Abaracoso, F. Module - Lab Activity Digestive EAC C

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph
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SCHOOLS OF NURSING and MIDWIFERY
COLLABORATIVE MODULE FOR OUTCOMES-BASED AND FLEXIBLE LEARNING IN

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lab
Student:_Flora May A. Abarracoso____ Student Number: _20-1-03777__

Name of Professor:_Mrs. Leila de Villa- Masajo__Year Level/Section:_1st/ BSN 1-5__
LESSON/TOPIC:
Regulation and Maintenance: Digestive
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Identify the principal structure of the digestive system.

2. Explain how digestive system structure function.
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INTRODUCTION
The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients,
and absorb those nutrients into the body. Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the
system, where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are
absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital
contribution to this process
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As is the case with all body systems, the digestive system does not work in isolation; it
functions cooperatively with the other systems of the body. Consider for example, the
interrelationship between the digestive and cardiovascular systems. Arteries supply the
digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients, and veins drain the digestive tract.
These intestinal veins, constituting the hepatic portal system, are unique; they do not return
blood directly to the heart. Rather, this blood is diverted to the liver where its nutrients are off-
loaded for processing before blood completes its circuit back to the heart. At the same time,
the digestive system provides nutrients to the heart muscle and vascular tissue to support their
functioning. The interrelationship of the digestive and endocrine systems is also critical.
Hormones secreted by several endocrine glands, as well as endocrine cells of the pancreas,
the stomach, and the small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient
metabolism. In turn, the digestive system provides the nutrients to fuel endocrine function.
Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System

Body system Benefits received by the digestive system
Cardiovascular Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients
Endocrine hormones help regulate secretion in digestive glands and
Endocrine
accessory organs
Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium
Integumentary
absorption
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend
Lymphatic against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels
transport lipids to bloodstream
Muscular Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs
Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretions and muscle
Nervous
contractions in the digestive tract
Respiratory Respiratory organs provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Skeletal Bones help protect and support digestive organs
Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption
Urinary
in the small intestine
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Digestive System Organs
The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main
categories. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. Accessory
digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of
food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. Accessory digestive organs, despite
their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system.
Alimentary Canal Organs
Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = “to nourish”)
is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters
(35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost. The main
function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. This tube begins at the
mouth and terminates at the anus. Between those two points, the canal is modified as the
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines to fit the functional needs of the
body. Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and wastes
within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body. Only through the
process of absorption do the nutrients in food enter into and nourish the body’s “inner space.”
Accessory Structures
Each accessory digestive organ aids in the breakdown of food. Within the mouth, the teeth
and tongue begin mechanical digestion, whereas the salivary glands begin chemical digestion.
Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release
secretions—such as bile and enzymes—essential for digestion to continue. Together, these
are called accessory organs because they sprout from the lining cells of the developing gut
(mucosa) and augment its function; indeed, you could not live without their vital contributions,
and many significant diseases result from their malfunction. Even after development is
complete, they maintain a connection to the gut by way of ducts.
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Digestive System Overview
1. The alimentary canal is a continuous tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anal
canal.
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Colon
Small Intestine
Rectum
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Upper Digestive System
Right temporalis muscle
Right masseter muscle
Mandible
1. What are the origins and insertions for the masseter and the temporalis?
Masseter
origin: Zygomatic arch
insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
Temporalis
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origin: Temporal fossa and temporal fascia
insertion: coronoid process and anterior ramus of the mandible
Left parotid gland
Gingiva
Teeth
Left submandibular gland Oropharynx
Tongue
Laryngopharynx
Right sublingual gland
Esophagus
2. What are the actions of the masseter and the temporalis?

Masseter
action: Prime mover of jaw closure also elevates and protrudes mandible
Temporalis
action: Elevates & retract mandible against the maxilla with great force
The Salivary Glands
3. The large parotid glands. How do submandibular and sublingual glands participate
in digestion?
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Answer: Breakdown carbohydrates and lubricates the passage of food down from the
oropharynx to the esophagus to the stomach.
4. What roles do the teeth and the gingiva structures play in digestion?
Answer: These structures make up the mouth and play a key role in the first step of
digestion: ingestion. This is where the teeth and tongue work with salivary glands to
break down food into small masses that can be swallowed, preparing them for the
journey through the alimentary canal.
5. The tongue. How does the tongue participate in mechanical digestion?
Answer: The tongue is an organ consisting of skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles)
that move the food around the mouth to allow for efficient mechanical digestion.
6. The oropharynx, the laryngopharynx, and the esophagus.
After being chewed, the mixture of food and salivary juices that is swallowed is called a
_______bolus________. Smooth muscles in the pharynx and the esophagus create
waves of _______Peristaltic_________ that carry the food mixture to the stomach.
Lower Digestive System
Esophag
Cardiac
Stoma
Greater
1. The cardiac sphincter. When does the cardiac sphincter open?

Answer: Open at the approach of food that can then be swept into the stomach by
rhythmic peristaltic waves.
2. The greater omentum. What tissues make up the greater omentum and what is its
function?.
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Answer: the greater omentum stores adipose tissue, cushions and proctions organs,
and supports the blood and lymph vessels. It is made of four layers of visceral
peritoneum.
Esophagus
Stomach
Large intestine (colon)
Small intestine
Rectum
Anus
3. Parts of the alimentary canal, state its function

a. Stomach- temporary storage for food, which passes from the esophagus to the
stomach where it is held for 2 hours or longer.
b. Small intestine- carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of
the nutrients you get from foods into your bloodstream.
c. Large intestine (colon)- absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and
absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for
elimination.
d. Rectum- to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be
evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
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e. Anus- when the rectum is full, your body feels the urge to have a bowel
movement. The internal anal sphincter relaxes and pushes the stool from the
rectum into the anal canal.
Serosa
Liver
Longitudinal muscle layer
Pancreas
Circular muscle layer
Lesser curvature
Oblique muscle layer
Mucosa
Gallbladder
Pyloric sphincter
Greater curvature
4. The accessory organs: liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Discuss its
involvement in the digestive system.
Answer: The liver digests food by producing bile to break down fats, removing toxins and
breaking down and storing some vitamins and minerals. The pancreas produces
enzymes to help break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The gall bladder stores
the bile that is produced by the liver.
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The Stomach
Stomach Vasculature from the digestive system set of views.

1. The layers of the stomach. State its function
a. Serosa- is the fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the stomach. The
serosa of the stomach is also called the visceral peritoneum.
b. Longitudinal muscle layer- fibres run lengthwise along the body, and the
circular fibres encircle it.
c. Circular muscle layer- prevents food from traveling backward
d. Oblique muscle layer- refers to two abdominal muscles the external and internal
obliques. These provide trunk flexion and rotation. The external oblique is the
thickest and runs from the lower ribs to the iliac crest.
e. Mucosa- It is composed of epithelium cells and a thin connective tissue. The
mucosa contains specialized goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus throughout
the GI tract.
2. The stomach is the only part of the alimentary canal with three muscular layers.
Why does the stomach need three layers of muscle?
Answer: Smooth muscle in the stomach contracts during digestion, in order to break
down nutrients. The stomach is the only organ in the digestive system to have three
muscle layers. The rest of the gastrointestinal tract, or GI tract, contains only two muscle
layers.
3. The mucosa secretes ___gastric juice_______that chemically digests food.
After food is mixed with these secretions it is called___chyme_______.
4. The pyloric sphincter and the junction of the stomach and the small intestine.
When does this sphincter open?
Answer: remains constricted and must be induced to relax
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The Intestine
Lower Digestive System
Duodenum
Ileum
Jejunum
1. The small intestine: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Describe its
function.
Answer: The function of the jejunum is to absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Both the jejunum and ileum are peritoneal. The ileum absorbs any remaining nutrients
that did not get absorbed by the duodenum or jejunum, in particular vitamin B12, as
well as bile acids that will go on to be recycled.
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Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct
Mucosa
Serosa
Longitudinal muscle layer

Submucosa
Circular muscle layer
2. At the transverse colon you will see the pyloric sphincter where the duodenum
connects to the stomach. There are five layers of the duodenum, state its function
a. Serosa- has a smooth, slippery surface and secretes a thin, watery secretion
known as serous fluid. The smooth, wet surface of the serosa helps to protect
the stomach from friction as it expands with food and moves to mix and propel
the food.
b. Longitudinal muscle layer- fibres run lengthwise along the body, and the
circular fibres encircle it.
c. Circular muscle layer- prevents food from traveling backward
d. Submucosa- the layer of dense, irregular connective tissue or loose connective
tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of
underlying smooth muscle.
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e. Mucosa- contains specialized cells and glands that produce hydrochloric acid
and digestive enzymes to help digest food.
3. Which is the shortest section of the small intestine?

Answer: duodenum
4. Which is the longest section of the small intestine?

Answer: the last and longest section of small intestine is Ileum.
5. The ileocecal sphincter. What is the function of this sphincter?

Answer: Its function is to allow digested food materials to pass from the small
intestine into your large intestine.
Transverse colon Taenia coli
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Cecum
Appendix
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
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6. The ascending colon, illustrate the following structures:

a. Cecum
b. Appendix
c. Ascending colon
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d. Transverse colon
e. Descending colon
f. Sigmoid colon
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g. Rectum
h. Anal canal
7. Bands of smooth muscle called taenia coli extend along the surface of the large
intestine. What is the function of the taenia coli?
Answer: These muscle layers are responsible for propulsion of the gut contents by
peristalsis.
8. The transverse colon is aligned with the greater ____________ of the stomach.
Answer: The transverse colon is the longest and most movable part of the colon. It
crosses the abdomen from the ascending colon at the hepatic or right colic flexure with
a downward convexity to the descending colon where it curves sharply on itself
beneath the lower end of the spleen forming the splenic or left colic flexure.
9. The external anal sphincter. State its function.
Answer: The external anal sphincter provides voluntary control for defecation. As the
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rectum gradually fills with feces at rest and after meals, the continuous tonic
contraction of the external anal sphincter helps to prevent defecation.
The Colon
Note that the sigmoid colon and the rectum follow the curvature of the spinal column around
the bladder. The internal anal sphincter is in the junction of the rectum and the anal canal. In
female, the sigmoid colon and the rectum follow the outer curvature of the uterus and the
vagina.
The Accessory Organs
1. The liver has __4___ lobes. The ____right_______ lobe is the biggest.
2. The left lobe is separated from the rest of the liver by the __falciform
ligament______________.
3. The left posterolateral segment of the liver has a(n) _medial vision__to
accommodate the __medial hepatic vein___.
4. There are five ligaments that anchor the liver to the diaphragm and the abdomen.
These ligaments are the:
a. falciform
b. coronary
c. round ligaments
d. ligamentum
e. triangular
5. The right and left hepatic ducts/ the common hepatic duct and the common bile
duct.
Bile can be transferred to the gall bladder for storage via the _ common bile _duct.
Bile can be released from the gall bladder into the small intestine when the sphincter
of _____oddi__________is open.
The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct. The common bile duct enters the
small intestine at the main duodenal papilla.
Figure out he head, body, and tail of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct and
the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini). The accessory pancreatic duct enters
the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.
6. Pancreatic digestive secretions include:

a. ______exocrine___________ to buffer acidic gastric juices.
b. ______bicarbonate________ to dilute acidic gastric juices.
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c. ______endocrine__________ to continue chemical digestion in the small
intestine.
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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

COLLABORATIVE MODULE FOR OUTCOMES-BASED AND FLEXIBLE LEARNING IN

Student:_Flora May A. Abarracoso____ Student Number: _20-1-03777__

Regulation and Maintenance: Digestive

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Identify the principal structure of the digestive system.

QF-PQM-035 (02.27.2021) Rev.3

QF-PQM-035 (02.27.2021) Rev.3

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System

QF-PQM-035 (02.27.2021) Rev.3

Alimentary Canal Organs

QF-PQM-035 (02.27.2021) Rev.3

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

Digestive System Overview

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Upper Digestive System

Right temporalis muscle

Right masseter muscle

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Left parotid gland

Left submandibular gland Oropharynx

2. What are the actions of the masseter and the temporalis?

The Salivary Glands

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Lower Digestive System

1. The cardiac sphincter. When does the cardiac sphincter open?

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Large intestine (colon)

3. Parts of the alimentary canal, state its function

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Stomach Vasculature from the digestive system set of views.

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Common bile duct

Longitudinal muscle layer

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3. Which is the shortest section of the small intestine?

4. Which is the longest section of the small intestine?

5. The ileocecal sphincter. What is the function of this sphincter?

Transverse colon Taenia coli

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6. The ascending colon, illustrate the following structures:

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The Accessory Organs

6. Pancreatic digestive secretions include:

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