Scientific Theories & Models

 Bigbang Theory
o This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving
away from our own at great speed in all directions, as if they had all been
propelled by an ancient explosive force.
o In the first 10^-43 seconds of its existence, the universe was very
compact, less than a million billion billionth the size of a single atom. It's
thought that at such an incomprehensibly dense, energetic state, the four
fundamental forces—gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak
nuclear forces—were forged into a single force

Milky way and the Sun

 Milky way –
o Is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the
galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night
sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by
the naked eye.
o From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk-shaped
structure is viewed from within.
o It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number
of planets.
o The Milky Way is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second
with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest stars in the
Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed
shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.
 Sun –
o the heart of our solar system – is a yellow dwarf star, a hot
ball of glowing gases. Its gravity holds the solar system
together, keeping everything from the biggest planets to the
smallest particles of debris in its orbit.
o Electric currents in the Sun generate a magnetic field that is
carried out through the solar system by the solar wind – a
stream of electrically charged gas blowing outward from the
Sun in all directions.
o Earth orbits the Sun from about 93 million miles. The
connection and interactions between the Sun and Earth
drive our planet's seasons, ocean currents, weather,
climate, radiation belts, and aurorae.

Formation of the Early Earth

Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe,
by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the
primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme
volcanism. While the Earth was in its earliest stage (Early Earth), a giant impact collision with a
planet-sized body named Theia is thought to have formed the Moon. Over time, the Earth cooled,
causing the formation of a solid crust, and allowing liquid water on the surface.