 8 / 28
 ID: b32c4b3a
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a band of clouds that encircles Earth in the tropics and is a major
rainfall source, shifts position in response to temperature variations across Earth’s hemispheres. Data from Huagapo
Cave in Peru suggest the ITCZ shifted south during the Little Ice Age (circa 1300–1850), but a shift as far into South
America as Huagapo should have led to dry conditions in Central America, which is inconsistent with climate
models. To resolve the issue, geologist Yemane Asmerom and colleagues collected data from Yok Balum Cave in
Central America and compared them with the Huagapo data. They concluded that during the Little Ice Age, the ITCZ
may have expanded northward and southward rather than simply shifted.
Which finding from Asmerom and colleagues’ study, if true, would most directly support their conclusion?
A. Neither the Yok Balum data nor the Huagapo data show significant local variations in temperature during the
Little Ice Age.
B. Both the Yok Balum data and the Huagapo data show increased temperatures and prolonged dry conditions
during the Little Ice Age.
C. The Yok Balum data show prolonged dry conditions during the same portions of the Little Ice Age in which the
Huagapo data show heightened levels of rainfall.
D. The Yok Balum data and the Huagapo data show strongly correlated patterns of high rainfall during the Little Ice
Age.

Question 9 / 28
 ID: d102706f
Estimates of Tyrannosaurid Bite Force
Study Year Estimation method Approximate bite force (newtons)
Cost et al. 2019 muscular and skeletal modeling 35,000–63,000
Gignac and Erickson 2017 tooth-bone interaction analysis 8,000–34,000
Meers 2002 body-mass scaling 183,000–235,000
Bates and Falkingham 2012 muscular and skeletal modeling 35,000–57,000
The largest tyrannosaurids—the family of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes Tarbosaurus, Albertosaurus, and,
most famously, Tyrannosaurus rex—are thought to have had the strongest bites of any land animals in Earth’s
history. Determining the bite force of extinct animals can be difficult, however, and paleontologists Paul Barrett and
Emily Rayfield have suggested that an estimate of dinosaur bite force may be significantly influenced by the
methodology used in generating that estimate.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion?
A. The study by Meers used body-mass scaling and produced the lowest estimated maximum bite force, while the
study by Cost et al. used muscular and skeletal modeling and produced the highest estimated maximum.
B. In their study, Gignac and Erickson used tooth-bone interaction analysis to produce an estimated bite force
range with a minimum of 8,000 newtons and a maximum of 34,000 newtons.
C. The bite force estimates produced by Bates and Falkingham and by Cost et al. were similar to each other, while
the estimates produced by Meers and by Gignac and Erickson each differed substantially from any other
estimate.
D. The estimated maximum bite force produced by Cost et al. exceeded the estimated maximum produced by Bates
and Falkingham, even though both groups of researchers used the same method to generate their estimates.

Question 10 / 28
 ID: 2ef8e367
“To You” is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that he deeply understands the reader,
whom he addresses directly, writing, ______
Which quotation from “To You” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “Your true soul and body appear before me.”
B. “Whoever you are, now I place my hand upon you, that you be my poem.”
C. “I should have made my way straight to you long ago.”
D. “Whoever you are, I fear you are walking the walks of dreams.”

Question 11 / 28
 ID: af9e3240
Electra is a circa 420–410 BCE play by Sophocles, translated in 1870 by R.C. Jebb. Electra, who is in mourning for
her dead father and her long-absent brother, is aware of the intensity of her grief but believes it to be justified:
______
Which quotation from Electra most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “O thou pure sunlight, and thou air, earth’s canopy, how often have ye heard the strains of my lament, the wild
blows dealt against this bleeding breast, when dark night fails!”
B. “Send to me my brother; for I have no more the strength to bear up alone against the load of grief that weighs
me down.”
C. “I know my own passion, it escapes me not; but, seeing that the causes are so dire, will never curb these
frenzied plaints, while life is in me.”
D. “But never will I cease from dirge and sore lament, while I look on the trembling rays of the bright stars, or on this
light of day.”

Question 12 / 28
 ID: dd087f31
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a
young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university.
______ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities,
he soon returns to Nigeria.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Meanwhile,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Secondly,
D. In fact,

Question 13 / 28
 ID: 0c13dea9
The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their fishy smell but also protects them from crushing
hydrostatic pressure in deep waters. Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the bonds between water molecules in a
fish’s body. ______ these water molecules maintain their linked structure at extreme depths, thus preventing
pressure-related damage.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Nevertheless,
B. As a result,
C. However,
D. For instance,

Question 14 / 28
 ID: 4fde4454
One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of
those who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ______ the debate was ultimately considered a victory for the
telegenic young senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching
on the new medium of television.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Therefore,
C. Likewise,
D. Nevertheless,

Question 15 / 28
 ID: f1c9d2c1
Text 1
Stage lighting theorist Adolphe Appia was perhaps the first to argue that light must be considered alongside all the
various elements of a stage to create a single, unified performance. Researcher Kelly Bremner, however, has noted
that Appia lacked technical expertise in the use of light in the theater. As a result of Appia’s inexperience, Bremner
argues, Appia’s theory of light called for lighting practices that weren’t possible until after the advent of electricity
around 1881.
Text 2
Adolphe Appia was not an amateur in the practice of lighting. Instead, it is precisely his exposure to lighting
techniques at the time that contributed to his theory on the importance of light. When working as an apprentice for
a lighting specialist in his youth, Appia observed the use of portable lighting devices that could be operated by
hand. This experience developed his understanding of what was possible in the coordination of elements on the
stage.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about Appia’s level of technical
expertise made by Bremner in Text 1?
A. Many lighting technicians dismissed Appia’s ideas about light on the stage.
B. Appia likely gained a level of technical expertise during his time as an apprentice.
C. Theater practitioners who worked with Appia greatly admired his work.
D. Appia was unfamiliar with the use of music and sound in theater.

Question 16 / 28
 ID: 36944347
Official measurements of the Mississippi River’s length vary: according to the US Geologic Survey, the river is 2,300
miles long, whereas the Environmental Protection Agency records its length as 2,320 miles. This disparity can be
explained in part by the fact that rivers such as the Mississippi expand and contract as ______ sediment.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. they accumulate
B. one accumulates
C. it accumulates
D. we accumulate

Question 17 / 28
 ID: 898f182c
Richard Spikes was a prolific African American inventor known for his contributions to automotive engineering.
Between 1907 and 1946, he patented many inventions, ______ an automobile turn signal, a safety brake, and—most
famously—the first automatic gearshift.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. included
B. includes
C. including
D. will include

Question 18 / 28
 ID: 6e5bf3a8
Even though bats prefer very sweet nectar, the plants that attract them have evolved to produce nectar that is only
moderately sweet. A recent study ______ why: making sugar is energy-intensive, and it is more advantageous for
plants to make a large amount of low-sugar nectar than a small amount of high-sugar nectar.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. explains
B. explaining
C. having explained
D. to explain

Question 19 / 28
 ID: 87aa7bab
A common assumption among art historians is that the invention of photography in the mid-nineteenth century
displaced the painted portrait in the public consciousness. The diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature,
which coincided with the rise of photography, seems to support this claim. However, photography’s impact on the
portrait miniature may be overstated. Although records from art exhibitions in the Netherlands from 1820 to 1892
show a decrease in the number of both full-sized and miniature portraits submitted, this trend was established
before the invention of photography.
Based on the text, what can be concluded about the diminishing popularity of the portrait miniature in the
nineteenth century?
A. Factors other than the rise of photography may be more directly responsible for the portrait miniature’s decline.
B. Although portrait miniatures became less common than photographs, they were widely regarded as having more
artistic merit.
C. The popularity of the portrait miniature likely persisted for longer than art historians have assumed.
D. As demand for portrait miniatures decreased, portrait artists likely shifted their creative focus to photography.

Question 20 / 28
 ID: d73a908a
Believing that living in an impractical space can heighten awareness and even improve health, conceptual artists
Madeline Gins and Shusaku Arakawa designed an apartment building in Japan to be more fanciful than functional. A
kitchen counter is chest-high on one side and knee-high on the other; a ceiling has a door to nowhere. The effect is
disorienting but invigorating: after four years there, filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka reported significant health benefits.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Although inhabiting a home surrounded by fanciful features such as those designed by Gins and Arakawa can be
rejuvenating, it is unsustainable.
B. Designing disorienting spaces like those in the Gins and Arakawa building is the most effective way to create a
physically stimulating environment.
C. As a filmmaker, Yamaoka has long supported the designs of conceptual artists such as Gins and Arakawa.
D. Although impractical, the design of the apartment building by Gins and Arakawa may improve the well-being of
the building’s residents.

Question 21 / 28
 ID: 3ae2638c
In documents called judicial opinions, judges explain the reasoning behind their legal rulings, and in those
explanations they sometimes cite and discuss historical and contemporary philosophers. Legal scholar and
philosopher Anita L. Allen argues that while judges are naturally inclined to mention philosophers whose views align
with their own positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider and rebut potential objections; discussing
philosophers whose views conflict with judges’ views could therefore ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. allow judges to craft judicial opinions without needing to consult philosophical works.
B. help judges improve the arguments they put forward in their judicial opinions.
C. make judicial opinions more comprehensible to readers without legal or philosophical training.
D. bring judicial opinions in line with views that are broadly held among philosophers.

Question 22 / 28
 ID: 7a895def
Georgia Douglas Johnson wrote many plays in the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, professional theater companies
rarely put on plays by Black women, so few of Johnson’s plays made it to the stage. Only a small number of her
plays were published in her lifetime. But that doesn’t mean that Johnson never learned what other people thought of
her plays. Johnson hosted weekly get-togethers for fellow Black writers and artists in her Washington, D.C., home.
Attendees would read and discuss one another’s work, including Johnson’s own. These gatherings could therefore
serve as ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. an occasion for professional theater companies to put on plays.
B. an opportunity for Johnson to get feedback on her plays.
C. a way for Johnson to learn about plays that were produced in other cities.
D. subject matter for future plays by Johnson.

Question 23 / 28
 ID: 1782cdd7
In many agricultural environments, the banks of streams are kept forested to protect water quality, but it’s been
unclear what effects these forests may have on stream biodiversity. To investigate the issue, biologist Xingli Giam
and colleagues studied an Indonesian oil palm plantation, comparing the species richness of forested streams with
that of nonforested streams. Giam and colleagues found that species richness was significantly higher in forested
streams, a finding the researchers attribute to the role leaf litter plays in sheltering fish from predators and providing
food resources.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. It discusses research intended to settle a debate about how agricultural yields can be increased without negative
effects on water quality.
B. It explains the differences between stream-protection strategies used in oil palm plantations and stream-
protection strategies used in other kinds of agricultural environments.
C. It describes findings that challenge a previously held view about how fish that inhabit streams in agricultural
environments attempt to avoid predators.
D. It presents a study that addresses an unresolved question about the presence of forests along streams in
agricultural environments.

Question 24 / 28
 ID: 6d44060a
Works of moral philosophy, such as Plato’s Republic or Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, are partly concerned with
how to live a morally good life. But philosopher Jonathan Barnes argues that works that present a method of living
such a life without also supplying a motive are inherently useful only to those already wishing to be morally good—
those with no desire for moral goodness will not choose to follow their rules. However, some works of moral
philosophy attempt to describe what constitutes a morally good life while also proposing reasons for living one.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It provides a characterization about a field of thought by noting two works in it and then details a way in which
some works in that field are more comprehensive than others.
B. It mentions two renowned works and then claims that despite their popularity it is impossible for these works to
serve the purpose their authors intended.
C. It summarizes the history of a field of thought by discussing two works and then proposes a topic of further
research for specialists in that field.
D. It describes two influential works and then explains why one is more widely read than the other.

Question 25 / 28
 ID: 96a86bce
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors
in a photograph.
Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of
Angkor Wat’s plaster walls.
Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.
The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation stretch analysis to the
photographs.
B. Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan used to enhance the contrast
between colors in a photograph.
C. Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a
Cambodian temple.
D. Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of
images on its plaster walls.

Question 26 / 28
 ID: db3ad406
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.
The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.
B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.
C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.
D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.

Question 27 / 28
 ID: 973632d2
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands.
Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion
is related to changes in climate.
Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and
indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were
correlated.
Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if woodland
expansion is related to changes in climate.
B. Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may have played
a role in woodland expansion.
C. Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with dry
intervals.
D. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the
past, indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.

Question 28 / 28