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 ALIGNMENT GUIDE FOR

The Practice of Statistics for the

AP® Exam, SIXTH EDITION
Find a complete correlation to the current AP® Statistics Curriculum
Framework at www.highschool.bfwpub.com/tps6e
 for the AP® Exam

The
Practice of
Statistics
SIXTH
EDITIO
N

Daren S. Starnes
The Lawrenceville School

Josh Tabor
Canyon del Oro High School
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production of, and does not endorse, this product.
The Practice of Statistics for the AP® Exam
Sixth Edition

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Contents

About the Authors

Content Advisory Board and Supplements Team
Acknowledgments
To the Student
Overview: What Is Statistics?

1 Data Analysis
Introduction: Statistics: The Science and Art of Data
1.1 Analyzing Categorical Data
1.2 Displaying Quantitative Data with Graphs
1.3 Describing Quantitative Data with Numbers
CHAPTER 1 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 1 Review
Chapter 1 Review Exercises
Chapter 1 AP® Statistics Practice Test
Chapter 1 Project

2 Modeling Distributions of Data

Introduction
2.1 Describing Location in a Distribution
2.2 Density Curves and Normal Distributions
CHAPTER 2 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 2 Review
Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Chapter 2 AP® Statistics Practice Test

3 Describing Relationships
Introduction
3.1 Scatterplots and Correlation
3.2 Least-Squares Regression
CHAPTER 3 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 3 Review
Chapter 3 Review Exercises
Chapter 3 AP® Statistics Practice Test
Chapter 3 Project

4 Collecting Data
Introduction
4.1 Sampling and Surveys
4.2 Experiments
4.3 Using Studies Wisely
CHAPTER 4 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 4 Review
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
Chapter 4 AP® Statistics Practice Test
 Chapter 4 Project
CUMULATIVE AP® PRACTICE TEST 1

5 Probability: What Are the Chances?

Introduction
5.1 Randomness, Probability, and Simulation
5.2 Probability Rules
5.3 Conditional Probability and Independence
CHAPTER 5 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 5 Review
Chapter 5 Review Exercises
Chapter 5 AP® Statistics Practice Test

6 Random Variables
Introduction
6.1 Discrete and Continuous Random Variables
6.2 Transforming and Combining Random Variables
6.3 Binomial and Geometric Random Variables
CHAPTER 6 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 6 Review
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
Chapter 6 AP® Statistics Practice Test

7 Sampling Distributions
Introduction
7.1 What Is a Sampling Distribution?
7.2 Sample Proportions
7.3 Sample Means
CHAPTER 7 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 7 Review
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
Chapter 7 AP® Statistics Practice Test
CUMULATIVE AP® PRACTICE TEST 2

8 Estimating with Confidence

Introduction
8.1 Confidence Intervals: The Basics
8.2 Estimating a Population Proportion
8.3 Estimating a Population Mean
CHAPTER 8 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 8 Review
Chapter 8 Review Exercises
Chapter 8 AP® Statistics Practice Test

9 Testing a Claim
Introduction
9.1 Significance Tests: The Basics
9.2 Tests About a Population Proportion
9.3 Tests About a Population Mean
CHAPTER 9 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 9 Review
 Chapter 9 Review Exercises
Chapter 9 AP® Statistics Practice Test

10 Comparing Two Populations or Treatments

Introduction
10.1 Comparing Two Proportions
10.2 Comparing Two Means
10.3 Comparing Two Means: Paired Data
CHAPTER 10 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 10 Review
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
Chapter 10 AP® Statistics Practice Test
Chapter 10 Project
CUMULATIVE AP® PRACTICE TEST 3

11 Inference for Distributions of Categorical

Data
Introduction
11.1 Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit
11.2 Inference for Two-Way Tables
CHAPTER 11 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 11 Review
Chapter 11 Review Exercises
Chapter 11 AP® Statistics Practice Test

12 More About Regression

Introduction
12.1 Inference for Linear Regression
12.2 Transforming to Achieve Linearity
CHAPTER 12 WRAP-UP
Free Response AP® Problem, Yay!
Chapter 12 Review
Chapter 12 Review Exercises
Chapter 12 AP® Statistics Practice Test
FINAL PROJECT
CUMULATIVE AP® PRACTICE TEST 4
Notes and Data Sources
Solutions
Glossary/Glosario
Index
About the AP® Exam and AP® Exam Tips

Formulas for the AP® Exam

Tables
Table A Standard Normal probabilities
Table B t distribution critical values
Table C Chi-square distribution critical values
Table D Random digits
Inference Summary
Technology Corners Reference

Additional Online Chapters

13 Analysis of Variance
14 Multiple Linear Regression
15 Logistic Regression
 About the Authors

DAREN S. STARNES is Mathematics Department Chair and holds the

Robert S. and Christina Seix Dow Distinguished Master Teacher Chair in
Mathematics at The Lawrenceville School near Princeton, New Jersey.
He earned his MA in Mathematics from the University of Michigan and
his BS in Mathematics from the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte. Daren is also an alumnus of the North Carolina School of
Science and Mathematics. Daren has led numerous one-day and
weeklong AP® Statistics institutes for new and experienced teachers, and
he has been a Reader, Table Leader, and Question Leader for the AP®
Statistics exam since 1998. Daren is a frequent speaker at local, state,
regional, national, and international conferences. He has written articles
for The Mathematics Teacher and CHANCE magazine. From 2004 to
2009, Daren served on the ASA/NCTM Joint Committee on the
Curriculum in Statistics and Probability (which he chaired in 2009).
While on the committee, he edited the Guidelines for Assessment and
Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) pre-K–12 report and
coauthored (with Roxy Peck) Making Sense of Statistical Studies, a
capstone module in statistical thinking for high school students. Daren is
also coauthor of the popular on-level text Statistics and Probability with
Applications.

JOSH TABOR has enjoyed teaching on-level and AP® Statistics to high
school students for more than 22 years, most recently at his alma mater,
Canyon del Oro High School in Oro Valley, Arizona. He received a BS in
Mathematics from Biola University, in La Mirada, California. In
recognition of his outstanding work as an educator, Josh was named one
of the five finalists for Arizona Teacher of the Year in 2011. He is a past
member of the AP® Statistics Development Committee (2005–2009) and
has been a Reader, Table Leader, and Question Leader at the AP®
Statistics Reading since 1999. In 2013, Josh was named to the SAT®
Mathematics Development Committee. Each year, Josh leads one-week
AP® Summer Institutes and one-day College Board workshops around
the country and frequently speaks at local, national, and international
conferences. In addition to teaching and speaking, Josh has authored
articles in The American Statistician, The Mathematics Teacher, STATS
Magazine, and The Journal of Statistics Education. He is the author of
the Annotated Teacher’s Edition and Teacher’s Resource Materials for
The Practice of Statistics, Fourth Edition and Fifth Edition. Combining
his love of statistics and love of sports, Josh teamed with Christine
Franklin to write Statistical Reasoning in Sports, an innovative textbook
for on-level statistics courses. Josh is also coauthor of the popular on-
level text Statistics and Probability with Applications.
 Content Advisory Board and
Supplements Team

Ann Cannon, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA

Content Advisor, Accuracy Checker
Ann has served as Reader, Table Leader, Question Leader, and Assistant
Chief Reader for the AP® Statistics exam for the past 17 years. She is
also the 2017 recipient of the Mu Sigma Rho William D. Warde Statistics
Education Award for a lifetime devotion to the teaching of statistics. Ann
has taught introductory statistics at the college level for 25 years and is
very active in the Statistics Education Section of the American Statistical
Association, currently serving as secretary/treasurer. She is coauthor of
STAT2: Building Models for a World of Data (W. H. Freeman and
Company).

Luke Wilcox, East Kentwood High School, Kentwood, MI

Content Advisor, Teacher’s Edition, Teacher’s Resource Materials
Luke has been a math teacher for 15 years and is currently teaching Intro
Statistics and AP® Statistics. Luke recently received the Presidential
Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching and was
named Michigan Teacher of the Year 2016–2017. He facilitates
professional development for teachers in curriculum, instruction,
assessment, and strategies for motivating students. Lindsey Gallas and
Luke are the co-bloggers at TheStatsMedic (thestatsmedic.com), a site
dedicated to improving statistics education, which includes activities and
lessons for this textbook.

Erica Chauvet, Waynesburg University, PA

Solutions, Tests and Quizzes, Test Bank, Online Homework
Erica has more than 15 years of experience in teaching high school and
college statistics and has served as an AP® Statistics Reader for the past
10 years. Erica famously hosts the two most highly anticipated events at
the Reading: the Fun Run and the Closing Ceremonies. She has also
worked as a writer, consultant, and reviewer for statistics and calculus
textbooks for the past 10 years.

Doug Tyson, Central York High School, York, PA

Content Advisor, Videos and Video Program Manager, Lecture Slide
Presentations
Doug has taught mathematics and statistics to high school and
undergraduate students for more than 25 years. He has taught AP®
Statistics for 11 years and has been active as an AP® Reader and Table
Leader for a decade. Doug is the coauthor of a curriculum module for the
College Board and the Teacher’s Edition for Statistics and Probability
with Applications, Third Edition. He conducts student review sessions
around the country and leads workshops on teaching statistics. Doug also
serves on the NCTM/ASA Joint Committee on Curriculum in Statistics
and Probability.

Beth Benzing, Strath Haven High School, Wallingford/Swarthmore

School District, Wallingford, PA
Activity Videos
Beth has taught AP® Statistics since 2000 and has served as a Reader for
the AP® Statistics exam for the past 7 years. She served as president, and
is a current board member, of the regional affiliate for NCTM in the
Philadelphia area and has been a moderator for an online course,
Teaching Statistics with Fathom. Beth has an MA in Applied Statistics
from George Mason University.

Paul Buckley, Gonzaga College High School, Washington, DC

Videos, Online Homework
Paul has taught high school math for 24 years and AP® Statistics for 16
years. He has been an AP® Statistics Reader for 10 years and a Table
Leader for the past 4 years. Paul has presented at Conferences for AP®,
NCTM, NCEA (National Catholic Education Association), and JSEA
(Jesuit Secondary Education Association) and has served as a
representative for the American Statistical Association at the American
School Counselors Association annual conference.

James Bush, Waynesburg University, Waynesburg, PA

Test Bank, Videos
James has taught introductory and advanced courses in statistics for over
35 years. He is currently a Professor of Mathematics at Waynesburg
University and is the recipient of the Lucas Hathaway Teaching
Excellence Award. James serves as an AP® Table Leader, leads AP®
Statistics preparation workshops through the National Math and Science
Initiative, and has been a speaker at NCTM, USCOTS, and the Advance
Kentucky Fall Forum.

Monica DeBold, Harrison High School, Harrison, NY

Videos
Monica has taught for 10 years at both the high school and college
levels. She is experienced in probability and statistics, as well as AP®
Statistics and International Baccalaureate math courses. Monica has
served as a mentor teacher in her home district and, more recently, as an
AP® Statistics Reader.

Lindsey Gallas, East Kentwood High School, Kentwood, MI

Videos
Lindsey has recently begun teaching AP® Statistics after spending many
years teaching introductory statistics and algebra. Together with Luke
Wilcox, Lindsey has created thestatsmedic.com, a site about how to
teach high school statistics effectively—which includes daily lesson
planning for this textbook.

Vicki Greenberg, Atlanta Jewish Academy, Atlanta, GA

Videos
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE CONQUEST ACHIEVED.

July-August, 1521.

The Destroyers Advance—Fierce Fighting in the Plaza—Dismal Situation

of the Mexicans—The Work of Demolition—Movements of Alvarado—
The Emperor Refuses to Parley—Misery of the Aztecs Unbearable—
Horrible Massacre of Women and Children—The Tender-hearted
Cortés Mourns over his own Work—Capture of the Emperor—The
Conquest Completed—Banquets and Thanksgivings—Dispersion of the
Allies to their Homes—Reflections.

With a force of over one hundred and fifty thousand men the
Spaniards now advanced on the city, a large proportion destined
wholly to raze buildings, fill channels, and remove obstacles, while
the rest were to drive back the enemy and keep them at bay. At the
channel near the plaza the Mexicans detained the forces for an hour
with a peace proposal, in order to gain time for some operation, and
then suddenly they began to ply their missiles. Cortés was not slow
to accept the challenge, and led the attack with a recklessness that
caused his followers to remonstrate with him for exposing so
valuable a life. It had the effect, however, of so encouraging the
charging party that the channel with its intrenchments was quickly
captured. On reaching the plaza they found it covered with loose
stones, which prevented the horses from running. Several streets
leading to it were blocked with stone barricades. The main effort for
this day was directed toward opening the approach to the plaza,
which was to serve as the starting-point for subsequent movements.
The work was slow, owing to the massive character of the buildings
along the leading avenue, and in this imperial centre of the city; but
myriads swarmed thereat, and structure after structure was levelled,
opening wide access to the southern causeway.
The Mexicans made repeated efforts to stay such ruthless
destruction. But their onslaught was futile, for thundering cannon and
fiery chargers protected every point. “Burn and raze, you slaves,”
they shouted to the auxiliaries in their impotent fury; “you will have to
rebuild it all, either for us if we win, or for your present masters if they
conquer!” And so it happened. With dreary tasks did they pay for the
momentary triumph over their enemy. During the withdrawal of the
troops to camp in the evening the Mexicans were able to make a
forcible demonstration, more so than usual on these occasions, if we
may credit the native records. They pushed in front of their lines a
fine-looking Spanish cross-bowman, reserved from the late captives,
and sought to make him direct his arrows against his countrymen.
This he refused to do, always shooting too high, and finally the
enraged Aztecs cut him down. His presence naturally interfered with
the free operations of the soldiers, as the enemy had expected.
On the following days Cortés ascended the commanding temple
pyramid in the plaza, and thence directed more effectively the
operations for razing buildings and driving back the Mexicans, who
fought with desperation for every foot of ground, so much so that on
one day alone fell twenty thousand it is said. On one occasion a
corps of Tlascaltecs crossed a canal and were thrown into disorder
by the enemy. The Aztecs began to exult, and one of their number, a
muscular warrior with enormous bejewelled plumage, armed with a
Spanish sword and shield, shouted a challenge to any Spaniard.
Several were ready, among them Hernando de Osma, who had just
swum across the canal to sustain the wavering allies. Dripping wet
he rushed upon the warrior, but received a blow which cleft his
shield. Recovering himself, he dealt the Mexican a thrust from below
and stretched him dead, whereupon he snatched the sword and
plumage and sprang back in time to escape the pursuing friends of
the fallen man. He afterward offered the trophy to Cortés, who
accepted, but returned it at once with the remark that none was so
worthy thereof as he who had won it. The deed served also to
reanimate the Tlascaltecs, and they sustained their position.
Not long after, another powerful warrior, similarly plumed, came
forth brandishing a Spanish sword and announcing that he sought
the glory of either dying by the hand of a brave Spaniard or defeating
him. Cortés, who was present, told him that ten more men like
himself were needed to match one soldier. The warrior insisted.
“Very well,” said the general, “this beardless page of mine shall
despatch you, and demonstrate the mettle of our Castilian boys.”
Juan Nuñez de Mercado, as the youth was called, thereupon
stepped forward, and bravely as this Goliah fought, a few passes
from the skilled arm of the youngster soon sufficed to lay him low.
This feat served not alone to discourage duels with Spaniards, but
was regarded by many Mexicans as a bad omen.[1190]
Whatever may have been the reverses of the enemy, they
usually rallied in the evening to pursue the troops as they returned to
camp, the allies being always sent back first so as to leave the road
clear for the soldiers, covered by the cavalry. One day the pursuit
was not made for some reason, and a few horsemen ventured to
look into it, but only to be driven back with two animals badly
wounded. Cortés resolved to be avenged. He ordered Sandoval to
reënforce him so as to increase the number of horse to forty. Thirty
of these were posted early in the day in a hiding-place near the
plaza, and close by a hundred select soldiers and a corps of
Tlascaltecs. When the hour came to return to camp, the Mexicans,
as expected, fell upon the retreating lines in stronger force than ever,
encouraged by the achievement of the previous evening and by the
pretended timidity of the ten horsemen who covered the rear. When
the first columns of pursuers had well passed the hiding-place, the
signal was given, and with ringing Santiagos the parties in ambush
rushed upon the startled warriors. Finding their retreat cut off, the
severed section lost presence of mind, and permitted themselves to
be butchered like cattle. When the massacre was over, fully five
hundred of the flower of the Aztec armies covered the ground.[1191]
Never again were the Spaniards exposed to pursuit near or beyond
the plaza, or indeed to any such fierce charges, and the horses
became again an object of awe.[1192]
The captives were questioned regarding the condition of the city,
and from them a revelation was obtained showing that the majority of
the occupants were in favor of capitulation, but afraid to express their
views in face of the firmness of Quauhtemotzin and his party, who
were resolved to defend their city to the end. And there was still
enthusiasm among the Mexican people. Women and cripples could
be seen preparing and bringing war material for stronger arms to
use; they swept dust from the roofs into the faces of assailants, while
children threw tiny stones and lisped an echo of the curse that fell
from the lips of their parents. But all this manifest spirit was slowly
but surely subsiding, and deep and dismal woe was settling down
upon them.[1193] Alas for Mexico, pride of the grand plateau! Alas for
thine ancient grandeur! Blotted out forever must be thy culture,
crushed thy budding progress! The days of thy glory are ended; and
so are thy bloody ceremonies and sacrificial stones!
Long sieges had never suited the native ideas of warfare, and
experience could therefore teach little in the preparation for the
event. Vast supplies had been accumulated by the Mexicans, but a
large influx of fugitives from the lake towns had swelled the number
of non-combatants and had helped to diminish the food supply,
which had received but scanty additions, owing to the close watch of
the cruisers. Nor had any restrictions been placed on consumption,
since the provisions were chiefly in private hands. Now famine was
raging with rapidly increasing horrors, and jewels were offered by the
handful for an equal quantity of food.[1194] Excluded from such
competition, the poorer classes sought in holes and canals for snails,
lizards, and rats, skimmed the surface of the water for its
mucilaginous scum, or tore up the earth for roots and weeds, glad
even to chew the bark of trees, and anxiously waiting for the scanty
allowance of brackish water. Disease was marching hand-in-hand
with hunger, and weakened by their sufferings hundreds were left to
linger in torment till welcome death relieved them. The frequency of
these incidents made the people callous, and the sufferings even of
near friends were looked on with indifference by the gaunt and
hollow-eyed, who were themselves marked for death.
Regardless of the consequences, many crept at night close to
the Spanish camps in search of roots and refuse which could no
longer be found within their precincts. Advised of such movements, a
body of soldiers and allies was sent out before sunrise one day and
fell on a large number, slaughtering many of them before discovering
them to be starving women and children.[1195] It was necessary to
take increased measures even against these surreptitious attempts
to sustain the defence, and to keep in the useless population, though
there was little prospect of any important exodus, since the fear of
the savage and cannibal auxiliaries who surrounded the city made its
very pest-holes appear attractive places of refuge. The vessels were
particularly efficient for this purpose, the more so since the crews
had found a ready means to render the submerged stakes and
palisades of little hindrance.[1196] They were thus enabled to ravage
the suburbs, and to coöperate with the other forces by landing and
driving the inhabitants toward the narrow quarter in which they were
now confined. They had not always an easy task, however, for the
Mexicans were growing more reckless, and would sometimes
venture to meet even the ‘winged houses.’
On one occasion a portion of the fleet was closely beset in a
confined place, and the flag-ship happening to strand on some
timbers the crew became panic-stricken and sought to abandon her.
Martin Lopez, the builder, who was the chief pilot, at once turned
against the deserters, and being a large and powerful man he
pitched two into the water, beat and bruised half a dozen others, and
soon compelled their return to duty. He thereupon led them against
the enemy and drove them off, killing the leader, who was a
prominent officer. For this important service the brave Lopez was
rewarded with a captaincy.[1197]
Cortés made quite rapid advance in the work of demolition,
considering the immensity of it. The Tlacopan road had been
levelled, rendering communication easy with the camp of Alvarado,
and on the eve of Santiago’s day[1198] the greater part of the main
street to the market was gained. This thoroughfare bore afterward
the name of Guatemotzin,[1199] because this emperor’s palace was
here situated. Strongly fortified, its capture was not effected without
a severe struggle, wherein many a brave fellow met his fate. During
the fight Alderete’s horse became unmanageable from a thrust, and
rushed amid the enemy in mad fury, creating more disorder by his
pawing and biting than a squad of soldiers could have done.[1200]
Equally severe was the struggle on the following days in entering
and filling a street with a wide canal, adjoining the main road. At the
same time was taken a temple,[1201] wherein a number of impaled
bearded heads stared the horrified Spaniards in the face. Tears filled
the eyes of the beholders, and reverently the ghastly remains were
taken down to receive Christian rites.[1202]
 The progress of Cortés’ party in the direction of Tlatelulco
market, the objective point of all the movements, had impelled
Alvarado to almost superhuman efforts to gain before them a spot
lying much nearer to his camp. Once within, he hoped to keep his
ground, for it was large and level, twice the size of the market-place
in Salamanca, says Cortés, and capable of accommodating sixty
thousand persons. It was lined with porticos, wherein more
substantial traders had their shops, while the open square was
covered with booths, between which the Spaniards had so often
wandered to gaze on products of every variety, from field and forest,
from river and mountain, as well as from the workshop of artisan and
artist.[1203] Thus it was formerly; but now were to be displayed only
the worst phases of human selfishness, cunning, and brutality; blood
and corpses in lieu of fabrics and provisions; fierce war-cries and the
clash of arms in place of merry traffickings and the clink of coin. By
the day following Santiago’s day Alvarado had levelled a wide
approach, and now he resolved to direct his whole strength against
this plaza, leaving merely a portion of his auxiliaries to attend to
further razing operations. Before dawn the next morning he
advanced with all his force and took the Aztecs by surprise. He
effected an entrance with little trouble, and was able to meet in good
order the bands which came to retrieve their neglect by fierce
charges. They were led by the renowned orders of Tigers and
Eagles, conspicuous in their corresponding gear, and eager to
maintain the reputation which had gained for them their insignia.
Mayehuatzin, lord of Cuitlahuac, was also among the prominent
leaders, but the cavalry soon obliged him to turn in flight, and
enabled the infantry to capture a number of the shops which lined
the market, and begin to pillage. Much more determined proved the
division under the Tiger captain, Coyohuehuetzin, who fell back and
maintained himself on the Momuztli edifice.
 While the main portion of the Spanish forces thus fought at
different points in the plaza with varying advantage, Captain Gutierre
de Badajoz was ordered to capture the great temple which
overlooked the market. It was held by Temilotzin and Tlacatecatl,
who fiercely disputed his advance. Time and again were his men
driven back, or sent tumbling down the steps, bruised and bleeding,
many a one never to rise. But Badajoz persevered, and step by step
he climbed upward, sustained by reënforcements, till after two hours
of hard contest the summit was gained, first by Alférez Montaño.
Woe now to the defenders remaining! Not a Spaniard there but had
wounds to show, and not one who did not strive to exact blood for
blood. It was a repetition of the aerial combat of the year before on
the summit of the central temple. The Mexicans neither expected
mercy nor asked it; rather longed they to dedicate their last breath to
the gods, and gain by glorious death admission into the abode of the
blessed. By nine o’clock in the forenoon the two wooden towers
holding the altars and idols were gained, and the next moment
dense smoke columns rose to announce the victory of the
Spaniards.[1204] Loud rose the wail of the natives as they witnessed
the portentous result, and with the recklessness of despair they
renewed their onslaught, led by Axoquentzin and the Eagle captain,
Quachic. So severely pressed was Alvarado that he was obliged to
call down Badajoz and to concentrate his forces, abandoning the
several temples which surrounded the large pyramid. Encouraged by
this success the Mexicans pushed their advantage from all sides,
and unable to hold their position the Spaniards retired with
considerable loss, including three horses.[1205]
Nothing daunted, Alvarado repeated his entry on the following
day, and met with comparatively little opposition, the enemy being
evidently discouraged by the fall of the temple and the resolute
bearing of the Spaniards. He now passed through and came up to
Cortés’ party, by whom he was received with ringing and repeated
cheers. The latter had just captured the last canal and intrenchments
near the market-place, after a sharp struggle, and now the general
and his doughty lieutenant entered the market and ascended the
lofty pyramid, on which the royal banner waved a proud welcome,
while beside it the still impaled heads of white and dusky victims
recalled the bitter vengeance yet to be exacted. Surveying the city
beneath him on all sides, Cortés says: “It seemed undoubted that of
eight parts we had gained seven.” The late magnificent metropolis,
the finest and largest on all the northern continent, displayed now a
mass of ruins, through which the broad paths levelled by the
invaders led to the one corner which alone remained to the
besieged,[1206] wherein, amid famine, pest, and putrefying bodies,
they huddled in packed masses, sending forth from their midst the
groans of dying and loud lamentations, in an atmosphere so
pestiferous that the soldiers who entered the lately abandoned lanes
were almost stifled. People were found in different stages of hunger
and disease, meeting the soldiers with passive indifference in the
recklessness of despair. Beyond on the roofs stalked the warriors,
gaunt and yellow, like caged and starving beasts.
Cortés felt painfully oppressed on beholding so much misery,
and at once ordering a stay of hostilities he sent some captive chiefs
to Quauhtemotzin with peace proposals, showing the utter futility of
further resistance, which could involve only a needless infliction of
suffering and slaughter, and embitter against him and his the
besieging forces. He was prepared to forget all past animosity, and
respect the persons and property of the besieged, and his rights as
sovereign, and demanded in return only the renewal of allegiance
already offered in Montezuma’s time. Quauhtemotzin scarcely gave
the messengers time to speak, before he answered solemnly: “Tell
Malinche that I and mine elect to die. We will intrust ourselves
neither to the men who commit, nor to the God who permits, such
atrocities!”
 Struck by the lofty bearing of the doomed, and desirous of
securing the treasure which the besieged assured him would all be
cast into the water before his fingers should touch it, Cortés again
sent a proposal, formally attested by notary and witnesses, declaring
that the responsibility for the terrible consequences which must
follow the rejection of his offer would fall wholly on the besieged. But
all without avail. And when the priests came and declared the oracle,
“Appeased by sacrifice the gods have promised victory after three
days,” Quauhtemotzin made answer, his council being present: “It is
well. And since it is so, let us have a care of the provisions, and if
need be die fighting like men. Let no one henceforth speak of peace
under pain of death!”
Preparations were accordingly made to renew hostilities at the
designated time, on which occasion sacred relics were to be brought
into service from the paraphernalia of Huitzilopochtli, one a twisted
snake sceptre set with mosaic, called the Xiuhcoatl, which was said
to become alive when launched against the foe and terrify them to
flight; the other a war-dress of feathers tipped with an owl’s head of
fearful aspect, an ægis to scatter the enemy.[1207]
Cortés on his side was not impatient to break the truce, for he
knew that hunger and disease were efficiently fighting his battle, and
he was besides busy constructing in the market-place a catapult
which was to soon end his labors there whatever might be the further
decision of the Mexicans. The idea had been suggested by a soldier
named Sotelo, who boasted of military science acquired during the
Italian wars; and since powder was becoming scarce the necessary
carpenters were readily furnished to construct the machine.
“Behold!” cried the Tlascaltecs, pointing it out to the Mexicans,
“behold a monster mechanism which will quickly annihilate you!” But
on trial it proved a failure.
 Then messengers were again despatched to Quauhtemotzin to
talk of peace, and were told that they should have an answer soon.
Next day the Spanish sentinels observed a great commotion among
the Mexicans and a gathering of armed masses. They gave due
notice of this, but before the troops were fully prepared the enemy
came rushing from their retreats with a suddenness that threw the
first opposing lines in disorder, a number being wounded and several
killed, at least among the auxiliaries.[1208] The troops quickly rallied,
however, under cover of the artillery, and Cortés resolved to inflict
chastisement. Alvarado was ordered to attack a large ward
containing over a thousand buildings, while the remaining forces
should turn against the main quarter. Incited by the presence of the
mystic owl and the sacred snake-bearer, the Mexicans fought with
an indifference to fate that turned the war into a butchery. When the
survivors were driven back it was ascertained that over twelve
thousand Mexicans had been killed or captured.
The promised victory had proved a disastrous defeat, and even
the most hopeful Mexican sank into the depths of despair. This
feeling was greatly fostered by a strange occurrence about this time,
which the native records describe as a fiery whirlwind, resolving into
flames and sparks. It rose with great noise in the north, after sunset,
revolved over the doomed quarter and disappeared in the lake,
leaving the natives overwhelmed with apprehensions.[1209]
Their eyes were fully opened to the situation. And in pondering
on the dreadful past and present, the dreadful future became dim,
even its terrors growing every day fainter. They had been passive
under the pain of wounds and under hardships indescribable; but
when at last frenzied mothers and fathers seized upon their own
offspring to still the pangs of hunger over which sane minds no
longer had control; when others began furtively to look about for less
closely allied beings whereon to feed, then indeed a stranger and
more terrible fear came over them.[1210]
When Cortés returned with full force on the following day to
renew the fight, crowds of miserable beings came forth, repulsive in
their emaciated and haggard appearance, careless of their lives yet
clamoring for mercy and for bread. Moved by the appeal, he ordered
them not to be injured, and proceeded to answer certain chiefs who
had summoned him to a parley. “Son of heaven!” they cried, “within
one brief day and night the tireless orb returns. Why dost not thou
also finish thy task as quickly? Kill us, so that we may no longer
suffer, but enter paradise and join the happy throng already sent
thither!”[1211] He told them that in their hands was the remedy. They
had but to cease their insane opposition, and their suffering would
cease, for he would give them food and respect their persons and
property. No satisfactory answer was returned. They were evidently
afraid to speak of peace, though eager for it. Cortés felt convinced
that the emperor and a few leading nobles were the only persons
holding back, and willing to spare the people he again resolved on
an appeal.
A distinguished captive was prevailed on to carry this message
in order to give it more weight,[1212] and to use his influence with the
emperor. On appearing before Quauhtemotzin the noble began to
speak of the kind treatment he had received from the Spaniards.
Praise of this nature hardly accorded with the mood of the ruler or
with the views he wished to impart, and no sooner did the envoy
allude to peace than he was ordered away with an imperious sign to
the stone of sacrifice.[1213] Any fate for ruler and people was better
than to fall into the hands of Christian civilization. At the same time
the warriors faintly threw themselves against the Spaniards with
shouts of “Death or liberty!” The attack cost the besiegers a horse,
and several men were wounded, but the charge was easily repelled,
and was followed up by further slaughter. That night the allies
encamped within the city.
The following day Cortés again approached some nobles at an
intrenchment and asked, “Why remains the emperor so stubborn?
Why will he not come and speak with me, and stay the useless
slaughter of his subjects?” Bound by superstitious loyalty to their
ruler, weepingly they replied, “We know not; we will speak with him;
we can but die!” Presently they returned to say that Quauhtemotzin
would present himself in the market-place on the following noon.
Delighted, Cortés ordered a dais to be prepared on the raised
masonry platform recently used for the catapult, together with choice
viands. At the appointed hour the Spanish general appeared in state,
with the soldiers drawn up in line, ready to do honor to the
distinguished guest. After waiting impatiently for some time, they saw
five personages approach, who proved to be the bearers of excuses.
Quauhtemotzin could not come, but desired to learn the wishes of
Malinche.[1214]
Concealing his chagrin, Cortés caused the nobles to be
entertained, and then he sent them to their master with assurance of
good treatment; they soon returned with presents, and said the
emperor would not come. Again they were sent, and again their
efforts were unavailing. The truth is, Cortés desired with the monarch
to secure his treasure; else he would not long have stayed his
bloody hand. On the other hand, though Quauhtemotzin’s conduct
might be attributed to selfish obstinacy, he well knew that even for
his people death was to be scarcely more feared than capture; now
they might at once enter paradise, but the foreigners sought them
but to enslave.
The following day the five nobles again kept Cortés waiting with
a promise that the emperor would meet him. The hour having
passed without his appearance, the allies, who had been kept in the
background during the negotiations, were called forward and the
order was given for assault, Sandoval directing the fleet along the
shore and up the canals to the rear. “Since they will not have peace,
they shall have war!” cried Cortés. Then the carnage became fearful.
Spaniards and auxiliaries alike, two hundred thousand strong and
more, so it was said, abandoned themselves to the butchery, while
Satan smiled approval. In helpless despair, like cooped beasts in the
shambles, they received the death-blow as a deliverance.[1215] I will
not paint the sickening details so often told of chasms filled, and
narrow streets blockaded high with the dead bodies of the
unoffending, while down upon the living settled desolation. It must
indeed have been appalling when he who had brought to pass such
horrors writes: “Such was the cry and weeping of children and
women that not one amongst us but was moved to the heart.” Then
he attempts to throw upon the allies the blame of it. “Never,” he says,
“was such cruelty seen, beyond all bounds of nature, as among
these natives.” Already, before this massacre of forty thousand[1216]
the streets and houses were filled with human putridity, so that now
the Spaniards were forced to burn that quarter of the city to save
themselves from infection.
Another morrow engenders fresh horrors. The three heavy guns
are brought forward to assist in dislodging the besieged. Fearful lest
the emperor escape him in canoes, Cortés directs Sandoval to place
vessels on the watch for fugitives, particularly at the basin of
Tlatelulco,[1217] into which it is proposed to drive the besieged, there
to catch the king and nobles with their gold and jewels. Of a truth
Cortés does not wish to kill the miserable remnant of this so lately
proud race—particularly if thereby he loses the encaged treasure. So
he again appeals to them, and the Cihuacoatl,[1218] chief adviser of
the emperor, appears and is treated with great courtesy. After a time
he takes his departure, then for the first time declaring that
Quauhtemotzin will on no account present himself. “Return then,”
exclaims Cortés in ill-suppressed anger, “and prepare for death,
invoked, not by high and holy purpose, but by obstinate
timidity!”[1219]
Five hours are thus gained by the wily monarch for the escape of
the women and children, who pour out in swarms, the fainting
supported by the feeble, all emaciated and haggard, and many
marked by wounds or disease. Seeing which the allies pounce upon
them, all stricken and defenceless as they are, and murder them, to
the number of fifteen thousand. And the same number perish in the
fall of broken bridges, in the choked canals, and from the tread of
their fellow fugitives. How glorious is war! How noble the vocation!
How truly great the hero of such hellish deeds! Blush, oh sun! for
making such to-morrows; for lending thy light to human intelligence
by which to do such diabolical wickedness!
Observing no signs of surrender, Cortés opened fire with his
cannon and gave the signal of attack. Another massacre followed,
the Mexicans displaying the same apathy and sullen indifference to
death as on other late occasions. At some points, however, large
bodies surrendered, and the remaining Mexican quarters were fast
falling into the conqueror’s hands Sandoval on his side was closely
guarding the water front and preparing to coöperate. Entering the
harbor basin with a portion of the fleet, he bore down on the canoes
with a crash, upsetting the greater number, filled chiefly with nobles
and their families, of whom a large portion perished. The canoes
which escaped scattered in different directions, into canals and
corners, most of them however turning toward a nook of the basin
with the brigantines in hot pursuit. At this moment a few boats of
larger build emerged from a retreat at the other end and paddled
rapidly toward the open lake.
Warned by his commander to watch closely for the emperor,
Sandoval had not failed to observe the movement, and he
immediately directed García de Holguin, captain of the fastest
vessel, to overhaul the fugitives, who might be persons of note.
Aided both by sails and oars, Holguin speedily gained on them, and
they began to scatter in different directions, evidently with a view to
confuse him; but a captive on board indicated one as most likely to
contain the emperor.[1220] On approaching it the archers levelled
their cross-bows, whereupon a sign of surrender was made, with the
pleading cry that Quauhtemotzin was there. As the overjoyed
Holguin stepped down to secure his captives, among whom were the
young empress, the king of Tlacopan, and other prominent
personages,[1221] the monarch bade him respect his consort and his
retinue. As for himself, he was at his disposal.
Conducted by his captor, he passed along the streets to the
presence of the conqueror, the object of ten thousand eyes, for
rumor had preceded him. Men rested from the slaughter to gaze at
him. In the distance was heard the din of battle, but along the
captive’s path there fell a hush. His was a striking figure. The grave,
careworn face betokened suffering. He wore a dingy blood-stained
robe, and the pallor which overspread a naturally fair face was yet
more heightened by the feverish brilliancy of the eyes, now bent
dejectedly on the ground, now looking straight before him. He
walked with a firm step, and young as he was, the majestic dignity of
the prince and leader impressed every beholder. “He was quite a
gentleman,” graciously affirms Bernal Diaz. Cortés had stationed
himself on the roof of a high building in the Amaxac ward,[1222]
thence to direct operations, and now he caused a dais to be
prepared, and a table with refreshments. When the emperor
approached the guard drew up in line, and the general advanced
with benign dignity and led him to a seat by his side. “Malinche,” said
the captive, “I have done all within my power for the defence of my
people, but the gods have not favored me. My empire is gone, my
city is destroyed, and my vassals are dead. For what have I to live?
Rid me therefore of worthless existence.”[1223] Saying this, with his
hand he touched a dagger in the belt of Cortés. The general sought
to reassure him, declaring that none could resist the Christian’s God.
He had performed his duty bravely, like a good prince, and should be
treated as such.
Although the great end was thus accomplished, slaughter and
pillage were continued until long after vespers. Before the troops
withdrew to their respective camps, the prisoners, including the
pretty empress, Tecuichpo, were conducted to safe quarters in
Coyuhuacan. Shortly afterward a rain set in, aiding the efforts of the
Spaniards to check the auxiliaries in their maraudings, and this,
developing toward midnight into a furious storm with lightning and
thunder, seemed to the homeless Mexicans to be the xiuhcoatl of
Huitzilopochtli and the tumult of departing deities. To the conquerors
this flashing and thundering of heaven’s artillery was the salvo
attending victory, which was celebrated in feasting and merriment till
came late slumber with visions of gold, and lands, and vassals.
Thus ended Tuesday, the 13th of August 1521, sacred to St
Hippolytus, and accordingly adopted by the conquerors as patron
saint of the city. During colonial régime the day was annually
celebrated by a solemn festival, wherein the leading citizens and
officials rode on horseback in procession round the city, headed by
the viceroy and the alférez mayor bearing a banner commemorative
of the conquest.[1224] For seventy-five days consecutively, says
Cortés,[1225] the siege had been wreathing its coils midst almost
hourly scenes of bloodshed, wherein nearly one thousand Spaniards
and two hundred times that number of allies had taken part, one
hundred or thereabout of the former falling, and many thousands
among the latter.[1226]
As for the Mexicans, most of the early authorities assert that fully
one hundred thousand perished, besides those who died from pest
and famine.[1227] At the order of their sovereign, after the
proclamation of peace, the miserable remnant began to evacuate
their pest-holes, and to seek the fields adjacent, now lustrous green
under refreshing rains. Ah! it was pitiful, life to them now, this world a
great charnel-house filled with the bones of their loved ones, and
their hearts dead though still bleeding. What were their sins more
than those of others, that they should be so stricken, that they should
be so ground to the dust while the conquerors flushed with victory
were exulting before God because he had so ordered and
accomplished? They had sacrificed human beings on the altars of
their gods, sixty thousand in one year, some said. But what were
these butcheries of the Spaniards but human sacrifices, of more than
six times sixty thousand in one year! Behold them as they file along
the causeway, the very sun striking black and stifling on their famine-
stricken forms and agonized faces. On them, then, ye conquerors!
Complete your work; for in its swift continuance is their earliest rest!
[1228]

The 14th of August the troops entered the surrendered quarters

to review their work and its results. “I swear,” writes Bernal Diaz,
“that the lake and houses and abodes were so full of bodies and
heads of dead men that I am unable to convey an idea thereof; for in
the streets and courts of Tlatelulco there were no other things, and
we could walk only amidst dead bodies.”[1229] Many became sick
from the stench, and Cortés ordered fires to be lighted to purify the
air. Natives were sent to bring forth the dead, and with them went
Spaniards seeking for gold, silver, precious stones, and plumage,
leaving textile fabrics and other less valued effects to the allies; but
the quantity known to have been obtained fell far below their
extravagant expectations, and in their disappointment the soldiers
searched the persons of fugitives, looking into their very mouths for
hidden gold, says a native record. Bernal Diaz complains that the
brigantine crews had already plundered the wealthiest persons, who
were in the canoes, and had sacked the treasure-houses while the
others were fighting. They in their turn affirmed that the Mexicans
had cast their treasures into the lake. The mysterious depths harbor
many secrets, and beneath the waters, round the famed city of the
Aztecs, tradition still places glittering deposits of untold extent.
Three or four days after the fall, Cortés passed over to
Coyuhuacan with the greater part of his forces, there more formally
to celebrate the end of the siege in banqueting and thanksgiving. A
feature of the performance was a solemn procession by all the
soldiers, bareheaded, with banners, raising their voices in praise to
God, who had given them the victory, and who was so soon to be
worshipped from gulf to southern sea.[1230]
The services of the allies being at present no longer needed,
Cortés assembled them to speak farewell. He dwelt in flattering
terms on their brave and effective deeds. He promised they should
be duly represented to his majesty, who would reward them with
singular privileges. To the chiefs were then given shields, robes, and
other articles, with promises of more lands and vassals. Then they
went their way, happy in their slaves and spoils, happy in the thought
of humbled foe, happy in the promises of the Spaniards; they did not
know, poor simpletons, that all along the days and nights of this
terrible siege, with sword and lance on Aztec breast, they had been
forging their own fetters, which they and their children long must
wear.[1231]
The conquest of Mexico was less a subjugation by Spanish
soldiers than their skilful manœuvring of New World forces against
one another. Had Anáhuac been united it would have succumbed
less readily, perhaps never. As it was, while the native nations were
slaying each other, fighting out their ancient feuds, the astute
Spaniards laid their all-possessing hand upon the country.
 Nor was any apology on their part needed before Christendom.
Mankind to this day have not become so humane and just as not to
find excuse for any wrong within the realms of strength and
inclination. What then could be expected of an age and nation
wherein it was not uncommon to cloak crime under the fair garb of
religion. Hitherto came the Spaniards to murder and to rob: to rob
and murder in the name of charity and sweet heaven. No excuses
were necessary, however convenient to that end came the appeals
of the Cempoalans groaning under terrible oppression at the hand of
a race delighting in blood and extortion; a race which within two
centuries had risen from a degrading servitude largely by means of
intrigue and treachery; a race stamped with ignoble characteristics
born of serfdom, and eager to retaliate on others for their past
humiliation, yet energetic, enterprising, and advancing with rapid
strides along the pathway of indigenous culture. Ambitious to rule,
they sent their armies to bring province after province under the
yoke. Rapacious collectors followed to press the substance out of
the people, for the appetite of themselves and their masters.
Confiscation, enslavement, and desolation marched in the train, and
the fairest hopes of the land were dragged away in bondage, and to
bleed on the stone of sacrifice.
To all these appalling evils the Totonacs, among others, were
exposed, when soldiers appeared on their shores bearing aloft the
symbol of charity, of deliverance. The crushed family appealed to
them, also the writhing slaves, for from the altars of hideous idols
rose the dying shrieks of youths and maidens. But a short time
before knights of different orders swarmed over Europe, the
professed champions of the oppressed; and the spirit of the
crusaders still lingered in Spain, in form if nothing more; and what
Christian soldier could unheedingly view such outrages!
Montezuma and his people were inhuman monsters, and
Grotius, Montesquieu, and others who should know, say that war in