Bone

The strength of bone is similar to that of reinforced concrete. Yet,

it is so light it makes up only 14% of an adult’s body weight.
Tissue
Group of similar cells that perform a common
function
Types of Tissues
These four types of tissue exist alone
1. epithelial or in combinations to create an
2. connective amazing array of structures.
Organs consist of two, three, or even
3. nervous four types of tissue, all working
4. muscular together to fulfill a unique purpose
Connective Tissue
connects the body together and to support, bind,
or protect organs
Bone: A living Tissue
• The skeleton may appear to be nothing more than a dry,
nonliving framework for the body, but it is far from it.
• The 206 bones in the adult human body are actually dynamic
living tissue.
• Bone constantly breaks down and rebuilds itself, not just
during the growth phases of childhood, but throughout the life
span.
• Bone is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and living cells;
• In addition, its interaction with other body systems is
necessary not only for movement, but also for life itself.
Bone Functions
• Shape: Bones give the body its structure.
• Support: The bones of the legs, pelvis, and vertebral column support the body
and hold it upright.
• Protection: Bones protect delicate internal organs, such as the heart, lungs,
brain, and spinal cord.
• Movement: Movement of the arms and legs as well as the ability to breathe
results from the interaction between muscles and bones.
• Electrolyte balance: Bones store and release minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus—necessary ingredients for a variety of chemical reactions
throughout the body.
• Blood production: Bones encase bone marrow, a major site of blood
cell formation.
• Acid-base balance: Bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a
stable pH.
Classification of Bones
• Bones perform a variety of
functions—from supporting the
weight of the body (the bones of
the legs and pelvis) to
• performing delicate movements
(the fingers).
• It’s those functions that dictate
the bone’s shape.
• This variety in the shape
of bones lends itself to a
classification system.
Structure
Bone (osseous) Tissue:
• A Connective tissue
• consists of
• cells,
• fibers, and
• Extracellular material, or matrix.
Bone Cells
• osteoblasts,
• osteoclasts, and
• osteocytes.
Osteoblasts
• help form bone by secreting substances that
comprise the bone’s matrix.
Osteoclasts.
• dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone
Osteocytes
• are mature osteoblasts that have become
entrapped in the hardened bone matrix
 Bone Strength

Tensile strength Compressional strength Torsional strength

Bone lacks the ability to

Collagen fibers in the Calcium salts allow bones endure twisting (called
matrix make bone highly to resist strong squeezing torsional strength). In fact,
most bone fractures result
resistant to stretching forces when torsional
forces forces are exerted on an
arm or leg.
Adaption
• Whenever bone experiences an increase in load,
osteocytes stimulate the creation of new bone.
• For example, when an individual participates in
weight-bearing exercise, osteocytes trigger the
growth of new bone, making bones stronger.
• This makes any weight-bearing exercise,
especially lifting weights, ideal for those at risk
for osteoporosis, a disease characterized by a
loss of bone density.
Factors affecting bone growth and
maintenance
• Heredity: Every individual inherits a set of genes that determines his
maximum height potential.
• Nutrition: Children who are malnourished grow very slowly and may not
reach their full height, regardless of their genetic potential. Nutrients
necessary for proper bone growth include calcium, phosphorus, and
vitamins D, C, and A.
• Hormones: Hormones that contribute to proper bone growth include
growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, and the sex
hormones estrogen and testosterone.
• Exercise: Without adequate physical stress in the form of weight-bearing
exercise (which includes walking), bone destruction will outpace bone
creation.
spongy bone

Compact bone
Types of bone tissue
• Some osseous tissue is light and porous; this is
spongy, or cancellous, bone. Spongy bone is
found in the ends of long bones and in the
middle of most other bones; it is always
surrounded by the more durable compact bone.
• Other osseous tissue—called compact bone—is
dense and solid. Its density offers strength,
which is why it forms the shafts of long bones
and the outer surfaces of other bones.
Bone Remodeling
• The process of destroying old bone (resorption) and
depositing new (ossification).
• osteoclasts remove matrix and reduce the mass of little-used
bones.
• In heavily used bones, osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue
on the bone’s surface, thickening the bone.
• Remodeling repairs minor traumas and contributes to
homeostasis by releasing calcium into the blood.
• This same process also leads to the development of
projections and bone surface markings as bone is stimulated
by the pull of powerful muscles as children grow and begin to
walk.
Bone Fracture
A simple fracture is one in
which the bone remains
aligned and the
surrounding tissue is intact.
A greenstick fracture is one in which
A compound fracture is one in
the fracture is incomplete, similar to
which the bone has pierced the
skin. Damage to surrounding
when a green stick breaks. This type
of fracture typically occurs in young
tissue, nerves, and blood
children, mainly because their
vessels may be extensive. Also,
bones are softer than adult bones,
because it has broken through
causing the bone to splinter rather
the skin, there is an increased
than break completely.
risk for infection.
 In a spiral fracture, the
In a comminuted fracture,
fracture line spirals around
the bone is broken into
the bone, the result of a
pieces. This type of
twisting force. The jagged
fracture is most likely to
bone ends often make this
occur in a car accident.
type of fracture difficult to
reposition.