Workshop on Reactive power Compensation at

CPRI, Bangalore
Reactive Power
M
Management t and
d control
t l
w.r.t voltage parameter
f Power
for P Quality
Q lit
By
A. K. Das
Dy. General Manager
BHEL
TRANSMISSION PROJECTS DIVISION

TRANSMISSION PROJECTS DIVISION, BHEL, NEW DELHI

 REACTIVE POWER
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
‰ Why Reactive power Management?
ƒGenerated in the Power System due to Inductive &
capacitive nature of loads
ƒBye product on account of used power
ƒAccounting for more than 40% of MVA capacity
depending on the nature of loads
ƒDecreases the effective kVA or MVA capacity of installed
equipment
ƒ Increases the current in the circuit which in turn
increases power loss, voltage drop in transmission lines
ƒRestricts the power transfer capacity due to increased
conductor temperature and decreased terminal voltages
 REACTIVE POWER
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
‰ How to control Reactive Power?
ƒ Proper planning and load-flow analysis of the Grid
ascertain the location and size of Reactive power
compensation equipment
ƒ After installing the compensation equipment
throughout the Grid load-flow analysis is redone to
visualize the improvement in power flow, node
voltages, power-factor, network losses etc.
ƒ Fine tuningg of compensation
p equipment
q p can reduce
technical losses in the Grid to great extent
ƒ Properly designed compensation equipment also
improves power quality
quality.
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
‰ Quality of Power
ƒ Now a days due to complex load characteristics
characteristics,
supply power gets polluted and results in poor
quality power supply
ƒFollowing power quality parameters needs to be
monitored in the grid:
ƒ Power factor
ƒ Voltage Harmonic distortions
Steady state Voltage variation
ƒSteady
ƒ Voltage unbalance
g fluctuation
ƒ Voltage
ƒ Voltage flicker
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL

R
Reactive
ti Power
P reqd.
d for
f 100% compensation
ti off p.ff
Load p.f. % of rated MVA
1 0
0.8 60
0.6 80
04
0.4 92
0 100
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
‰ Generator’s P, Q Curves
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL

Voltage
V lt distortion
di t ti limits
li it as per IEEE 519
Bus voltage at PCC IHD(%) THD(%)
<69 kV 3.0
3 0 5.0
5 0
69 to 161 kV 1.5 2.5
>161 kV 1.0 1.5
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
‰ Impact
p of Reactive Power on Voltage g
Per unit voltage change or swing is equal to the ratio of
the reactive power swing to the short circuit level of the
AC system.
y
ΔV/V = ΔQload/Ssc
System load line V

Gradient = -E/Ssc E ΔV

Qload
E = Source voltage
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
‰ Voltage variation
A variation of the rr.m.s
m s value of the supply voltage
between two adjacent levels each of which is sustained for
definite but unspecified times.
‰ Voltage Unbalance
It is regarded as any differences in the three phase voltage
magnitudes and/or shift in the phase angles
Ex- Single phase traction load produces such voltage
unbalance. Phase voltages need to be balanced.
‰ Voltage fluctuation
A series of voltage changes or a cyclic variation of the
voltage envelope.
‰ Voltage flicker
Voltage fluctuation causing fluctuating luminance is called
voltage flicker. Human eye is sensitive to 0.2 to 25 Hz signal.
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL

0.1 sec

U10

Fig-1 Sinusoidal voltage fluctuation of 10 Hz frequency

 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
‰ Classification of voltage fluctuation
In reference to IEC 555
555-3,
3 voltage fluctuations
are classified as below:
• Type a) voltage fluctuations
It is composed of a periodic series of regular
rectangular voltage change.

Compliance for appliances producing Type a) is

verified by direct use of the limit curve shown in
fig.-4a. (the co-ordinates defining the curve
shown in fig.-4a given in Table-II enclosed).
Ex- Welding machine, Drilling machine, Press shop,
Rolling mill load etc. produces this type of voltage
fluctuation. This should be contained within limit.
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
• Type b) Voltage fluctuations
It is composed of a series of step changes of voltage
which are irregular in time. Also their magnitudes may be
equal or not and in either the negative or positive direction.

•Type c) Voltage fluctuations

It is composed of a series of voltage changes which may
or may not include some step changes.

• Type
ype d) Voltage
o tage fluctuations
uctuat o s
It is composed of random or continuous voltage
fluctuations.
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
Most equipment causes step voltage changes or ramp
voltage changes or simple combinations of these two
t
types off voltage
lt change.
h Compliance
C li ffor appliances
li
producing such voltage fluctuation cause a short term
flicker severity Pst ≤ 0.5. Enclosed Fig-4 gives limit for the
size and time between step voltage changes such that all
points on or below curve have a short term severity value,
Pst ≤ 0.5.
Ramp voltage changes are less noticeable in terms of
flicker than step voltage changes of the same size.
Enclosed Fig.-5 provides a simple means of converting the
time between ramp voltage changes into the equivalent
time between step voltage changes of the same size.

Ex- Arc furnace load pproduces such voltage

g
fluctuations. This should be contained within limit.
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
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‰ Limits for Pst absolute max. value

• 132 kV and below 1.0
• Above 132kV 0.8
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
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 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
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‰ Limits for Pst absolute max. value

• 132 kV and below 1.0
• Above 132kV 0.8
 REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL

‰ Limits for Pst absolute max. value

• 132 kV and below 1.0
• Above 132kV 0.8
REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL

0.8