COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH OF LOADING AND UNLOADING PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS

Presented to the Faculty of Petroleum Engineering

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Main Campus II
Alangilan, Batangas City

PetE- 418 Production Engineering

Activity No. 1
Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering

by:
AGUILAR, JOVIE
ALMARIO, MIKA
ANTO, LAURENCE L.
CARACUEL, BRENT ANDREI B.
QUIATCHON, ANDREI SYMON

October 2022
Loading and Unloading of Petroleum Products
Standard Procedure for Receiving, Storage and Offloading
For Crude Oil, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Diesel & Gasoline

Crude Oil Standard Procedure for Receiving, Offloading & Storing

Receiving Procedures
Receiving Procedures when loading a Crude oil in the tanker:

1. Depending on whether opening two tanks is necessary to achieve the lowest rate, the
tanker should start with a minimum rate into one or both tanks. Typically, this will be the
loading rate into a single tank.
2. Before raising the loading rate, some tests must be conducted before loading began.
3. There shouldn't be any leaks in the cargo pipeline, and if there are, it's crucial to fix them
right away. Otherwise, loading should be halted until the problem is fixed.
4. Only the intended tanks should receive cargo, and you should carefully verify the level
gauge readings for all other tanks to make sure they are all empty—leaky valves or pipes
are never completely eliminated as a possibility.
5. After confirming that there are no leaks, the cargo is entering the correct tanks, and they
are venting properly, the suction or filling valves on the remaining tanks that need to be
loaded can be opened, and the loading rate can be increased. If other cargo is on board,
the ullage should not significantly change in those tanks; any difference should be
explained by changes in list or trim.
6. A good practice is to increase the loading rate in multiples of the single tank loading rate
before increasing each time, check for leaks, make sure the cargo is only entering the
tanks being loaded, and ensure that the cargo tanks continue to vent adequately. This is
especially important when loading at a high rate.
7. Cargo pipelines on deck and in the pump room may leak crude oil at any time during the
loading process, so it's important that one crew member always remembers to watch the
manifold connection. As cargo tanks fill when loading a full cargo, you should notice a
gradual rise in pressure before it settles down to a steady pressure.
 8. Inspecting loading pipelines from forward to aft (stern of a ship) along the entire length
of the cargo pipeline on deck, checking the flanged connections and blanks including
manifold blanks on the side opposite the manifold connections, is something else that
should be done methodically and regularly.
9. If you're loading through the pump room pipes, the same procedure needs to be used, and
all appropriate entry precautions need to be followed. Expansion couplings connections
for pressure gauges and sensors, as well as the pressure vacuum breaker.
10. If adjustment is possible, the high level and low-level alarm settings should be set either
side of the actual cargo level with the tolerance range based on any likely increase in
temperature or in any changes in knowledge and trim. You must always check the tank
levels of field tanks that are not being loaded with cargo while loading.
11. Additionally, it's critical that you keep a close eye on empty cargo tanks that are not
always being loaded. During loading, cargo can enter tanks that are not being loaded
through leaking suction filling valves, pipelines, or through oil-tight bulkheads, and
occasionally it's not until the cargo in a tank has reached a certain level that any leaks
become apparent.

Offloading Procedures
Offloading Procedure when unloading a Crude oil in the tanker:

1. Only under the supervision of campus staff members who are in charge of making sure
the right processes are followed is unloading carried out.
2. To stop spills from entering navigable waters, there must be enough and accessible oil
absorbent and containment materials.
3. To prevent vehicles from leaving before fixed or flexible oil transfer lines or hoses are
completely disconnected, wheel chocks or a vehicle break interlock device must be used.
4. Before unloading flammable oils from the truck, bonding and grounding devices must be
attached.
5. Before starting any oil pumping operations, campus employees and the pump
operator/driver must ensure that all connections are secure and that all fittings and hoses
are in a safe and functional condition.
 6. When filling, a drip pan must be positioned below any connections that are not inside of
secondary containment structures.
7. When filling containers, the pump's operator must never leave the operation alone and
must always be within proximity (five feet) of the shutdown valve.
8. An employee must gauge the container throughout filling operations and maintain regular
contact with the pump operator when a high-level alert is not present or operable on the
container being filled.
9. The pump operator must ensure that all shutdown valves are secured in the closed
position and that there are no leaks when the pumping is finished.
10. Any tank car or tank truck's lowermost drain and all its outlets need to be thoroughly
examined for discharges before filling and departing, and if required, they need to be
tightened, altered, or replaced to stop liquid release.
11. When not in use or when in standby service for a lengthy period of time, connections of
an oil tank or campus pipe must be properly closed, blocked, or sealed.

Storing Procedure
Storing Procedure of Crude oil in the tank:

1. Crude oil is the term for the liquid form of petroleum that exists naturally.
2. The crude oil is sent to refineries every day.
3. Crude oil is piped into above-ground storage tanks with capacities ranging from hundreds
to millions of liters after arriving at the refinery terminal.
4. Tanks with floating or permanent roofs that adhere to API specifications are used to store
raw crude.
5. To produce refined petroleum, crude oil must be stored properly.
6. Crude oil storage tank level is maintained by valve actuation.
7. By triggering an emergency cutoff, level controls prevent overflows and shut down
pumps when level falls below low level. This helps to reduce or eliminate accidents.
8. Safety-certified controls may be necessary due to crude’s low flash point.
9. Tanks should be maintained and inspected on a regular basis to avoid any problems from
occurring.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Standard Procedures for Receiving, Offloading &
Storing

Receiving Procedure
Receiving Procedures when loading a VOC in the tanker:

1. A vapor control system that maintains a control efficiency of at least 90% and a vapor
balance system and pressurized loading must all be used to control vapors from the
transport vessel caused by the loading of VOC. VOC loading operations include gasoline
terminals, gasoline bulk plants, and marine terminals.
2. Return to a loading, cleaning, or degassing operation aboard the transport vessel and
discharge in line with the control needs of that operation.
3. The demand for a leak-free system. VOC loading on land must always be done in
accordance with the following guidelines:
a. Every liquid and vapor line has fittings that create vapor-tight connections that
automatically shut off when disconnected. These fittings also allow residual VOC
to be discharged into a recovery or disposal system after the transfer is finished,
which directs all VOC emissions to a vapor control system or a vapor balance
system. After VOC transfer, the contents may be put in a portable container,
which is then sealed vapor-tight and disposed of appropriately, if it's essential to
empty a liquid line.
b. When measured with a hydrocarbon gas analyzer, there are no VOC leaks, and
there are no liquid or vapor leaks, as detected by sight, sound, or smell, from any
potential leak source in the transport vessel and transfer system it includes, but not
limited to, liquid lines, vapor lines, hatch covers, pumps, and valves, and also
include the pressure relief valves.
c. All measuring and sampling equipment, with the exception of that which is
strictly necessary, is vapor-tight. Any non-vapor-tight gauging, sampling, and/or
testing must not take place while VOC is being transferred and must be done for
only as long as is practical.
 d. The vapor collecting adaptor on the loading arm's loading arm must be forced into
a vapor-tight seal with the hatch if VOC is loaded through the hatches of a
transport vessel by pneumatic, hydraulic, or other mechanical means. Any
transport vessel's hatch must have a mechanism that prevents liquid drainage from
the loading device when it is removed or that directs all VOC emissions toward a
vapor control system. The contents of a portable container may be added after
VOC transfer if it's required to empty a liquid line before the container is sealed
vapor-tight and properly disposed of.
4. The following transmission requirements apply to gasoline terminal transfers.
a. To prevent vapors from loading each transport vessel, a vapor control device must
be employed.
b. At gasoline terminals, vapor control systems and loading equipment must be
designed and operated so that gauge pressure in the gasoline tank-truck does not
exceed 18 inches of water and the vacuum does not exceed six inches of water.
c. Each gas station must have sensors and other equipment developed and linked to
monitoring the status of the control device. If the control device fails or is not
functioning, the system must immediately halt gasoline transfer to the transport
boats.
d. The standards listed below apply to gasoline terminals that have a variable vapor
space holding tank design that can process vapors regardless of transport vessel
loading. Sensors and other equipment built and linked to monitoring the status of
the control device must be installed at such fuel terminals. If the variable vapor
space holding tank supplying the loading racks lacks the capacity to store extra
vapors for further processing by the control device and the control device
malfunctions or is not functioning, the system must immediately suspend gasoline
transfer to the transport boats.
5. The following controller requirements apply to gasoline bulk plant transfers.
a. Between the storage tank and the transport vessel, a vapor balance mechanism
must be utilized. To regulate the vapors, an alternative vapor control system with
control efficiency of at least 90% may be utilized.
b. When filling a transport vessel from a storage tank, do the following:
 ● If the transport vessel is designed for top loading, a submerged fill pipe
must be used; and
● In the fuel tank-truck tank, gauge pressure must not exceed 18 inches of
water and the vacuum must not exceed six inches of water.
6. A detailed record of all tank trucks loaded with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC),
such as:
● the tank truck's identifying number and the date
● Keep track of the number of transport vessels loaded at the terminal as
well as the amount of VOC put onto each transport vessel.
● Each shipping vessel's amount of VOC loaded.
● The vapor pressure of each cargo vessel's VOC loaded.
● the chemical name and quantity of VOC cargo loaded;
● the state of the tanks prior to loading
7. Notify the personnel before leaving the loading area.

Offloading Procedure
Offloading Procedures when unloading a VOC in the tanker:

1. The owner or operator of the VOC unloading operation or the owner or operator of the
transport vessel shall undertake an inspection during each transfer to look for apparent
liquid leaks, visible fumes, or noticeable odors originating from land-based volatile
organic compound (VOC) transfer operations.
2. When a leak is discovered, land-based VOC unloading through the impacted transfer
lines must be immediately stopped, and it must not be resumed until the leak has been
fixed.
3. All tank-truck tanks that are discharging VOCs must have under actual storage conditions
a true vapor pressure of at least 0.5 pounds per square inch absolute and undergo a leak
test within a year.
4. A detailed record of all tank trucks unloaded with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC),
such as:
● the tank truck's identifying number and the date
 ● Keep track of the number of transport vessels unloaded at the terminal as
well as the amount of VOC put onto each transport vessel.
● each shipping vessel's amount of VOC unloaded.
● the vapor pressure of each cargo vessel's VOC unloaded.
● the chemical name and quantity of VOC cargo unloaded;
● the state of the tanks prior to unloading
5. Notify the personnel before leaving the unloading area.

Storing Procedure
Storing Procedures of a VOC in the tanker:

1. No VOC must be placed, stored, or held in any permanent tank, reservoir, or other
container unless such a container is capable of maintaining operating pressure adequate to
prevent vapor or gas loss to the environment at all times.
2. Any volatile organic compound (VOC) must be placed, stored, or held in a stationary
tank, reservoir, or another container that can maintain a working pressure high enough to
prevent vapor or gas loss to the atmosphere at all times, or that at least has a control
system.
3. When using an internal or external floating roof storage tank:
● Except for automated bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) and rim space vents,
all apertures in an internal or external floating roof must have a projection below
the liquid surface or be provided with a cover, seal, or lid. Except when the device
is in use, any cover, seal, or lid must be in a closed (i.e., no apparent gap) state at
all times.
● Automatic bleeder vents (vacuum breaker vents) must be kept closed at all times
until the roof is flown off or rested on the roof leg supports.
● If supplied, rim vents should be adjusted to open only when the roof is floating off
the roof leg supports, or at the manufacturer's suggested setting.
● Any roof drain that drains into the stored liquid must have a slotted membrane
fabric cover that covers at least 90% of the aperture.
● Any seal or seal cloth must have no obvious holes, rips, or other openings.
 4. Tanks should be maintained and inspected on a regular basis to avoid any problems from
occurring.

Diesel Standard Procedures for Receiving, Offloading & Storing

Receiving Procedure
Receiving Procedures when loading a Diesel in the tanker:

1. Before loading, cargo tank trucks must be inspected to check its condition
2. Make sure that the transportation is clean and empty for receiving diesel
3. Check the liquid that you’re going to load if it’s the right one
4. Park the cargo tank truck in a designated parking spot in a loading area of diesel then
turn off the engine.
5. Make sure that the compartment valves are closed then connect a grounding interlock in
the compartment that will be loaded.
6. Set a meter reader and open the loading valves slowly, don’t leave when diesel is filling
up the tank in the cargo truck
7. After filling up the tank in the right volume, close the valve and also the dome cover
8. Disconnect the grounding interlock, and check around the truck to see if there’s a
problem
9. Notify the personnel before leaving the loading area.

Offloading procedure
Offloading Procedures when unloading a Diesel in the tanker:

1. Throughout the procedure, all gasoline distribution or transfer will be supervised. To

reduce the chance of a spill, the attendant must be knowledgeable about correct fuel
handling techniques and must constantly check the area around the fueling process for
potential leaks or spills.
 2. Fuel will be transferred and dispensed using pumping equipment, an authorized hose,
and a top-fill nozzle.
3. Absorbent pads must be put around the fuel inlet prior to dispensing when fueling under
the circumstances described in Section 6.1.7.1(a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) of the Liquid Fuels
Handling Code, 2007 (see Reference section in this document).
4. The nozzle needs to be upright when unreeling the gasoline transfer hose and nozzle.
When placed back on the reel or in storage, the nozzle must be kept off the ground.
5. Make sure the fuel fill hose is securely attached to the fill pipe of the machine being
filled, the mobile refueling tank, or the highway tank. Check to make sure the fill valve is
open.
6. Before it overflows, the fuel transfer must be stopped to make way for expansion. It is
forbidden to overfill mobile refueling tanks or fuel tanks on machinery or vehicles.
Moving equipment operations in close proximity to a fueling operation must be halted.
7. Keep up routine inspections of fuel systems and the parts that make them up. As per the
Construction Regulation, inspect for leaks, degradation, or damage.

Storing Procedure
Storing Procedures of a Diesel in the tanker:

1. In certain situations, fuel may be kept in a certified mobile refueling tank.

2. Mobile refueling tanks need to be kept in a location where they can't be damaged by
moving vehicles or other machinery. Additionally, the location of the fuel storage facility
must be distant from drainage systems.
3. Unless double wall tanks are employed, a mobile refueling tank must be located in a
place that conforms with the diking requirements of Section 3.3.1 of the Liquid Fuels
Handling Code, 2007, whenever there is a risk of spillage contaminating a stream, river,
or sewer.
4. According to the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulation, all highway tanks and
mobile refueling tanks must have the appropriate labels.
5. Fire extinguishers must be placed close to fuel storage locations and must be the right
size and kind to allow for worker evacuation in the event of a fire.
 6. Any employee who might need to use a fire extinguisher must receive training in doing
so.
7. In the vicinity of the gasoline storage facility, smoking is prohibited, and "No Smoking"
signs will be put up. During any fueling procedure, smoking is not permitted. Signs that
read "No Smoking" must be kept in excellent condition.
8. Waste lubricants, oils, greasy and oily rags, and other items prone to spontaneous
combustion must be kept in a clearly marked container used only for that purpose, and
they must be appropriately disposed of on a regular basis.
9. The fuel storage space will be equipped with the necessary emergency spill response
tools.

Gasoline Standard Procedures for Receiving, Offloading & Storing

Receiving Procedures when loading a Gasoline in the tanker:

1. Place your cargo truck tanker in the ideal loading location. In order to lessen turbulence,
make sure the drop tube is positioned such that it enters the tank vertically and as far
down as it can.
2. The truck's engine should be turned off. The radio and all other electrical devices,
including the lights, should also be turned off. This safety measure is especially important
if you're adding flammable liquid since even the smallest spark might start a fire.
3. If you're putting into a compartmentalized tank trailer, make sure all compartment valves
are closed.
4. Connect a grounding interlock to the truck before loading any flammable substances. The
truck is grounded by the grounding interlock, which allows static charges to dissipate into
the earth without endangering the chemical. Before you remove the dome cover,
complete this.
5. Only the compartment being filled should be open while loading into a vehicle with
compartments. Others ought to be shut.
 6. You are ready to begin loading. To ground any static charges, contact the truck with the
tip of the loading spout a few feet distant from the loading hatch shortly before loading.
Once more, the loading of flammable substances requires this procedure.

7. To prevent overfilling, set the meter stop, if there is one, to the required amount. Do not
forget to leave a space (outage) free for liquid thermal expansion.
8. To begin the flow of the product, open the loading valve. This is because the first
turbulence that occurs when the chemical reaches the truck's bottom might be hazardous
because these liquids are prone to produce static electric charges in pipes. For the first 6
inches of the compartment, reduce the loading speed to 120 gallons per minute or less out
of caution.
9. While loading is taking place, keep a safe distance from the loading vehicle. Avoid being
distracted in any way. You should concentrate solely on the loading procedure.
10. When the truck trailer is full, shut the loading valve, but keep the drop tube in the tank for
a while to let the tank completely drain.
11. The dome cover will be closed.
12. Grounding interlock will be disconnected.
13. Walk around your truck one more to make sure everything is where it should be and that
all utilized equipment has been put back in its place.
14. Drive the vehicle away from the loading area and notify your supervisor of any faults if
any occur.

Offloading Procedure
Offloading Procedure when unloading a Gasoline in the tanker:

1. Place the vehicle in the ideal position for unloading; lock the brakes; and chock the tires.
Verify the items and amounts to be unloaded by carefully inspecting the delivery
paperwork. Take extra precautions to prevent potential cross-contamination if numerous
goods are contained in different compartments.
2. Check to see if there is adequate space in the receiving tank for the product to be
discharged. The safe tank height, which is regarded as 90 percent of tank capacity, shall
 not be exceeded by the quantity of the product to be unloaded plus the tank's existing
contents.
3. Connect the ground strap to the trailer as soon as the laboratory releases it or confirms
with a reference sample comparison that the shipment complies with acceptance
standards. Then be ready to unload the vehicle.
4. All offloading must be done in compliance with the relevant safety guidelines and legal
requirements.
5. It is advised to use a product-specific pump and hose system or a pump and hose system
for a family of products to discharge the product. The carrier's pump and hose system can
be used to empty, although there can be an increase in flushings that are created.
6. Check the integrity and cleanliness of the hoses. Hoses with problems shouldn't be
utilized. Hoses that have been used to discharge other items or that are unclean need to be
completely flushed before use.
7. Lines and valves must be adjusted so that the product is sent to the correct tank before
emptying. To remove any previous product, piping systems with shared lines, pumps, or
common manifolds should be flushed. Common manifolds are not acceptable unless they
are entirely flushable and have a system in place to prevent simultaneous opening of two
distinct valves.
8. The flush volume has to be recorded. Before unloading can start, emergency or hydraulic
valves on all vehicles and trailers must be opened. The operator must make sure the dome
hatch is not blocked since doing so might result in the trailer collapsing or imploding.

9. Once the pumping has started, check the system for any potential leaks. If there are any
leaks, the unloading should stop until the leak is fixed. Any spills should be contained or
collected using drip pans.

10. Keep an eye on the pressure at the pump discharge while it is being pumped. An
unexpectedly low or high pressure might be a sign that the pump suction is blocked, the
dome cover is open incorrectly, or the valves are malfunctioning.
 11. Additionally, make sure the product from the trailer was routed to the appropriate tank by
checking the receiving tank. All pumping activities should be stopped if any
abnormalities are discovered until the problem is identified and fixed.

12. Pump the suction valve, then shut off the pump when the trailer has transmitted the
necessary quantity. Blowing receiving lines with inert gas and/or a ball will remove
product from lines into the receiving tank where it is practical, especially when receiving
lines to storage tanks are not product specific. After that, shut off every last valve starting
at the receiving tank and working your way to the pump discharge.

13. Before cutting the suction hose, release any pressure that may be present in the lines.
Connections should be loosened gradually to prevent discharge that might occur as a
result of pressure buildup. Hoses should be capped or plugged after being flushed and
emptied before being put back in their storage locations.

14. Complete all documentation proving that you have unloaded all the merchandise.

15. Retain the drip pan, close the trailer outlet valve, unhook the ground strap, and take out
the wheel chocks. Let go of the vehicle. The vehicle should be sent to a scale if the
establishment so requests.

Storing Procedure
Storing Procedure of Gasoline in the tank:

1. An accurate gauge that can be read from close to the pump's control switch should be
installed in the storage tank.
2. Tanks should be used for a specific, isolated purpose. When changing a tank's contents,
the tank must first be properly cleaned before adding the new product.
3. Positive displacement should be used in the transfer pump. The usage of this pump as a
circulating pump is advised as it will assist avoid any localized overheating.
4. Tanks should have regular inspections to check for deposits and overall cleanliness.
Tanks need to be cleaned as needed. Inventory controls will help turn tanks, reducing the
amount of deposits, dust, or moisture present.
5. To stop moisture from entering and leading to water buildup, the top of the tank has to
have an air vent with an air dryer utilizing silica gel or quicklime. In arid areas, if the
storage tank is insulated against temperature extremes, or if it is housed in a heated
structure, this may not be essential.
HAZOP AND FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL STANDARD
PROCEDURE IN TERMS OF RECEIVING, OFFLOADING & STORING
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL RECEIVING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Word Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

1. Over Pressure Over pressure in a Fail to start on a Explosion of the

tanks can cause minimum rate of tanks
explosion pressure on tanks

2. No Operation No operation occur No test conducted Failure of the

before raising the before raising the system.
loading rate loading rate.

3. Other Leakage Leakage Leaks on the It may cause toxicity

pipeline on the environment

4. Other Utility Failure Broken gauge Level gauge reading It can cause filling
reading is not functioning up the tank that is
supposed to be
empty that may
cause failure on the
system.

5. Less Flow Less flow of the Cargo are not Slow flow of the
cargo venting properly cargo

6. More/Less Pressure More or Less of Fail to control the Explosion of the

pressure in loading loading rate tanks.
rate

7. No Maintenance No maintenance of Fail to check the Failure of the system

the crew manifold connection and explosion cause
and the gradual of gradual pressure.
pressure.

8. No Maintenance Poor maintaining of No proper It can cause

the ship maintenance of the corrosion or any
ship problems on the
pipeline
9. No Maintenance Sensors and pressure Pressure gauges and It may cause less
gauges is not sensors are not activeness of the
maintained properly crews inside the ship
functioning properly.
if something happens
or any problem in the
ship that may cause
their lives.

10. More/Less Temperature Change in Temperature is not There will be an

temperature set properly interruption on the
system that will slow
the process of
loading

11. Other Leakage Leaks Leakage on the tanks Toxic on the

and not checking on environment and
the empty cargo

HAZOP ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL OFFLOADING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Word Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

1. No Operation Fail to operate the Fail to supervise staff This can cause
system members and the destruction of
the system or
process is not followed
failure.
in a correct way.

2. No Maintenance Lack of Not enough accessible Slow process of the

maintenance of the oil absorbent and operation.
materials needed containment materials.

3. No Operation No proper operation Vehicle brake The hose will be

of the vehicle. interlock is not used pulled and crude oil
and the hose that is will scatter that
still intact is not still may cause ignition
properly removed. and fire.

4. No Flow No flow will occur No bonding and Nothing will flow

grounding device is without bonding
attached. and grounding
 device

5. No Operation No proper operation All connections are Leakage of the oil

not secure and fittings and there will be
and hoses are not in a havoc.
safe and functional
condition.

6. No Maintenance No proper Drip pan is not Oil will spread

maintaining of drip positioned properly. around the surface
pan

7. No Maintenance No crew is near to No operator is near the No one will

maintain shutdown valve. immediately
shutdown the valve
incase a problem
may occur

8. No Maintenance No crew is near to No presence of the Disruption on the

maintain pump operator and system that may
staff who are in charge slow the process
of checking the
container.

9. Other Leakage Leaks on pipeline Leaks on the pipeline Toxicity on the

and the shutdown environment
valves are not secured.

10. No Operation No proper operation No examination Disruption on the

or examining of the happened before the system that may
departure of cargo departure of the crude slow the process
oil.

11. No Operation No proper operation Campus pipe is not Pipe might explode
of sealing of campus sealed properly. and crude oil will
pipe spread

HAZOP ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL STORING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Word Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

1. No Maintenance Lack of maintenance Faulty brakes and Accidents may
of vehicle unmaintained occur while
vehicle delivering the
crude oil.

2. Other Storing Lack of storing Crude oil is not Crude oil will be
managing stored properly. waste

3. No Operation Lack of operating No staff or crew are Workers will be

workers near the emergency prone to accidents.
cutoff.

4. Other Safety Lack of safety There is no safety Workers will be

control control or protocol, prone to accidents.

5. Other Utility Failure Improper tank Moisture and water

placement condition Tanks are not built-up may occur
in the tank when
maintained and condition of the
inspected regularly. area is ignored
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 HAZOP AND FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) STANDARD
PROCEDURE IN TERMS OF RECEIVING, OFFLOADING & STORING
HAZOP ANALYSIS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND RECEIVING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

Increased inflow Damage to your

More pressure into the tank or pipes, fittings, and
1 More Pressure within the storage rising temperatures switches can result
tank within the vapor in plumbing failure
space and costly leaks.

Bearing failure,
metal fatigue,
2 No other Operation No operation and corrosion,
than and Maintenance misalignment, and Full engine failure
Maintenance general surface
deterioration

The mechanical It may result in

failure of valve safety issues,
components is health issues,
3 Other Leak Valve leakage caused by high environmental
loads and strains. problems, and even
oil spills.

Cavitation is the
result of insufficient Damaged the pump
4 No or not Flow pressure No flow pressure pressure at the
in transfer pumps suction end of the
pump

Possible damage to
5 More None More liquid in Closed circuit unit’s generator
separation vessel failure
Loss of Production
 Vessel will be
damaged such as
cracks, buckling,
6 Less Maintenance Less Maintenance Condition of tank corrosion and
coating and overloading, and
corrosion levels. that material
thickness are
within established
limits

7 No Utilities No Utility Low productivity Reduction in cost

and less some of production
management
practices

Pipeline leaks
caused by
8 Less Flow Less flow in Leakage in pipeline excavation
pipeline damage, metal
failure, incorrect
operation, and
corrosion

9 Less Flow Less Flow when Failure to maintain Piping System

valved close or regulate tank Failure
partially pressure as directed

No flow pressure No fuel material

10 No or not Flow in transfer pumps Pipeline leakage will be transported
Pressure in the desired tank

11 Less Monitoring Less Monitoring Possibly did not pay It may result in oil
of operation attention to the spills, which can
system process in the first have terrible
place effects and be
hazardous to the
environment.
12 Before Applicable Lack of Petroleum vapor It could result in
mainly appropriate safety inhalation health issues or
for batch equipment at work even death.
process

Unchecked area Low productivity

13 After Receiving after receiving and less some Reduction in cost
operation management of production
practices

Before departing,
14 After Receiving fail to alert the Irresponsible Can lead to issues
supervisors of any professionalism in future operations
faults.

HAZOP ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND OFFLOADING

PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

Petroleum products
like gasoline are
1. Incomplete flammable, thus if
1 Before Unloading Inspection of the pieces of there is an open
tanker before equipment. spark from
unloading 2. Defects on the electrical
equipment equipment, it could
start a fire.

1. Leakage in vapor
line
2 Less Flow Less Flow 2. Any valve on Fire and explosion
discharge line or hazards
suction line is partly
open
 1. Cracking or
corrosion of the
tank
2. Damage to tank Crude oil leakage
Less level inside body seal into the atmosphere
3 Less Level the storage tank 3. Weak joints may initiate the fire
between the roof if an ignition
and tank shell source exists.
4. Damage to valve
and flange
5. Rupture of a tank
due to integrity loss

Failure to comply
with applicable
4 Before Offloading safety Lack of knowledge Unsafe working
recommendations conditions
and regulatory
requirements

5 No Utilities No Utility Low productivity Reduction in cost

and less some of production
management
practices

6 Less Maintenance Less maintenance Unskilled workers It can cause of oil

of valve leakage

7 Other Leakage Valve Leakage Inadequate A loss in

inspection production was the
outcome.

8 Less Pressure Less Pressure of Oil Oil is transported to Due to the pressure
when transported to tanks slowly. flow not being
tanks within the normal
range, it impacts
how quickly oil is
transported from
 the tank.

9 More Level More level in the Incorrect Valve Spill of liquid

oil tank Setting down external tank
walls

10 Less Safety Less safety at work Mechanical Failure Fire accidents or

explosion

HAZOP ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND STORING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

May cause
problems in
Loading of the Improper transporting the
1 Before Maintenance liquid petroleum management and liquid and oil from
before maintenance tank inspections storage to
transportation in
logistics such as
vehicle failure, and
leakage.

1. Excessive
pressure due to
overfilling of truck Explosion
2 Less Maintenance Less Maintenance tanker
2. Incompatibility
of fluid with the
tank wall

3 Other Maintenance Poor Maintenance No regular Can cause

inspection malfunction
 FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF VOC RECEIVING PROCEDURE

Failure in
receiving VOC

A
N
D

Maintenance Unsafe acts Utility

Failure
O O
R R

Corros Leaka Impro High Low Close No

A Corr
N osio O
Increa Impr
se in R
D oper
No Tan
regula k Cor Lea
Unc rode kag
O heck
R O
Pipelin R
Dam
aged Dam Loss
O A aged of
R N
Corr Lea D
oded king No
prop No Unc Failed
prop heck to
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF VOC OFFLOADING PROCEDURE

Offloading of
VOC

A
N
D

Maintenanc Unsafe Utility

e Working Failure
O Mech O
R R

Leak Leve Pres High Low Close Mech

A A
A N
N Low A A
N D
D Incre prod N N
D
Pre D D
ssur
Inc Cor Fir Val
The
rosi

O
R
O Incr Los
R

Ru
 FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF VOC STORING PROCEDURE

Failure in storing
VOC

AN
D

Source of Utility Failure

explosion

Less OR
Maintenanc

AN
D Improper No regular
tank inspection
overfilli Incompati
bility of
ng of
Lack of Poor
knowledg workmans
e and hip
 HAZOP AND FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF DIESEL STANDARD
PROCEDURE IN TERMS OF RECEIVING, OFFLOADING & STORING
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF DIESEL RECEIVING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 No Operations Put A Rotating Poor Management More Accidents

And Schedule For Might Happen
Maintenance Workers

2 Different Composition Proper Cleaning Poor Cleaning May Cause

From Should Be Observe Contamination Or
Might Affect The
Quality Of Diesel

3 Different Composition Awareness And Unpreparedness And May Lead To Human

From Focused Not Reading Error And Wrong
Instructions Displacement Of The
Product

4 Reverse Flow Give Proper Poor Management May Lead To Delay

Instructions Before And Traffic
Parking The Tanker

5 Leakage Other Putting Sealants And Improper Installment Spill And Leakage
And Proper Installment Of May Happen
Spillage Hose

6 No Utilities Focus And Discipline Unattended Worker Spillage May

Happen

7 More Pressure Proper Level Of Inattentiveness In The Pressure Build Up

Liquid Should Be Job And Accidents May
Observe Happen

8 No Operation And Proper Time Traffic, Engine Delay In Completing

Maintenance Management Failure The Job

9 No Operation And Proper Improper Human Error

Maintenance Communication Communicating With
Your Co-Workers
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF DIESEL OFFLOADING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 Leakage Other Proper Training And Inattentiveness More Accidents

And Seminars Should Be Might Happen
Spillage Conducted

2 No Operation And Providing A Specific Improper Equipments Spill May Happen

Maintenance Material For A In A Particular Works
Specialized Products

3 No Operation And Putting Pads To Chemical Spills In May Cause Slips,

Maintenance Avoid Accidents The Workplace Trips, And Fall
Hazard

4 Leakage Other Observe House Rules Improper Installment May Lead Spillage
And In The Workplace Of Nozzle And Leakages
Spillage And Provide
Signages

5 Leakage Other Putting Sealants And Improper Installment Spill And Leakage
And Proper Installment Of May Happen
Spillage Hose

6 No Operation And Provide Extra Unpreparedness Overflow And Loss

Maintenance Containers For In Products
Catching The Excess
Diesel

7 No Operation And Proper Management Lack Of Workers May Lead To

Maintenance Contamination And
Accidents
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF DIESEL RECEIVING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 No Operations Providing A Proper Poor Management Contamination

And Storage Tank For Might Happen
Maintenance Diesel

2 No Operations Providing Tools And Poor Management Damages Might

And Equipment For Happen
Maintenance Production

3 Other Leakage And Proper Management Poor Management May Lead To Human
Spillage Should Be Observed Error And Spill May
Happen

4 No Operations Proper Labeling Of Poor Management May Lead To

And Storage Facilities Misunderstanding
Maintenance

5 No Utilities Proper Checking Of Poor Management May Lead To A

Safety Protocols Higher Chance Of
Damages And
Accidents

6 No Operation And Trainings And Lack Of Knowledge May Cause To

Maintenance Seminars Should Be And Practice Accidents And Loss
Conducted Of Life

7 No Operation And Hiring Workers With Poor Management May Lead To Fire
Maintenance Good Work Ethics Hazards

8 Other Leakage And Waste Management Improper Placement May Lead Lead To
Spillage Should Be Implied Of Containers Trips, Strips And
 Fall Hazard As Well
Prone To Fire
Hazard

9 No Operation And Good Housekeeping Lack Of Tools And May Lead Lead To
Maintenance And Discipline Equipment Trips, Strips And
Should Be Observe Fall Hazard
 HAZOP AND FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE STANDARD
PROCEDURE IN TERMS OF RECEIVING, OFFLOADING & STORING
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE RECEIVING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 Other Logistical No proper parking Possible to mix

Failure Wrong placement lines from other type of
of cargo truck gasoline, that may
container Poor driving skills cause the loss of
company

When this happens,

the combustion
engine may shut
off.

2 Other Mechanical Metal to metal Improper handling Improper handling

Sparks contacts of tools of tools might
injure a coworker.
Metal to metal
collision When the metal
tools fall in a metal
flooring will cause
sparks that may be
a cause of
explosion while
receiving.

3 Reverse Flow Reverse Flow Forgot to close the It may cause pump
valves in trip where pressure
compartmentalized is at loss
tank trailer
It may have a
backflow where the
circulation of
gasoline maybe
going backwards
and forwards to the
cargo truck tank
that may
consequence a lost
of circulation in
filling up tanks
4 High Static High static charges Connecting a Static charge
Charges grounding interlock accumulation can
to the truck allows cause ignition of
static charges to gasoline.
dissipate into earth.

5 Different Type of Different type of Workers improper Mixing of fuels

liquid liquid in a tank monitoring of the in
and outs of the
petroleum product
such as gasoline

6 Other Sparks Metal to metal Metal falls or had a It can ignite the
contact in the contact with another gasoline because
receiving area metal metal to metal
contact can create
spark

7 Over Quantity Overfilling of Forgot to set meter May cause an

gasoline in the tank stop explosion.

Thermal expansion
may occur when
fuel doesn't have
space to
accomudate.

8 High Static charges High static charges Loading speed Can cause an
may take place in explosion due to
the pipes static charges.

9 Less Monitoring Less monitoring of Poor workmanship Poor workmanship

operation may cause
Unattended work malfunction to the
operation

Unattended work
can minimize the
time to prevent a
problem.

10 Other Utility Forgot to shut the Poor workmanship Can cause a spill in
Failure valves before the area which is
leaving very dangerous
especially in
crowded places.
11 Other Static charges Forgot to close the Poor workmanship Can cause a spill in
dome cover the area which is
very dangerous
especially in
crowded places.

12 Other Static charges Disconnecting the Static charges may Can cause an
grounding interlock take place when explosion.
disconnecting it
because of the
residues of gasoline
after filling up tanks

13 After Receiving Unchecked area Poor workmanship Can cause

after receiving problems such as
operation forgotten
equipment or tools
that may create
problems for the
next operation.

14 After Receiving Forget to notifying Irresponsible work Can cause

the supervisors of ethics problems in the
any faults before future operations
leaving

HAZOP ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE OFFLOADING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 Different Type Different type of Workers improper Mixing of fuels in

liquid in a tank monitoring of the in the tank
and outs of the
petroleum product
such as gasoline

2 Over Quantity Overfilling of Forgot to set meter May cause an

gasoline in the tank stop explosion.

Thermal expansion
may occur when
fuel doesn't have
space to
 accomudate.

3 Other Logistical No details Improper cargo Can have a

Failure presented on the management problem in
product inside the identifying the
tank of a cargo product inside the
truck tank when the
operation for
offloading starts.

Offloading fuels in
the wrong tank.

4 Before Offloading Failure compliance Poor experience Unsafe working

with the relevant environment.
safety guidelines Lack of knowledge
and legal
requirements

5 Wrong Type Wrong type of hose Lack of skill Malfunction of the

and pump use in the flow of gasoline
operation Poor knowledge in during offloading
the operation operation.

6 Other Unclean Dirty Hoses Unchecked hoses The pressure in the

hose while
Poor maintenance operating is not the
same as the normal
pressure and can
result in stuck-up
residues due to its
uncleanliness.

7 Wrong Adjustment Wrong adjustment Poor knowledge Can cause

of valves when malfunction in the
offloading flow of operation
or a spill in the
working area.

8 Before offloading The dome hatch is Unskilled worker Might result in the
blocked trailer collapsing or
imploding
9 Other Leakage Leak during Unchecked system Can cause
operation explosions since
Improper gasoline is easy to
monitoring ignite or pollution.

10 Other Blockage Pump section is Dome cover is Different pressures

blocked opened incorrectly experienced
pumping that can
Valves are be a cause of loss
malfunctioning in pressure or high
pressure that can
result in explosion.

11 Wrong Tank Gasoline is routed Improper Mixing of different

in a wrong tank monitoring of fuels.
operation

12 Other Utility Forgot to shut the Poor workmanship Can cause a spill in
Failure valves before the area which is
leaving very dangerous
especially in
crowded places.

13 After Offloading Failure to release Lack of knowledge Can cause pressure

pressure present in and experiences in built-up
lines the offloading
operation

14 Other Logistical No details Improper cargo Can have a

Failure presented on the management problem in
product unloaded. identifying the
product inside the
tank after
offloading

15 After Offloading Unchecked area Poor workmanship Can cause

after offloading problems such as
operation forgotten
equipment or tools
that may create
problems before
leaving the
working area.
 HAZOP ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE STORING PROCEDURES

No. Guide Parameters Deviation Causes Consequences

Word

1 Other Utility Broken gauge of Not maintained Level of tank

Failure the tank cannot be
unchecked determined

2 Other Tank Dirty tanks Improper Dirty fuels can

monitoring damage the engine
of transportation.
Poor maintenance
Fuels inside will be
contaminated.

3 Over Heating Overheating of Unattended work Can cause an

transfer pumps when storing explosion.
gasoline

4 Other Maintenance Poor maintenance No regular control Can cause

and monitoring corrosion, tank
malfunction and
Poor workmanship explosion is also
possible

5 Other Utility Improper tank Lack of knowledge Moisture and water

Failure placement and experience built-up may occur
condition in the tank when
condition of the
area is ignored
 Failure in receiving
gasoline

AN
D

Source of Utility Failure

explosion

OR OR

Static Sparks Overfilled

Logistical Improper
Charges tank
Failure monitorin

Metal Forget
AN to metal to set Wrong OR
placement
D collisio meter
of parking

Loading
speed
OR Unchec Reverse Mixing Overfill Unatten Forgot
ked Flow of ing of ded to shut
area differen tanks work off

Connectin Disconnectin
g g grounding
grounding interlock

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE RECEIVING PROCEDURES

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE OFFLOADING PROCEDURES
 Failure in
offloading
gasoline

AN
D

Source of Unsafe working Utility Failure

explosion environment

O O
R R

Leakage Blockage Overfille

Logistica Improper
d tank
l Failure monitori

Valves Forget
AN are to set Wrong O
placeme
D R

Overfille Imprope
Unche Impro
d tank r
cked per
Mixin Overfi Valves Wrong
g of lling adjust type of

Forget AN
to set
D
O
R Logistica Uncleanli Failure to Pressure
Level comply safety
Indicat l Failure ness built-up

Failure
Dirty to
Imprope hose Lack of
r cargo knowledg

O Poor
R maintenan Might
No Dome result in
details
hatch is

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS OF GASOLINE OFFLOADING PROCEDURES

 Failure in storing
gasoline

AND

Source of explosion Utility Failure

Overheating OR

Transfer of
pumps
causes Broken Unclean Poor Improper tank
gauge Tanks maintenance placement

Not Contaminati Corrosion, Moisture and

maintained on of malfunction water built-up
gasoline or possible may occur in
the tank when