CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

A rack is a set of shelves partitions, either built into 19 room

laboratory, Industries, homes, business centre as a fixed or a

separate piece of furniture like chemical furniture used utensil

reagent, Newspaper, kitchen intensil provision the laboratory and

these rack use in Industries are used for storage. The materials

Selection for the construction of any rack strongly depends on the

properties and purpose the rack will serve. Generally considering all

the materials and now material all have their Individual merits. But

point to comparison between their will definitely show that in a lot

of advantage over event met - I have 1433 for example while many

types of metals are suitable for high temperature operation non -

materials such as wood and glass Suitable for lower and limited

rang of chemical stability than non-met-lung of chemical be said

that the obvious advantage first cost cheapness of nonmetallic

materials is counseled by other disadvantage of nonmetals the most

which is the that of narrow when Considering the cost applicability

1
on which to base the selection of Construction materials. the

following cost factors among other, must considered.

1.1 Background to the Study

The appearance of the first rack are attributed to the Greek and

Dutch. Actually, the word “stellage” itself has Dutch roof and is

translated from dutch as "folding" Something, it is difficult to

Imagine that once shelves and drawers were for some me in a

curosity given that today no warehouse, shop and even home

Interior is not shelving.

It is believed that the first racking was invented in the 18th

centaury by some enterprising sailors. He himself built the

simplest steel counter steel structure for the hold of a long-range

ship in order to place the cargo in it move safely and compactly,

How these are just rumors, but his requires confirmation.

The world's first officially registered patent for a steel rack

construction. (US18702A) is dated November 24, 1857 and belongs

to Mr. D.H. Phillips. He named his Invention these war shelf,"

2
which, as the name suggests, was intended to store and upon

cheese in his own warehouse.

The next breakthrough is the history of warehouse shelving design

is rightly that considered the appearance of steel rack, some believe

wait that steel rack appeared in 1935, other believe to that it first

known patent for such a design was granted to a certain S. Saul J.

in 1951. It was he who invented the prototype of universal steel

rack, which allowed you to choose the desired height required

number of but allowed and the set the Sedum, which in tum to

adapt Such a design to the size and needs of any warehouse.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The project is designed to address the lack of shelf in civil

engineering department due to the student book or files that are

been kept on the floor. The method of keeping these files may result

to misplacement or damage of files, the files may also get rough or

dirty.

3
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to construct an effective and durable

bookshelf for an office. The shelves is intended to contain files of

students if civil engineering in the department

Objective

The objectives of the project are:

1. To construct a shelf at low price with high standard

2. To terminate the problem of lost books and document

3. To fabricate metal shelve that does not support rust

1.4 Purpose of study

The purpose of study is to construct steel rack which can replace

the old outdated steel rack used in the school or libany shola's and

to help student also lean and know how to carry out a pretaculis a

large scale.

1.5 Scope of Study

The scope of this study focuses on the fabrication of steal rack

which involves s that Include selection of mastaiald process

4
carefully assembly of the materials and mostly combination of this

materials order to fabricate steel rack which will replace the old

steel used.

1.6 Limitation of Study

1. Financial problem's: this is one of the Common problem being

faced in the fabrication of steel rack project mostly in material

Purchasing and transportation and also as a Student not time to

commence the project.

2 High Cost of material: As a result of price materials become move

expensive and transportation become high thereby making the work

slow.

3. Break down of machine. During the fabrication of the steel

rack, there was a break done of cutting machine which lead to the

of project the execution.

4. Time: this project work was done alongside with other academic

work hence the number of that would have been used in was

greatly shaved with other academic works our construction thereby

making project work more strenuous.

5
1.7 Definition of Terms

A motherboard (also known as a system board)

A cpu (Central process alnit) also known process.

RAM (Random Access/ processing Whet), also known as serve

memory.

A HBA (Host Bus Adapter,) which connects external devices many

your Server.

Fabrication: The action or process of manufacturing or processing

something

Steel: A hard strong grey or bluish grey alloy of iron with carbon

and usually other elements used as structure and fabricating

material.

Construction: This is the action of building something typically a

large structure before the sheet at the half way of the partition. The

top is made up to steel plate and of it also screwed diagonal to the

frame

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a

percent of carbon to improve its strength and fractures resistance

compare to other form of iron. Many other element may be present

or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion and oxidation resistant

typically need an additional 11% chromium. Because of its high

tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings,

infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, car, machines, electrical

appliances, weapons, and rocket, iron is the base metal of steel,

depending on the temperature, it car take two crystalline forms

(allotropic forms): body-centred cubic and face centred cubic. The

interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements,

primarily of carbon, gives steel and cast iron their range of unique

properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little

resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure

iron is quite duefile, or soft and easily formed. In steel, small

amount of carbon, other element, and inclusions within the iron act

7
as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocation. The

carbon in typical steel alloys many contribute up to 2.14% of its

weight, varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying

elements. As well as controlling their chemical and physical make

up in the find steel (either as solute elements or as precipitated

phases, impedes the movement of the dislocation that make pure

iron dutile and thus control and enhance its qualities. These

qualities include the hardness, quenching behaviour, need for

annealing, temperature behaviour, yield strength, and tensile

strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steels strength

compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron’s ductility.

Steel was prouded in Bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but

its large scale, industrial use began only after more efficient

production method were devised in the 17th century, with the

introduction of the blast furnaces and production of crucible steel.

This was followed by the open-hearth furnace and then the

Bassemer process in England in the mid-19th century with the

invention of the Bassemer process, a new era of mass produced

8
steel began, mild steel replaced wrought iron. The German state

saw major steel prowess over Europe in the 19th century.

Further refilment in the process, such as basic Oxygen steel making

(BOS), largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost

of production and increasing the quality of the final product.

Manufactured materials in the world, the more than 1.6 billion tons

produced annually. Modern steel is generally identified by various

grades defined by assorted standards organization. The modern

steel industry is one in the largest manufacturing industries in the

world, but is one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission

intense industries, contributing 8% of global emission. However,

steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world’s most-recycled

materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally.

Beam (structure). Definition and types.

A beam structure, sometimes simply referred to as a beam, is a type

of structure use in constructing and engineering to provide a safe

and efficient load. Path that effectively distributes weight

throughout the foundation of a building. These beams support the

9
load by resisting being bent under the load’s pressure. Beams resist

this force in a lateral way as the force is applied to the axis.

In most situation, the load distribution pattern include as slab,

beam, colum and foundation. This mean’s that the beam is inserted

below the foundation and coloum to provide more comprehensive

support throughout of beam structure includes:

i. Offsetting shear force and/or beam momentum.

ii. Resisting loads

iii. Distributing loads in a uniform fashion

iv. Uniting the structure together.

Important to understand beam structure

Understanding beam structure is essential in construction and

structural engineering because beam’s are a primary way in which

the building bears its weight. Beans ensure that there is a stable

load path at the foundation of the building so that the weight of the

building’s roofs, ceilings and floors are properly supported,

construction and engineer professionals must appropriate for a

structure the structure being built is able to withstand it own force.

10
TYPES OF BEAM STRUCTURE

There are few primary type of beams used in construction and

engineering. These beams are typically classified base on their

length, equilibrium and cross-sectional and include.

1. Continous Beam’s

A continous beam is one that has two or more supports that

reinforce the beam. These support are used under between the

beam and are thought to be more economical when compared too

other beam types.

2. Simple support beams

Simply supported beam’s are those that have supports at both end

of the beam. These are most frequently utilized in general

construction and are very versatile in terms of the types of

structures that they can be use with. A simply support area and is

placed in a way that allows for free rotation at the ends on columns

or walls.

11
3. Cantilever Beam

A cantilever beam is one that has free hanging at one end if the

beam and fixed at the other. This type of beam is capable of

carrying load with both bending moment and sheer stress.

2.1 Component of Steel Rack

Steel comprises iron and other element such as carbon,

manganese, phosphorous sulfur, nickel, chromium and more.

Variations in steel compositions are responsible for a great variety

of steel grades and steel properties. Iron is the basic component of

steel.

2.2 Types of Steel

1. Cantiliver Racking

2. Carton flow Racks

3. Mobile Racking storage systems.

4. Pallef Rack Decking

5. Push Back pallet Rack

6. Rackback safety panels.

12
7. Roll out Rack

 Catiliver Racking: A cantilever racking is specially designed to

store long items or items of varying length. It is specially

designed to store long loads such as beams, profiles, pipes and

timber. Cantilever rack are a medium to extra heavy duty

storage solution with load bearing arms anchored to a steel

column.

 Carbon flow Rack: Carbon flow racking, roller racking, and

gravity flow, is a dynamic storage solution that can

dramatically improve space utilization and other picking

efficiency with a warehouse.

 Mobile Racking storage system: mobile storage racking (AK

mobile) is a system where the pallet rack are placed on chassis

or mobile bases guided through fixed tracks on the floor.

 Pallet rack decking: Pallet rack decking is the material placed

on pallet shelves and rack load beams to support loands of

different sizes and weights.

 Push Back pallet Rack: Push back pallect is a pallet storage

method that allows pallets to be stored from 2 to 6 deep on

13
 either side of an aisle, given you higher storage density others

form of racking.

 Rackback safety panels: Rackback wire mesh panels. Bolt

directly to the back of your existing pallet rack upright

creating a study barrier between stored items and the ground

below,

 Roll- out Rack: The roll-out cantilever rack receptacles

compliment overhead came handling methods by providing

immediate and safe acess for loading and retrieving.

2.3 Steel Component or Composition.

Steel, alloy or iron are carbon in which the carbon content up to 2

percent (with a higher carbon content, the material is define as cast

iron).

2.4 Uses of Steel Rack

Steel racks are one of the most common forms of racks found in the

market today. These racks are durable, convenient and safe.k they

are perfect for heavy duty items owing to their solid build and

14
durable coating. Pallet rack are ideal for storing large items using

only a little amount of space.

2.5 Properties of Steel

We’ve got the main properties which are

1. Chemical and Physical properties of steel

The physical properties of steel include high strength, low weight,

durability, duefile and corrosive resistance. Steel offer great

strength, even though it is light in weight. In fact, the ratio of

strength to weight for steel is lower than any other building

material.

2. Specific Gravity of Steel

The specific gravity of carbon-based steel is 7.8 this number has no

units because it is a ratio of one density to another density. In other

words, the units used in the density for both steel and water cancel

out.

15
3. Moisture Content.

When the moisture content reaches 20% to 45%, the corrosion rate

is the highest (50, 68, 69). The corrosion rate of grounding

materials in soils with extremely.

The corrosion of steel is clay soil is of interest for buried steel

infrastructure. To obtain information about the early corrosion

effects, mold steel coupons were exposed for 3, 6 and 13 month in

finely graded clay soil at different moisture contents and with

different degrees of compression to simulate compaction. It was

found that the maximum corrosion of 17 – 18 wt% for all exposures

and levels of compaction, corresponding to around 0.65 degree of

saturation. These value are broadly consistent with earlier findings

for non-clay soil. For exposures of 3 months corrosion was

predominantly localized but subsequently became more uniform.

This was shown to be consistent with god compacted lumpry clays.

However, showed larger areas of localized corrosion and relatively

greater errorsion mass loss and deeper putting.

16
2.6 Chemical Properties of Steel

Composition of steel mainly consist of Iron and other element such

as carbon, magnese silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and alloying

element. A larger number of element in wide ranging percentage

and used for the purpose of alloying of steel.

2.7 Steel Processing

Steel is produced from Iron ore or scrap. Iron ore is a mineral

aggregate that can be converted economically into iron. The quality

of the iron ore is mainly determined by its composition, a high iron

content and low sulphur and phosphorus content are favourable.

Iron ore can be found all over the world, but it’s iron content varies.

Steel scrap has been selectively collected for several decades and is

recycled as a valuable raw material for steel production. In steel

production, following stage are identified production of big iron,

production of liquid steel: hot rolling and cold willing applying

metallic and/or organic coating.

There are two main process of producing steel by means of a blast

furnance (= Indirect reduction) in combination with a converter, or

17
by means of an electric furnance. In the former process, iron ore is

the main raw material. In an electric furnance, scrap iron is used

and occasionally also sponge Iron. Sponge is an intermidate

product which is produced from iron ore by means of direct

reduction (=DR1 or directly reduce Iron) and other is then further

reduced and smelted in an electric furnance.

2.8 Steel treatments

In principle, heat-treating already take place when steel is hot-

rolled at a particular temperature and cooled afterward at a certain

rate, but there are also many heat-treating process facilities

specifically designed to produce particular microstructure and

properties. The simplest heat-treating process is normalizing. This

consists of holding steel for a short time at a temperature 20 to 40oc

above the G-S-K line (shown in the Iron Carbon diagram in the

figure) and then cooling it afterward in still air. Holding the steel in

the gamma zone transforms the as-rolled or as cast microstructure

into austenite, which dissolve cabides. Then, during cooling, a very

uniform grain is formed, consisting of either pearlite and territe of

pealite and comeutite, depending on carbon content.

18
In all heat – treatment operations, the temperature, hodling times,

and heating, and cooling rate are varied according to the chemical

composition, size, and shape of the steel. In general, alloy steels

which have a lower heat conductively than carbon steels, are heated

more slowly to avoid internal stresses.

To make steel ductile for subsequent forming operations, an

annealing treatment is applied. In annealing, the steels is usually

held for several hours at several depress below A. (shown by the P-

S-K line in the figure) and then slowly cooled. This peciptates and

coagulates the carbides and result in large territe crystals, cold

formed steel is usually annealed and recrystatalized in this manner,

holding it for several hours at about 6800C (1,2600C).

Annealing is performed in an inert or reducing atmosphere to

prevent any oxidation of the steel surface. In batch annealing of

cold-rolled strip, for example, several coils are set on a base and on

top of one another.

Then they are covered with a shell made of heat-resistant steel,

which is seated on the bottom and holds the inert gas during

annealing. A gas fired bell furnance is then lowered by a crane over

19
this cover for heating. The total processing time, including cooling

made 50 to 120 hour’s depending on furnance load and steel grade.

2.9 Steel Preservation

Store properly: store metal parts or product in a low-moisture area,

or inside a temperature and humanity controlled environment to

significantly slow down rust. Use of desiccant drying agent in this

storage are also helpful. Galvanize: Gavanizing coasts iron or steel

in zinc to protect from rust.

2.10 Steel Preparation

Steel is made from iron ore, a compound of Iron, Oxygen (O2) and

other minerals that occur’s in nature. The raw materials for steel

making are mined and then transformed into steel using two

different processes: the blast furnance/basic oxygen furnance

route, and the electric arc furnance route.

2.11 Steel Composition

Steel, allow of Iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges

up to 2 percent (with a higher carbon content, the material is

defined as east iron. By far the most widely used material for

20
building the world’s infrastructure and industries, it is used to

fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tanker’s. in addition

the tools required to build and manufactured such articles are also

made of steel. As an indication of the relative importance of this

material, in 2013 the world’s raw steel production was about 1.6

billion tons, while production of the next most important

engineering metal, aluminum was about 47million tons. (for a list of

steel production by counting. See below world steel production). The

main reasons for the popularity of steel are the relatively low cost of

making, forming, and processing it, the abundance of it’s two raw

materials (Iwu ore and scrap) and its unparalled range of

mechanical properties.

2.12 Testing Properties of Steel.

The testing of steel properties often begins with checking hardness.

This is measured by pressing a diamond pyramid or a hard steel

ball into the steel at a specific load. The vicker’s Diamond pyramid

Hardness tester which measure the PPH mentioned above, use an

underter with an included angle of 136 between opposite faces of a

pyramid and usually a load of 10, 30, or 50 kilograms force the

21
diagonal of the hardness expressed as the load in kilograms- force

divided by the impressed area of the pyramid in square millemeters.

Tensile and yield strength are determine by putting force at

increasing elogation’s at thus point, and the way the fracture looks,

are good indications of the steels ductility measuring the pulling

force at 62 percent elongation and dividing it by the test bar’s cross

section are a means of calculating the yield strength, a good

indicator of cold formability. Impact toughness is determined by

hitting, a standardized, prismatic, notched sample with a test swing

hammer and recording the work required to direct it. This is

performed at different temperature, because brittleness increases as

temperature falls.

2.13 Beams

Beams are bar elements, which offer resistance to bending due to

applied loads internal to their axes. Beams may be either statically

determinate or indeterminate are explained.

22
Beams supported in such a way that the support reaction can be

determined using the static equations of equilibrium are said to be

statically determinate..

00

Over hanging beam

Simple beam
00

Cantilever Beam

A beam which has more support reactions than can be calculated

using the static reaction of equilibrium are said to be statically

indeterminate

00 00
Propped Beam
00
Continuous Beam

Fixed Beam

Load’s supported by beams include point loads and distributed

loads.

23
Point loads are presented in while distributed loads are shown in.
F
F

00

Analysis of Beams Supporting Point Loads

For the beam dimensioned and loaded as shown in, determine the

support reaction at point A and B

Solution

Step 1: The load diagram and characteristic point are as shown

Step 2: Support reaction

∑x = HA = 0

∑MB = VA x L – F(L-a) = 0

24
 = VA x L – F x b = 0

VA = F (L – a)/L = F x b/2

10x3
= 10X (5-2)/5 = = 6Kn
5

∑MA = VB x L + F (L-B) = 0

= VB x L + F x a = 0

VB = F(L-b)/L = F x a/L

= 10 x (5-3)/5 = 10 2/5 = 4Kn

Check ∑γ = VA + VB – 10 = 6+4 -10 = 0

Example 2

For the beam dimensional and loaded as shown in, determine the

support at points A and B

25
Solution

Step 1: The load diagram and characteristic point are as shows in

Step 2: Support reactions

∑x = HA – 40cos 600 = 0

∑MB = VA x 6 – 40sin 60 x 4 = 0

∑MA = -VB x 6 + 40SIN 60 x 2 = 0

HA = 20kN: VA = 23.09kN; VB = 11.55kN

Check ∑γ = VA + VB – 40sin60 = 23.09 + 11.55 -36.64 =0

Example 3

26
The crane shown in the weight 500kN without the balance weight

W. It centre of gravity C is located at a distance if 1.5m from the

right rail A. the hoisting capacity of the crane is 250kN and its

moment arm 16m. determine the minimum balance load W, and its

maximum distance x from the vertical axis of the left rail B, such

that the crane shall remain in equilibrium at any portion occupied

by the trolley, whether loaded or unloaded. Neglect weight of trolley.

Solution

Reduce all the force acting on the crane to a coplanar force system.

If the trolley is loaded with the minimum balance W in place,

The reaction at the left rail RB = 0 at the limiting equilibrium

position, due to the tendency of the crane to overturn about point

A. therefore, to solve this problem we must consider the two

conditions.

a. When the trolley is loaded

b. When the trolley is not loaded

(a) From moment summation equation for equilibrium about

point A

27
 ∑MA = 250 x 10 + 500 X 1.5 – 10 x (x+3) + RB x 3 =0

RB = (W x (x + 3) – 3250)/3

(b) From moment summation equation for equilibrium about

point B

∑MB = 2500 x (1.5 +3) – W x X – RA x 3 =0

RA = (2250 - WxX)/3

RA = 0 at limiting equilibrium position, when the trolley is not

loaded, and W is in place. There is a tendency of overturning about

point B. equate equation (1) and (2) to zero

Therefore:

W x (X + 3) – 3250 = 0

W x X + 2250 = 0

W = 333.33kN

x = 6.75m

28
Analysis of Beams Supporting Couple

Example

For the beam dimensional and loaded as shown in determine the

support reactions of Points A and B.

10kN/m

00

3m 5m

10kN/m

VA 3m 5m VB

Step 1: As shown in

Step 2: ∑x = HA = 0

∑MB = VA x 5 + 10= 0 : VA = -2kN

∑MA = -VB x 5 + 10= 0 : VB = 2kN

Check ∑γ = VA + VB = -2+2 = 0

29
The minus sign on VA indicates that the sense of the reaction is

opposite to that assumed is the load diagram.

10kN/m

2kN 2kN
3m 5m

Analysis of Cantilever Beams

Example

For the cantilever beam shown in determine the support at point A

and B.
16kN

Solution

It is usual to start computation from free end of a cantilever

As shown in

∑x = HA = 0

30
∑γ = VA – 10 = 0 :VA = 10kN

∑MA = 10 x 5 + MA = 0 :MA = -50kN/m

m
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
F
F
a

00

For purposes of determining the support reaction loads in the form

of evenly or unevenly distributed load’s are placed by their

resultant, these resultants act through their centroids, and are

equal to the areas of the distribute loads.

31
Example’s

32
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodologies

This chapter involves the method employed in the construction of

any project shelf specifically. The construction of any object

becomes easier when certain consideration are made. These include

principle technique destruction." for "Involves and material needed

for construction.

3.1 Material Requirement

I engineering material requirement is one of the important factors

for the material of required for the contructing of a metal shelf

should have the following.

i. It should be high strength.

ii. It should be side to have long durability.

iii. It should be able to overcome envinmental factors.

3.1.1 Equipment Todols Used for Contruction

1. Measuring tape

2. Scriber

33
3. Divider

4. Straight Edge

5. Try squared

6. Hack saw

7. Vuc

8. Harmar

9. Cutting tools

10. Drilling machine

3.1.2 Component

This metal shelf for storing of filer / materials is rectangular in

shops.

3.1.3 Dimensions Tolerance

This mode is the tolerance g important, me asuring operation

Tolerance is very if the tolerance is too much, it would result to

error which will result to different problem in stering components.

34
3.1.4 Mechanical Properties

This Involves some principle properties should have such properties

are such as;

1. Tensile strength: Tennile strength of a make the ability to

resist stress and stram. It is used to determine the duribility

of the maters. It stro called ultimate St which is maximum

strength developed metal under an actual streek loading.

2. Ductility. This is the measure of degree of which Can strain or

elongate under tensile strength.

3. Hardness: This is ability of a metal to verit matestation of

hardness and Penetration and another metal or materist nates

to withstand healdose as It has Houghs one reason mult sted

is It's mestium rate in terms of hardness.

In Selection mild steel to sating the Construction of metal shelf, It

was necessary to look at that the complete product resources

available" popect to vensure that the would function Saliofontory

throughout it design and that cat could be achieve at acceptable.

35
The only ateris used to the Contruction press was mild steel or

carbon steel contamos up to 0.3 percent to carbon. It has wit I

ability Characteristic and good conductivity.

3.1.5 Availability of Materials

Availability of material is one of the challenges experienced as most

materials ument found to the server envin bench there is necef for

the student to travel out of the school environment to school for the

mitovie) and in such of in the cost of transportation and also

tending to reflect the cost of production.

3.1.6 Economic Requirement

The following are some ecourmic requirement of the mit steel metal

shelf.

1. Low cost of production: The economy requires of product

Component that would be sait at a low least, this can only

happen if the cost of production is low

2. Long life span. The economy requires something that would

last long.

36
3. Low cost of maintenance: The economy does not need ang

component that will cost much. It remains the components

3.1.7 Material’s Selection

In the engineering materials selection has being on mamportant or

even putant part of caming out project the design of equipment

used in engineering field.

Mild steel: The material that can be considered in operation to

construction of only component depends on quality. The mild steel

as a maternal was chosen because of its qualities.

1. It can be in early machined e.g afferent operation can be easily

carried out on it.

2. It has modules rigidity

3. All through the material is, cist It's cheaper. Glass paint. A

special types of paint used to give beauty. The material shelf

and also prevent the metal shelf from rusting⋅

37
3.2 Manufacturing Process

The basic principle of measuring and making The basic product

accepted Component was transfers; to were emplacing the mild

thickness of out angle bow with clearance equal to the mild steel

angle bar. In these process different toils where been used in the

workshop to out there operation. Such tools are scribes, measuring

tape and meter rule e.t.c.

1. The Scriber: This is a rods merely used for making out the

measured distance in such doing, the required length is to be

gotten by the use of Scriber's.

2. Measuring tape: This is the main measuring tools which can

be celebrated ion can and feet (ft)

3. Cutting to size: having carried out material It was die I.

Marking out according the required size and cutting and done

carefully using hacksaw with the jobs avoid wastage of

material.

38
4. Drilling. These is the process of drilling a hole into the clearly

marked out materials Screwing to avoid falling of the titer or

maternal to heavy Load.

5. Painting/ Sprayer: This purpose of painting prevent the shelf

from premestuve deterioration and Mantasin them in

appealing condition. The purpose of penting and sprayers is to

prevent it from mill and to Beautify Component. It can protect

the surface from physical damage and subject from

conversion deterioration.

3.3 Construction Details

1. The angle bar: The angle bow is the leg of the component to

give is shape and fitting and rigidity. It can also be used for

brazing.

2. The pain: This is on each position in which tiles are kept and

must have high level of thickness in other to with and load

without form of damage on the pan.

39
3.4 Formular Employed

Volumetric capy (weight x breath x h) in Gravimetric capacity

=(Length x breath x h/m²) Density. This is the mass per unit

volume substance mass: is the quality of matter contained to body

Mass density X Volume (kg)

Calculate for the 4 Compartment.

For compartment =Vc =length x breath x height for Compartment

Length

Vc = 0·31 X 0·83 X 0.33

V = 0·084m3

Volume the metal shelf = L X b X h

= 0·83 X 0·34x 1.52

=0·4289m³

Area of door = L X B =1.42 X 0.36

= 0.51m²

40
3.5 Construction Procedures

After the required materials mild stedpiste and angle wall been out

to Size with the help the working drawing, framing of the shelf was

constructed by doing the angle for were trilled and Chamfered to

give lapping. Each point was included first the framework

The purpose of welding permanent was to permanent hold member

together. Ergonomics: This is the act of and Process of carrying of

equipment turning for effective and workdone.

Steel cutting

Size (3. feet) – 90cm, 45m (i.e fect).

Instrument

Cutting machine

Safety Goggle

Safety books

Coverall

Hand glover

41
Welding machine steel pan (90m) 3ft)

Cellotape

Angle rule: to make sure that measured are aligned, at 900 steel

marker/ rule: to make measurement election.

Manual and mechanical methods were skilfully employed. The

process of constructing the standard steel rack process of

constructing. Construction, cutting whole edge ranging were, the

and puring the was done mechanically southing of it's rough

manually following method were skillfully engled.

1. The cutting of stead was done using an electric cutting

machine

2. Marking out was done using accurately done to mark out the

position for Cutting

3. Cutting of steel pam was done using Cutting machine.

4. Joining of steel rods was done by welding them together using

welding machine. The following materials were used on the

construction of a standard steel rack.

42
1. Cutting machine

2. Safely goggle

3. Coverall

4. Hand glove

5. welding madame

6. Cellotape

7. Angle mile

8. Steel Marker/rule.

Preparation of the Material Used in the Construction.

The steel used to the construction of the rack was out according to

the appropriate dimension.

Length of the Vertical rod = 90m = 3ft

Length of the horizontal rod = 45m = 1.5ft

Length of the steel pan = 90m = 3ft

Width the steel pan = 45m = 1.5ft

43
Assembling of Materials

After the preparation through cutting into the appropriate direction

and walking of the joint's. The steel material the rack were

assembled using nuts and other appropriate skillful methods.

Safety Precaution Talen in the Construction Of a Standard

Steel Rack.

In the course of constructing the steel rack, a let of safety measures

were avoid accident.

1. We ensured that accurate dimension were taken by using

measuring tape and steel marker in marking to avoid wastage

of the Construction materials.

2. We ensured that the best quality of steal was used to the

Construction work.

3. During cutting: we ensured that the appropriate point marked

was come where it was cut.

4. Hand glove and eye goggles were worn to prevent process

piercing the hand and entering the eye when cutting

respectively.
44
5. Daring welding safety boots, goggles coveralls and handover

were worn to avoid accident.

6. Angle rule was used to make that at angle 90 and during the

Process of aligned measurement are aligned at angle 900 to

avoid mistakes.

7. Cutting machine was switched off when not in use to avoid

accident.

8. After Construction: tools and equipment’s used to the

Construction were properly packed then lives to avoid

accident.

45
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Testing

At the completion of the metal shelves constructed according to

specification it was observed that metal shelves were capable of

containing different standard size of boeky files at minimum space.

The metal sheets used for Varians part of the shelves were

abundantly capable stvers that developed out standing the weight

of sheet metals and load the on each partition and hence the design

and method of production of the two metals shelves can compete

faverasly with other accepted method.

4.1 Result

After testing Component, it was proven without reasonable doubt

that the constructed mild steel shelt efficient and has the capacity

for storm a vesmask amount of book shelf's with loodge masses

4.2 Safety Precaution

In the consideration of their project, a lot of precaution was taten in

the cousce of construction white working on the project. We

ensured the use of protective equipment such as cover all and To

46
google during enthing and welding ind and smouth finishing Shelf a

five making of meth ensured especially on edges. Also before cutting

the whole assembly want st standard medium size grate emerge

cloth to enhance an effective Surface cleanliness

4.3 Safety Material / Equipment

Safety during equipment to ensure Safety working process. The

different safety equipment are:

1. Safety Shoes: To prevent leg from sharp object on the ground

2. Hand gloves: To protect the eyes from sharp chips

3. Eye grogles: To protect the eyes from sharp clips

4. Cover all: it should be worm in all separation especially in

painting and spraying to prevent getting in contred with point.

47
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMM ENDATION

5.1 Summary

This project is all about the construct with Steel rack that was

carried out appropriate fools and equipment that is durable,

reliable, efficient and most Importantly cost effective (economic)

various process involved.

5.2 Conclusion

The construction of a steel rack is Interesting project work which is

practically Carried out one problem encountered during the

Construction and of the steel race was finance which are needed in

processin material for the construction and do limited drive to

complete this project.

We acquired good skill in the Construction of the steel rack and it is

a gold tage to civil engineering advantage student who bas the

opportunity for construction of steel rack.

48
5.3 Recommendations

Having completed project work, which is am construction an office

metal shelf with my experience and observation during this project

work.

1. The Institution should in the engineering workshop with

modern mechanical civet equip most that when work to do,

workshop they student are given project with more down to

the do the project work according.

2. Second, the Institution library should be equipped with

current edition text books come ected to internet, with this

student will be able to Search Information for their project

work.

3. Finally, when according a project topic to a student, allocate a

topic to Supervisor shout apartment and project the student

base on the Course of student or that the student will be to

learn more and get enough experiences about his course of

study.

49
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A.M. Howaston P.G Luno J.G. Todo (1972) Engineering table and
data, 2nd edition published by wylas clower and Sons ltd.
Achoki Henry (1999) the book on the book Shelf 290 PP New York,
Jan of Cany.
Hicks J. (1999) Shelving design Industrial New york press pp 32-55
ISBN 6-83111-3R -6.
Howard is Helzerm Scoot River Jersey; Pework education (SBN 0-
13-113029-3. Eliswork.
Ralph E. (1973) Academic library building a guide to Architectural
Issue and solution 530 pp - Boulder associated University
pres. Graff Jeff (September-October 1992) Academic Library
building a guide to Architectur 5/ Issue and solution 530pp
Boulder associated University press.
Weman kal's (2003) welding prouss hand book New York press LLC
-1SBN 0-8493-1778-8.
Wilson C.C. (1977) (ouses illustrated internal encyclopedos
puslicher Mc grows will series U.S.A.

50