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 Contents
List of Animations xvi
Preface xvii
A Note to the Student xxii

Introduction 1
CHAPTER
T R
TE 1 1.1
1.2
The Study of Chemistry 2
The Scientific Method 2
1.3 Classifications of Matter 4
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 7
1.5 Measurement 8
1.6 Handling Numbers 13
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems 18

Key Equations 22
Summary of Facts and Concepts 22
Key Words 23
Questions and Problems 23

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 29

CHAPTER
T R
TE 2 2.1
2.2
The Atomic Theory 30
The Structure of the Atom 31
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes 36
2.4 The Periodic Table 38
2.5 Molecules and Ions 39
2.6 Chemical Formulas 41
2.7 Naming Compounds 45
2.8 Introduction to Organic Compounds 52

Summary of Facts and Concepts 54

Key Words 54
Questions and Problems 54

vii
viii Contents

Stoichiometry 60
CHAPTER
TER 3 3.1
3.2
Atomic Mass 61
Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass
of an Element 62
3.3 Molecular Mass 66
3.4 The Mass Spectrometer 68
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 70
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 72
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 75
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products 79
3.9 Limiting Reagents 83
3.10 Reaction Yield 86

Key Equations 88
Summary of Facts and Concepts 88
Key Words 88
Questions and Problems 88

Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions 97
CHAPTER
TE
ER 4 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 98
4.2 Precipitation Reactions 100
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 105
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 110
4.5 Concentration of Solutions 119
4.6 Solution Stoichiometry 123

Key Equations 129

Summary of Facts and Concepts 129
Key Words 129
Questions and Problems 130

Gases 137
CHAPTER
TER 5 5.1
5.2
Substances That Exist as Gases 138
Pressure of a Gas 139
5.3 The Gas Laws 142
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 147
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 153
 Contents ix

5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 158

5.7 Deviation from Ideal Behavior 165

Key Equations 167

Summary of Facts and Concepts 168
Key Words 169
Questions and Problems 169

Energy Relationships
in Chemical Reactions 178
CHAPTER
TER 6 6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types
of Energy 179
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 180
6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics 181
6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions 187
6.5 Calorimetry 193
6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation
and Reaction 198

Key Equations 204

Summary of Facts and Concepts 204
Key Words 204
Questions and Problems 205

The Electronic Structure

of Atoms 213
CHAPTER
TER
R 7
7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 214
7.2 The Photoelectric Effect 218
7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 220
7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron 224
7.5 Quantum Mechanics 227
7.6 Quantum Numbers 228
7.7 Atomic Orbitals 230
7.8 Electron Configuration 234
7.9 The Building-Up Principle 241

Key Equations 244

Summary of Facts and Concepts 245
Key Words 245
Questions and Problems 246
x Contents

The Periodic Table 253

CHAPTER
TER 8 8.1
8.2
Development of the Periodic Table 254
Periodic Classification of the Elements 255
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 258
8.4 Ionization Energy 264
8.5 Electron Affinity 268
8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties
of the Representative Elements 269

Key Equation 280

Summary of Facts and Concepts 280
Key Words 281
Questions and Problems 281

Chemical Bonding I:
The Covalent Bond 287
CHAPTER
TER 9
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 288
9.2 The Ionic Bond 289
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 291
9.4 The Covalent Bond 293
9.5 Electronegativity 295
9.6 Writing Lewis Structures 299
9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure 302
9.8 The Concept of Resonance 305
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 307
9.10 Bond Enthalpy 312

Key Equation 316

Summary of Facts and Concepts 316
Key Words 316
Questions and Problems 317

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular

Geometry and Hybridization
CHAPTER
T ER 10 of Atomic Orbitals 323
10.1 Molecular Geometry 324
10.2 Dipole Moments 334
10.3 Valence Bond Theory 337
 Contents xi

10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 339

10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double
and Triple Bonds 348
10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 351
Key Equations 359
Summary of Facts and Concepts 359
Key Words 360
Questions and Problems 360

Introduction to Organic
Chemistry 366
CHAPTER
TER
TE R 11
11.1 Classes of Organic Compounds 367
11.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 367
11.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 382
11.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups 385
11.5 Chirality—The Handedness of Molecules 392

Summary of Facts and Concepts 396

Key Words 396
Questions and Problems 396

Intermolecular Forces and Liquids

and Solids 402
CHAPTER
TER
R 12
12.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids 403
12.2 Intermolecular Forces 404
12.3 Properties of Liquids 410
12.4 Crystal Structure 413
12.5 Bonding in Solids 419
12.6 Phase Changes 423
12.7 Phase Diagrams 430

Key Equations 431

Summary of Facts and Concepts 431
Key Words 432
Questions and Problems 432
xii Contents

Physical Properties of Solutions 439

CHAPTER
TER 13 13.1
13.2
Types of Solutions 440
A Molecular View of the Solution Process 440
13.3 Concentration Units 443
13.4 Effect of Temperature on Solubility 446
13.5 Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases 448
13.6 Colligative Properties 450

Key Equations 461

Summary of Facts and Concepts 461
Key Words 462
Questions and Problems 462

Chemical Kinetics 469

CHAPTER
TER 14 14.1 The Rate of a Reaction 470
14.2 The Rate Laws 474
14.3 Relation Between Reactant Concentrations
and Time 478
14.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence
of Rate Constants 487
14.5 Reaction Mechanisms 492
14.6 Catalysis 496
Key Equations 502
Summary of Facts and Concepts 502
Key Words 503
Questions and Problems 503

Chemical Equilibrium 513

CHAPTER
TER 15 15.1
15.2
The Concept of Equilibrium 514
Ways of Expressing Equilibrium Constants 517
15.3 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us? 524
15.4 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 529

Key Equations 536

Summary of Facts and Concepts 537
Key Words 537
Questions and Problems 537
 Contents xiii

Acids and Bases 547

CHAPTER
TER 16 16.1
16.2
Brønsted Acids and Bases 548
The Acid-Base Properties of Water 549
16.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity 551
16.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 554
16.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 558
16.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 569
16.7 The Relationship Between Conjugate Acid-Base
Ionization Constants 572
16.8 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 573
16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 576
16.10 Acidic, Basic, and Amphoteric Oxides 581
16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases 583

Key Equations 585

Summary of Facts and Concepts 586
Key Words 586
Questions and Problems 586

Acid-Base Equilibria and

Solubility Equilibria 593
CHAPTER
T ER 17
17.1 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous
Solution Equilibria 594
17.2 Buffer Solutions 594
17.3 A Closer Look at Acid-Base Titrations 600
17.4 Acid-Base Indicators 606
17.5 Solubility Equilibria 609
17.6 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 616
17.7 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility 617
17.8 Application of the Solubility Product Principle
to Qualitative Analysis 620

Key Equations 623

Summary of Facts and Concepts 623
Key Words 624
Questions and Problems 624
xiv Contents

Thermodynamics 631
CHAPTER
TER 18 18.1
18.2
The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 632
Spontaneous Processes 632
18.3 Entropy 633
18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 638
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy 644
18.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 650
18.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 654

Key Equations 656

Summary of Facts and Concepts 656
Key Words 656
Questions and Problems 656

Redox Reactions and

Electrochemistry 664
CHAPTER
TER 19
19.1 Redox Reactions 665
19.2 Galvanic Cells 668
19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 670
19.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions 676
19.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 679
19.6 Batteries 683
19.7 Corrosion 687
19.8 Electrolysis 690
19.9 Electrometallurgy 695

Key Equations 696

Summary of Facts and Concepts 697
Key Words 697
Questions and Problems 697

The Chemistry of Coordination

Compounds 706
CHAPTER
TER
R 20
20.1 Properties of the Transition Metals 707
20.2 Coordination Compounds 710
20.3 Geometry of Coordination Compounds 715
20.4 Bonding in Coordination Compounds:
Crystal Field Theory 717
20.5 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 723
20.6 Coordination Compounds in Living Systems 724
 Contents xv

Key Equation 725

Summary of Facts and Concepts 725
Key Words 726
Questions and Problems 726

Nuclear Chemistry 730

CHAPTER
TER 21 21.1
21.2
The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 731
Nuclear Stability 733
21.3 Natural Radioactivity 738
21.4 Nuclear Transmutation 742
21.5 Nuclear Fission 744
21.6 Nuclear Fusion 749
21.7 Uses of Isotopes 752
21.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 754

Key Equations 756

Summary of Facts and Concepts 756
Key Words 756
Questions and Problems 756

Organic Polymers—Synthetic
and Natural 762
CHAPTER
TER
TE 22
22.1 Properties of Polymers 763
22.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 763
22.3 Proteins 767
22.4 Nucleic Acids 775

Summary of Facts and Concepts 777

Key Words 778
Questions and Problems 778

Appendix 1 Units for the Gas Constant A-1

Appendix 2 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm
and 25°C A-2
Appendix 3 Mathematical Operations A-7
Appendix 4 Derivation of the Names
of Elements A-9

Glossary G-1
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems AP-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
List of Animations
The animations below are correlated to General Precipitation reactions (4.2)
Chemistry. Within the chapters are icons letting Preparing a solution by dilution (4.5)
the student and instructor know that an animation is avail- Radioactive decay (21.3)
able for a specific topic and where to find the animation for Resonance (9.8)
viewing on our Chang General Chemistry companion and Sigma and pi bonds (10.5)
Connect websites. Strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes,
and nonelectrolytes (4.1)
Chang Animations VSEPR (10.1)

Absorption of color (20.4)

Acid-base titrations (17.3)
McGraw-Hill Animations
Acid ionization (16.5) Atomic line spectra (7.3)
Activation energy (14.4) Charles’s law (5.3)
Alpha, beta, and gamma rays (2.2) Cubic unit cells and their origins (12.4)
Alpha-particle scattering (2.2) Dissociation of strong and weak acids (16.5)
Atomic and ionic radius (8.3) Dissolving table salt (4.1)
Base ionization (16.6) Electronegativity (9.3)
Buffer solutions (17.2) Equilibrium (15.1)
Catalysis (14.6) Exothermic and endothermic reactions (6.2)
Cathode ray tube (2.2) Formal charge calculations (9.5)
Chemical equilibrium (15.1) Formation of an ionic compound (9.3)
Chirality (11.5) Formation of the covalent bond in H2 (10.4)
Collecting a gas over water (5.5) Half-life (14.3)
Diffusion of gases (5.6) Influence of shape on polarity (10.2)
Dissolution of an ionic and a covalent compound (13.2) Law of conservation of mass (2.1)
Electron configurations (7.8) Molecular shape and orbital hybridization (10.4)
Emission spectra (7.3) Nuclear medicine (21.7)
Equilibrium vapor pressure (12.6) Operation of voltaic cell (19.2)
Galvanic cells (19.2) Oxidation-reduction reaction (4.4 & 19.1)
The gas laws (5.3) Phase diagrams and the states of matter (12.7)
Heat flow (6.2) Reaction rate and the nature of collisions (14.4)
Hybridization (10.4) Three states of matter (1.3)
Hydration (4.1) Using a buffer (17.2)
Ionic vs. covalent bonding (9.4) VSEPR theory and the shapes of molecules (10.1)
Le Châtelier’s principle (15.4)
Limiting reagent (3.9) Simulations
Making a solution (4.5)
Millikan oil drop (2.2) Stoichiometry (Chapter 3)
Nuclear fission (21.5) Ideal gas law (Chapter 5)
Neutralization reactions (4.3) Kinetics (Chapter 14)
Orientation of collision (14.4) Equilibrium (Chapter 15)
Osmosis (13.6) Titration (Chapter 17)
Oxidation-reduction reactions (4.4) Electrochemistry (Chapter 19)
Packing spheres (12.4) Nuclear fission (Chapter 21)
Polarity of molecules (10.2)

xvi

T
he seventh edition of General Chemistry: The Es-
sential Concepts continues the tradition of present-
ing the material that is essential to a one-year general
chemistry course. It includes all the core topics that are nec-
essary for a solid foundation in general chemistry without
sacrificing depth, clarity, or rigor. The positive feedback
from users over the years shows that there continues to be a
strong need for a concise but thorough text containing all of
the core concepts necessary for a solid foundation in general
chemistry. General Chemistry covers the essential topics in
the same depth and at the same level as much longer texts.
The reduction in length in this text is achieved in large part
by omitting chapters dedicated to descriptive chemistry and
boxed essays describing specific applications of chemistry;
however, many meaningful and relevant examples of de-
scriptive and applied chemistry are included in the core
chapters in the form of end-of-chapter problems.
What’s New in This Edition?
Kenneth Goldsby, Florida State University, has joined
Raymond Chang as an author on the seventh edition of
General Chemistry. Ken’s background in inorganic chem-
istry has added insight into content and problems, and his
extensive work with undergraduate students, both in the
classroom and in the laboratory, reinforces Raymond’s
long tradition of understanding and respecting the student’s
view of the material as well as that of the instructor’s.
Preface
Many new End-of-Chapter Problems have been
added to this edition of General Chemistry, with an em-
phasis on interpreting graphs and solving problems based
on visual information. End-of-chapter problems are orga-
nized in various ways. Each section under a topic heading
begins with Review Questions followed by Problems.
The Additional Problems section provides more prob-
lems not organized by section.
Many of the examples and end-of-chapter problems
present extra tidbits of knowledge and enable the student to
solve a chemical problem that a chemist would solve. In
particular, numerous problems are based on descriptive and
applied chemistry that would be found in boxed essays and
the later chapters of a longer text; see Problems 1.72, 4.115,
6.108, 8.108, 11.73, 13.105, and 19.127. These examples
and problems show students the real world of chemistry and
applications to everyday life situations.
New is the creation and versatility of our Connect
Chemistry system. McGraw-Hill has initiated a rigorous
process to ensure high-quality electronic homework.
Through careful observation of real students and active
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McGraw-Hill is offering students and instructors an
enhanced digital homework experience using Connect
xvii
 xviii Preface
Chemistry. Each problem within Connect Chemistry
carries the text problem-solving methodology and is tai-
lored with specific hints, as well as answer-specific feed-
back for common incorrect answers. Each question has
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In addition to the specific hints and feedback pro-
vided for all questions, many questions allow students a
d Page 100 01/05/12 6:18 PM user-f462
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that can be assessed di-
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molecules, reactions, and pathways. This collaboration of
Connect and ChemDraw features an easy-to-use, intui-
tive, and comprehensive course management and home-
work system with professional-grade drawing capabilities.
New Review of Concepts have been added to many
chapters. Review of Concepts are quick conceptual ex-
ercises spread throughout the chapters to enable the stu-
dent to gauge his or her understanding of the concept just
presented. The answers to the Review of Concepts are
available in the Problem-Solving Workbook and on the
companion website in Connect.
Review of Concepts
The diagrams show three compounds (a) AB2, (b) AC2, and (c) AD2 dissolved in
water. Which is the strongest electrolyte and which is the weakest? (For simplicity,
water molecules are not shown.)
(a) (b)
The entire text has been revised to improve clarity
and readability, hallmark characteristics of General
Chemistry. New and substantial revisions to chapters
and sections include
• Chapter 3—summary of solving stoichiometry prob-
lems based on the mole method.
• Chapter 4—new Example 4.4 on writing molecular,
ionic, and net-ionic equations addressing common
misconceptions for diprotic and triprotic acids.
• Chapter 9—Example 9.11 provides insight into
drawing Lewis structures for compounds containing
elements in the third period and beyond, and ad-
dresses the controversies in drawing these structures.
• Chapter 19—discussion of the increasingly impor-
tant lithium-ion battery has been updated, including
a new figure highlighting the role of graphene in
these systems.
• Chapter 21—up-to-date information on the nuclear
power plant accident in Fukushima, Japan, and its
implications for the nuclear power industry.
Visualization
Graphs and Flow Charts are important in science. In
General Chemistry, flow charts illustrate a conceptual
thought process or an approach to solving a problem. A
significant number of Problems and Review of Concepts,
many new to this edition, include graphical data; for ex-
ample, see the Review of Concepts on page 215 and Prob-
lems 4.118, 5.120, 13.113, 17.73, and 21.77.
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Worked Examples, along with the accompanying Prac-
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Preface xix
widely considered the “gold standard” of scientific draw-
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xx Preface
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Animations are available on the Web through the
General Chemistry, Seventh Edition, companion website
or through Connect. The animations are also formatted
for digital devices.
Problem-Solving Workbook with Selected Solutions
is a valuable resource containing material to help the stu-
dent practice problem-solving skills. It also contains the
detailed solutions and explanations for the even-numbered
problems for each chapter.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following reviewers and sym-
posium participants, whose comments were of great help
to us in preparing this revision:
Thomas Anderson Francis Marion University
Bryan Breyfogle Missouri State University
Preface xxi
Phillip Davis University of Tennessee at Martin
Milton Johnson University of South Florida
Jason C. Jones Francis Marion University
Myung-Hoon Kim Georgia Perimeter College
Lyle V. McAfee The Citadel
Candice McCloskey Georgia Perimeter College
Dennis McMinn Gonzaga University
Robbie Montgomery University of Tennessee at Martin
LeRoy Peterson, Jr. Francis Marion University
James D. Satterlee Washington State University
Kristofoland Varazo Francis Marion University
Lisa Zuraw The Citadel
The following individuals helped write and review learning-
goal-oriented content for LearnSmart for General
Chemistry: Peter de Lisjer, California State University,
Fullerton; Mark Freilich, The University of Memphis;
Adam I. Keller, Columbus State Community College; and
Erin Whitteck.
We have benefited much from discussions with our
colleagues at Williams College and Florida State, and from
correspondence with many instructors here and abroad.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the support given to
us by the following members of McGraw-Hill’s College
Division: Tammy Ben, Marty Lange, Ryan Blankenship,
Jeff Huettman, and Kurt Strand. In particular, we would
like to mention Sandy Wille for supervising the produc-
tion, David Hash for the book design, John Leland for
photo research, and Tami Hodge, the marketing manager,
for her suggestions and encouragement. We also thank
our executive brand manager, David Spurgeon, and man-
aging director, Thomas Timp, for their advice and assis-
tance. Finally, our special thanks go to Shirley
Oberbroeckling, the developmental editor, for her care
and enthusiasm for the project, and supervision at every
stage of the writing of this edition.
—Raymond Chang and Ken Goldsby
A Note to the Student
G
eneral chemistry is commonly perceived to be
more difficult than most other subjects. There is
some justification for this perception. For one
thing, chemistry has a very specialized vocabulary. At
first, studying chemistry is like learning a new language.
Furthermore, some of the concepts are abstract. Never-
theless, with diligence you can complete this course suc-
cessfully, and you might even enjoy it. Here are some
suggestions to help you form good study habits and mas-
ter the material in this text.
• Attend classes regularly and take careful notes.
• If possible, always review the topics discussed in
class the same day they are covered in class. Use this
book to supplement your notes.
• Think critically. Ask yourself if you really under-
stand the meaning of a term or the use of an equation.
A good way to test your understanding is to explain
a concept to a classmate or some other person.
• Do not hesitate to ask your instructor or your teaching
assistant for help.
The seventh edition tools for General Chemistry are de-
signed to enable you to do well in your general chemistry
course. The following guide explains how to take full
advantage of the text, technology, and other tools.
• Before delving into the chapter, read the chapter out-
line and the chapter introduction to get a sense of the
important topics. Use the outline to organize your
note taking in class.
• At the end of each chapter you will find a summary
of facts and concepts, the key equations, and a list
of key words, all of which will help you review for
exams.
xxii
• Definitions of the key words can be studied in context
on the pages cited in the end-of-chapter list or in the
glossary at the back of the book.
• Connect Chemistry houses an extraordinary amount of
resources. Go to www.mhhe.com/chang and click on
the appropriate cover to explore animations, download
content to your Media Player, and do your homework
electronically and more.
• Careful study of the worked-out examples in the
body of each chapter will improve your ability to
analyze problems and correctly carry out the calcu-
lations needed to solve them. Also take the time to
work through the practice exercise that follows
each example to be sure you understand how to
solve the type of problem illustrated in the example.
The answers to the practice exercises appear at the
end of the chapter, following the homework prob-
lems. For additional practice, you can turn to simi-
lar homework problems referred to in the margin
next to the example.
• The questions and problems at the end of the chapter
are organized by section.
• The back inside cover shows a list of important figures
and tables with page references. This index makes it
convenient to quickly look up information when you
are solving problems or studying related subjects in
different chapters.
If you follow these suggestions and stay up-to-date with
your assignments, you should find that chemistry is chal-
lenging, but less difficult and much more interesting than
you expected.
—Raymond Chang and Ken Goldsby
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Chapter Outline

1.1 The Study of Chemistry 2

How to Study Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method 2
1.3 Classifications of Matter 4
Substances and Mixtures • Elements and Compounds
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 7
1.5 Measurement 8
SI Units • Mass and Weight • Volume • Density •
Temperature Scales
1.6 Handling Numbers 13
Scientific Notation • Significant Figures • Accuracy and Precision
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems 18
A Note on Problem Solving

By applying electric fields to push DNA molecules through pores

created in graphene, scientists have developed a technique that
someday can be used for fast sequencing the four chemical
bases according to their unique electrical properties.

Essential Concepts

The Study of Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the properties
of matter and the changes it undergoes. Elements and compounds
are substances that take part in chemical transformation.
Physical and Chemical Properties To characterize a substance,
we need to know its physical properties, which can be observed
without changing its identity, and chemical properties, which can
be demonstrated only by chemical changes.
Measurements and Units Chemistry is a quantitative science and
requires measurements. The measured quantities (for example, mass,
volume, density, and temperature) usually have units associated with
them. The units used in chemistry are based on the international
system (SI) of units.
Handling Numbers Scientific notation is used to express large
and small numbers, and each number in a measurement must
indicate the meaningful digits, called significant figures.
Doing Chemical Calculations A simple and effective way to
perform chemical calculations is dimensional analysis. In this
procedure, an equation is set up in such a way that all the units
cancel except the ones for the final answer.

1
2 Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry

Whether or not this is your first course in chemistry, you undoubtedly have some
preconceived ideas about the nature of this science and about what chemists do. Most
likely, you think chemistry is practiced in a laboratory by someone in a white coat
who studies things in test tubes. This description is fine, up to a point. Chemistry is
largely an experimental science, and a great deal of knowledge comes from laboratory
research. In addition, however, today’s chemists may use a computer to study the
microscopic structure and chemical properties of substances or employ sophisticated
electronic equipment to analyze pollutants from auto emissions or toxic substances in
the soil. Many frontiers in biology and medicine are currently being explored at the
level of atoms and molecules—the structural units on which the study of chemistry
is based. Chemists participate in the development of new drugs and in agricultural
research. What’s more, they are seeking solutions to the problem of environmental
pollution along with replacements for energy sources. And most industries, whatever
their products, have a basis in chemistry. For example, chemists developed the poly-
mers (very large molecules) that manufacturers use to make a wide variety of goods,
including clothing, cooking utensils, artificial organs, and toys. Indeed, because of its
diverse applications, chemistry is often called the “central science.”

How to Study Chemistry

Compared with other subjects, chemistry is commonly perceived to be more difficult,
at least at the introductory level. There is some justification for this perception. For
one thing, chemistry has a very specialized vocabulary. At first, studying chemistry is
like learning a new language. Furthermore, some of the concepts are abstract. Never-
theless, with diligence you can complete this course successfully—and perhaps even
pleasurably. Listed here are some suggestions to help you form good study habits and
master the material:
• Attend classes regularly and take careful notes.
• If possible, always review the topics you learned in class the same day the topics
are covered in class. Use this book to supplement your notes.
• Think critically. Ask yourself if you really understand the meaning of a term or
the use of an equation. A good way to test your understanding is for you to
explain a concept to a classmate or some other person.
• Do not hesitate to ask your instructor or your teaching assistant for help.
You will find that chemistry is much more than numbers, formulas, and abstract
theories. It is a logical discipline brimming with interesting ideas and applications.

1.2 The Scientific Method

All sciences, including the social sciences, employ variations of what is called the
scientific method—a systematic approach to research. For example, a psychologist
who wants to know how noise affects people’s ability to learn chemistry and a chem-
ist interested in measuring the heat given off when hydrogen gas burns in air follow
roughly the same procedure in carrying out their investigations. The first step is care-
fully defining the problem. The next step includes performing experiments, making
careful observations, and recording information, or data, about the system—the part
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of London in the
Jacobite times, Volume II
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
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included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
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laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: London in the Jacobite times, Volume II

Author: Dr. Doran

Release date: November 6, 2023 [eBook #72050]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1877

Credits: Carol Brown, Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON IN

THE JACOBITE TIMES, VOLUME II ***
 LONDON

IN

THE JACOBITE TIMES

VOL. II.
 LONDON: PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET
 LONDON
IN

THE JACOBITE TIMES

BY

Dᴿ DORAN, F.S.A.

AUTHOR OF ‘TABLE TRAITS’ ‘QUEENS OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER’

‘THEIR MAJESTIES’ SERVANTS’ ETC.

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II.
 LONDON
RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET
Publishers in Ordinary to Her Majesty the Queen
1877

All rights reserved.

 CONTENTS
OF

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.
(1724-’25-’26-’27.)
PAGE
Loyal and Disloyal Printers—Sacheverel—His Death—A
new Toast—Bolingbroke—Bolingbroke’s Adversaries
—In the Lords’ House—Denunciations against him—
An Epigram—Fresh Intrigues—Political Writers—
Wharton, Boasting—Prince William, Duke of
Cumberland—In Kensington Gardens—Seaforth’s
Pardon—Robert Macgregor Campbell—Rob Roy’s
Letter to Wade—Rob Roy in Newgate—Rob Roy in
London—A Note of Alarm—Patriotic Jacobites—
Voltaire—The New Reign—Coronation—Prince
Frederick 1

CHAPTER II.
(1728 to 1732.)
Mist’s Journal—Lockhart of Carnwath—George II. and 27
Lockhart—The Jacobite Cause—Character of the
House of Commons—The King and Queen—
 Atterbury weary of Exile—The Prince of Wales at
Church—The Morals and Manners of the Time—
Atterbury, on Mist—Thomson’s ‘Sophonisba’—Cibber
made Poet Laureate—Jacobite Hearne—A Jacobite
Threat—Difficulties in Professional Life—Death of
Defoe—‘Fall of Mortimer’—Duels and Sermons—
Young Lord Derwentwater—A Standing Army—The
Duke’s Grenadiers—General Roguery—Death of
Atterbury—Burial of Atterbury—At Scarborough—
Notorious Jacobites—The Earl of Derwentwater

CHAPTER III.
(1733 to 1740.)
Approaching Storm—Wyndham in Parliament—Political
Sermon—Stormy Debates—The Young Chevalier—
Lord Duffus—The Calves’ Head Club—The Calves’
Head Riot—The ‘30th of January’—Objectionable
Toasts—Foster, in the Old Jewry—The Queen and
the Artist—Chesterfield’s Wit—Scene in Westminster
Hall—Jacobites and Gin-Drinkers—The Stage
fettered—Fear of the Pretender—Walpole, on
Jacobites—Curious Discussion—Safety of the Royal
Family—‘Agamemnon’—The King, in Public—Political
Drama—Henry Pelham and the Jacobites—Jacobite
Prospects—Death of Wyndham 55

CHAPTER IV.
(1741 to 1744.)
Incidents in Parliament—Party Characteristics—On 82
Hounslow Heath—Tories not Jacobites—Condition of
Parties—In Leicester Fields—Awaking of Jacobites—
Chesterfield’s Opinions—King and Elector—Highland
Regiment in London—Desertion of the Men—March
of the Deserters—The Highlanders at Oundle—
 Military Execution—Threatened Invasion—Confusion
—Preparations—Declaration of War—Letter from
Hurd—Public Feeling—Lady M. W. Montague—Carte,
the Nonjuror—Carte’s History of England—Various
Incidents—Lady Nithsdale

CHAPTER V.
(1745.)
‘Tancred and Sigismunda’—Political Drama—The young
Chevalier—Feeling in London—Hopes and Fears—
Horace Walpole’s Ideas—Divisions in Families—
Court and City—Varying Opinions—London Wit—The
Parliament—The Radcliffes—The London Jacobites
—The Venetian Ambassador—Monarch and Ministers
—News in private Letters—The London Trainbands—
Scenes at Court—The King’s Speech to the Guards—
Aspects of Society—French News of London—
Anxiety and Confidence—Johnson and Lord Gower—
Bolingbroke 108

CHAPTER VI.
(1746.)
War Criticism—Breaking an Officer—Rebel Prisoners—
London Mobs—Ambassadors’ Chapels—The Havoc
of War—Flying Reports—News of Culloden—A
popular Holiday—Carlyle and Smollett—‘Tears of
Scotland’—Indignation Verses 133

CHAPTER VII.
(1746.)
The Players—Sadler’s Wells and the New Wells— 146
Culloden on the Stage—Mrs. Woffington—The Press,
on Culloden—Savagery and Satire—The
 Caricaturists—Pseudo-Portrait of Charles Edward—
The Duke of Ormond—Burial of Ormond—The
Question of Inhumanity—Instigators of Cruelty—The
Prisoners in London—The Duke in Aberdeen—
Looting—The Duke and his Plunder—A Human Head
—‘Sweet William’—Flattery

CHAPTER VIII.
(1746.)
Colonel Towneley—King’s Evidence—Towneley’s Trial
—Conviction—Captain Fletcher—The Manchester
Officers—‘Jemmy Dawson’—The Jacobite Press—
The Condemned Jacobites—Painful Partings—Within
Prison Walls—The Last Morning—Via Dolorosa—At
Kennington Common—Behaviour—Execution—
Heads and Bodies—Other Trials—A Mad Jacobite—
Sir John Wedderburn ‘Bishop’ Coppock 166

CHAPTER IX.
(1746.)
At the Whipping Posts—In Westminster Hall—
Preparations for the new Trials—The Lord High
Steward—The Spectators’ Gallery—Kilmarnock and
Cromartie—Balmerino—The Prosecution—Balmerino
and Murray—‘Guilty, upon my Honour!’—Kilmarnock’s
Apology—Cromartie’s Plea—Balmerino’s Defence—
Balmerino’s Conduct—George Selwyn—Kilmarnock’s
Principles—The Principles of Balmerino—Leniency of
the Government 188

CHAPTER X.
(1746.)
The Duke at Vauxhall—Opinion in the City—In the 207
 Tower—Lord Cromartie—Lord Kilmarnock—On Tower
Hill—The Executions—Charles Radcliffe—The Trial—
Mr. Justice Foster—Conduct of Radcliffe—To
Kennington Common—Cibber’s ‘Refusal’—Execution
of Radcliffe—Lovat’s Progress—Hogarth’s Portrait of
Lovat—Arrival at the Tower—Rebels and Witnesses
—Tilbury Fort—French Idea—A London Elector’s Wit
—Trial of Lovat—Scene in Westminster Hall—Father
and Son—The Frasers—Murray of Boughton—
Murray’s Evidence—Cross Examination—The Verdict
—Gentleman Harry—The Death Warrant—Execution
—George Selwyn—Lovat’s Body—The White Horse,
Piccadilly—Jacobite Toasts—The Earl of Traquair—
Plotting and Pardoning—Æneas Macdonald—The
Countess of Derwentwater—Sergeant Smith—The
Jacobite’s Journal—Carte’s History of England—
Hume’s ‘History’—Jacobite Johnson—Johnson’s
Sympathies—Flora Macdonald—Flora’s Sons

CHAPTER XI.
(1748 to 1750.)
Depreciation of the Stuarts—The Government and the
Jacobites—Enlargement of Prisoners—In the Park
and on the Mall—The Statue in Leicester Square—An
Eccentric Jacobite—Gloomy Reports—The
Haymarket Theatre—Treasonable Pamphlets—
Murray and Lord Traquair—Political Meeting—Dr.
King’s Oration—The Earl of Bath—The Laureate’s
Ode—The Jacobite Muse—Prisons and Prisoners
—‘Defender of the Faith’—News for London 256

CHAPTER XII.
(1751 to 1761.)
Death of Great Personages—The New Heir to the 275
 Throne—Lord Egmont on Jacobites—In both Houses
—Jacobite Healths—The Royal Family—
Parliamentary Anecdotes—Attempt to make
‘Perverts’—Dr. Archibald Cameron—Before the
Council—Trial of Cameron—The Doctor’s Jacobitism
—Charles Edward, a Protestant—Cameron’s Creed—
The Last Victim—In the Savoy—A Scene at
Richardson’s—Cameron’s Case—A Minor Offender—
Suspicion against the Duke—The Anti-Jacobite Press
—The City Gates

CHAPTER XIII.
(1751 to 1761.)
The old Chevalier and the Cardinal—Roman News in
London Papers—A Son of Rob Roy—Jacobite
Paragraphs—Hume’s ‘History’—At Rome—Hopes
and Interests—Illness of the old Chevalier—
Accession of George III.—King and People—Charles
Edward at Westminster 298

CHAPTER XIV.
(1744 to 1761.)
Charles Edward in Manchester—Miss Byrom’s Diary—
The Visit in 1748—The Visit in 1750—Dr. King and
the Chevalier—Memoranda—Further Memoranda—
Charles Edward’s Statement—The Visit in 1752-3—
Credibility of the Stories—Conflicting Statements—At
the Coronation—At the Banquet—George and
Charles Edward—A Disqualification—The
Protestantism of Charles Edward—Foundation of the
Story 310

CHAPTER XV.
 (1761 to 1775.)
State of London—Good Feeling—A Jacobite Funeral—
Dr. Johnson’s Pension—Johnson’s View of it—His
Definition of a Jacobite—Death of the Duke of
Cumberland—Death of the old Chevalier—Funeral
Rites—George III. and Dr. Johnson—Johnson, on
George III.—Johnson’s Pension opposed—A 30th of
January Sermon—Debate on the Sermon—Marriage
of Charles Edward—Walpole, on the Marriage—The
Last Heads on Temple Bar—Dalrymple’s ‘Memoirs’—
Walpole’s Anti-Jacobitism—Anti-Ultramontanism
—‘The Happy Establishment’—Garrick’s Macbeth 328

CHAPTER XVI.
(1776 to 1826.)
A Plebiscite for the Stuarts—The Last of the Nonjuring
Bishops—The Jacobite Muse—Jacobite Johnson—
Boswell on Allegiance—A Jacobite Actress—Burns’s
‘Dream’—Burns on the Stuarts—The Count of Albany
—Robert Strange—Strange’s Adventures—Strange in
London—New Hopes—Strange at St. James’s—The
Jacobite Knighted—Sir Robert and Lady Strange—
Death of Charles Edward—The Countess of Albany
at Court—In the House of Lords—The Countess, on
English Society—Hanoverian Jacobites—Jacobite
Ballads—‘Henry the Ninth’—Hume’s History of the
Rebellion—A Jacobite Drama—The Drama Revised
—Satirical Ballad—Reversal of Attainders—Debate in
the Commons—A Transpontine Play—The Body of
James the Second—Ceremony at St. Germain—
Something New 351

CHAPTER XVII.
VICTORIA.
Old Jacobite Titles—More Restorations—The Cromartie 385
Title—Titles under Attainder—Fitz-Pretenders—
Admiral Allen’s Son and Grandsons—Working
through Literature—The Romance of the Story—‘Red
Eagle’—‘Tales of the Last Century’—The Lever of
Poetry—Poetical Politics—The Black Cockade—The
Allens in Edinburgh—The Succession to the Crown—
A Derwentwater at Dilston—Descent of the Claimant
—Obstacles in Pedigrees—John Sobieski Stuart—
The elder Son of ‘Red Eagle’—Stuart Alliances—
Fuller Particulars—The Stuart-d’Albanies—Jacobite
Lord Campbell—Lord Campbell, on old Judgments—
Time’s Changes—At Chelsea and Balmoral
 LONDON
IN

THE JACOBITE TIMES.

 CHAPTER I.

(1724-’25-’26-’27.)
singular illustration of the still partially
LOYAL AND
troubled times which followed is DISLOYAL
furnished by a proceeding of Samuel PRINTERS.
Negus, printer. In 1724 he published a
list of all the printers then exercising their craft in
London, and he most humbly laid it before Lord Viscount
Townshend; no doubt, for his guidance. The list is divided into four
parts. The first consists of those ‘known to be well affected to King
George.’ There are thirty-four of these ultra-loyal fellows, with Negus,
of course, among them. The second list is headed ‘Nonjurors;’ in
this, three names are entered, one of which is ‘Bowyer.’ In the third
list, headed, ‘said to be High Flyers,’ there are two and thirty names;
among them are found Alderman Barber (the friend of Swift, of
Bolingbroke and Pope), Richardson (the novelist), and Mist (the
Jacobite and something more!). The fourth list consists of three
names, ‘Roman Catholics.’ Negus was probably a malicious though
loyal busy-body. His list harmed neither Nonjuror nor High Flyer.
When, in 1729, Mr. Speaker Onslow was instrumental in procuring
for Bowyer the printing of the votes of the House of Commons, an
alarmed and loyal Whig asked Mr. Speaker if he was aware that he
was employing a Nonjuror. ‘I am quite sure of this,’ said Onslow, ‘I
am employing a truly honest man.’ There was no lack of them
among Nonjurors, and it is pleasant to find that even the High Flyers
came soon to be looked upon by reasonable Whigs as honourable
men. In 1732 Alderman Barber was elected by his fellow citizens
Lord Mayor of London; and he was the first printer who enjoyed that
dignity. This is the more remarkable, as poor Mrs. Manley, mistress
of the alderman’s house and of the alderman, had bitterly satirised
the Whig Ministry in her ‘New Atalantis.’ But the lady was now dead,
and the High-Flying Barber lost nothing by his old Jacobite opinions.
 In the year 1724, the Nonjurors lost one who had
SACHEVEREL.
been their foremost man till he took the oath of
allegiance; namely Sacheverel. That act of homage to Brunswick
was never forgotten or forgiven by the Jacobites. When Sacheverel
died in the spring of 1724, Hearne could only acknowledge his
boldness and good presence. ‘He delivered a thing better than a
much more modest man, however preferable in learning, could do.’
Hearne sarcastically calls Sacheverel a ‘but,’ and says the best thing
this but ever printed was the speech at his trial, ‘which was none of
his own, but was penned by Dr. Francis Atterbury.’ Hearne’s hardest
hit at this recreant parson is to be found in the following words: ‘He
was but an indifferent scholar, but pretended to a great deal of
honesty, which I could never see in him, since he was the forwardest
to take the oaths, notwithstanding he would formerly be so forward in
speaking for, and drinking the health of, King James III.’
The once famous and audacious Nonjuror, the
HIS DEATH.
friend of Addison when both were young together, lost
caste with the Jacobites without gaining the esteem of the Whigs.
Mist’s High-Flying ‘Weekly Journal,’ of which Sacheverel was once
the Magnus Apollo, recorded his death and burial with no more
ceremony than if he had been an ordinary alderman of no particular
political colour. Perhaps this great reserve showed that sureties
binding Mist to keep the peace were not mere formalities. Not so
with Read and his Whig ‘Weekly.’ On Saturday, June 20, Sacheverel
received therein this charitable notice: ‘Yesterday night was buried,
at St. Andrew’s, Holborn, Dr. Henry Sacheverel, whose virtues are
too notorious to be enlarged upon. One of his most conspicuous
excellences for many years last past was that he got his living in the
high road to—which though through great Mercy he escaped here,
yet some people are so very censorious as to judge,—but this we
look upon to be barbarous and unchristian, and we say we hope the
best, and yet we heartily wish our Hopes were a little better
grounded. However, as there is a good old saying, De mortuis nil nisi
bonum, i.e. “If you speak of the dead, speak in their praise,” and not
being able, upon the strictest enquiry, to find the least commendable
circumstance relating to the Deceased, from his cradle to his coffin,
we choose rather to be silent than uncivil.’
 The doctor seemed to recall his oath of allegiance, when he made
a bequest in his will of 500l. to Atterbury. It was an approval, as far
as the sum went, of the efforts of the ex-prelate to dethrone George
I., and to bring in a Popish sovereign, who was not at all reluctant to
promise especial favours to the Church of England! That Atterbury
was watching events in London is now known, from his
correspondence. In one of his letters from Paris to the Chevalier or
‘King,’ he refers with vexation to the conciliatory course the
Government in London was adopting towards the Jacobites: ‘They
are beginning,’ he says, ‘with Alderman Barber on this head, and
have actually offered him his pardon here for 3,000l., which it shall
not be my fault, if he accepts.’ The ex-Jacobite alderman ‘went over,’
in spite of the Jacobite ex-bishop.
The 30th of January sermons (1725) before the Lords, in the
Abbey, and the Commons, in St. Margaret’s, had now almost ceased
to be political. The former was preached by Waugh, Bishop of
Carlisle, from the Book of Chronicles; the latter, by the Rev. Dr.
Lupton, from 1 Samuel xii. 25, a text which had been much preached
on by expounders on both sides: ‘If ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall
be consumed, both ye and your king.’
Against the king in possession, the Jacobites now A NEW TOAST.
and then flung pointless darts. Mist’s Journal uttered
sarcasms against the Westminster mounted Train Bands,
complimenting the most of them for not tumbling out of their saddles.
The same semi-rebel paper recorded with satisfaction, as a sign of
the Duke of Wharton’s principles, that if the little stranger ‘expected
by the Duchess, proved to be a boy, his name should be James; if a
girl, Clementina;’ or, in other words, the child was to be called after
the King or Queen of England, de jure. Not long after, the bold and
roystering London Jacobites were rapturously drinking a health,
which was given by one guest in the form of ‘Henry,’ to which
another added, ‘Benedict,’ a third named ‘Maria,’ and a fourth raised
his glass to ‘Clement.’ In this form, they greeted the birth of the
second son of the Chevalier de St. George. Some ventured to
(prematurely) speak of him as Duke of York. The Whigs looked upon